Distribution characteristics of grassland plant diversity along the altitudinal gradient and its driving factors： A case study of the eastern section of the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024173

Abstract

Abstract:

Exploring the distribution pattern of species diversity， and its driving factors， in mountain grassland ecosystems along altitude gradients is of great importance to understanding of the environmental adaptability of regional plants， and requirements for the conservation of regional diversity and vegetation restoration and management. In this study， the quantitative characteristics and species diversity of plant communities in Qitai County， on the eastern section of the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains， were measured and analysed at 15 sites along altitudinal gradients spanning from 1250-3150 m. We also used the random forest model and the partial least squares path modeling （PLS-PM） to analyse the relationship between altitude， temperature， precipitation， and quantitative characteristics of the plants and plant diversity. The results showed that： 1） With increasing altitude， the grassland plant community cover and density showed a highly significant increasing trend， while the plant height showed a highly significant decreasing trend， and the biomass showed an initially decreasing trend and then an increasing trend （P<0.01）； 2） The α-diversity of plants was maximized （P<0.05） at mid-altitude along the altitudinal gradient， and the Sorenson index between neighboring altitudes showed an overall pattern of initial decrease and then increase with increasing altitude， while the Cody index of species substitution rate showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing； 3） Plant cover， biomass， and Patrick’s index were all significantly correlated with climate （P<0.05）， with plant diversity mainly directly affected by cover， and elevation indirectly affecting plant density by significantly affecting temperature and precipitation， plant density also significantly positively affects plant coverage （P<0.01）. In summary， altitude indirectly affects the characteristics of plant communities by influencing climate， giving the plant communities a distinct vertical distribution along the altitudinal gradient.

Key words: altitude, plant diversity, driving factor, climatic factor

An-jing JIANG, Yi-qiang DONG, Shi-jie ZHOU, Ting-ting NIE, Yue WU, Ze-yu LIU, Xing-yun SHAN, Ya-xin LEI, Kai WU, Sha-zhou AN. Distribution characteristics of grassland plant diversity along the altitudinal gradient and its driving factors： A case study of the eastern section of the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 29-40.

Figures/Tables 7

References 40

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样地序号Sample plot number	海拔 Altitude （m）	地理位置 Geographical position	草地类型 Grassland type	优势种 Dominant species	年均温Mean annual temperature （℃）	年均降水量Mean annual precipitation （mm）
1	1250	E 89.64°，N 43.76°	温性荒漠草地Temperate desert grassland	伊犁绢蒿，小蓬S. transiliense， N. erinaceum	5.61	150.36
2	1270	E 89.64°，N 43.73°	温性荒漠草地Temperate desert grassland	伊犁绢蒿，小蓬S. transiliense， N. erinaceum	5.34	154.71
3	1370	E 89.61°，N 43.71°	温性荒漠草地Temperate desert grassland	伊犁绢蒿S. transiliense	4.93	161.42
4	1590	E 89.62°，N 43.64°	温性草原草地Temperate steppe grassland	羊茅，草原苔草F. ovina， C. liparocarpos	4.06	166.45
5	1750	E 89.62°，N 43.63°	温性草原草地Temperate steppe grassland	羊茅，针茅，草原苔草F. ovina， S. capillata， C. liparocarpos	3.67	172.28
6	1770	E 89.62°，N 43.60°	温性草原草地Temperate steppe grassland	羊茅，草原苔草F. ovina， C. liparocarpos	3.21	177.40
7	2060	E 89.61°，N 43.55°	温性草甸草原草地Temperate meadow-steppe grassland	白尖苔草，草原糙苏，披碱草C. oxyleuca， P. pratensis， Elymus dahuricus	1.76	195.20
8	2170	E 89.61°，N 43.54°	温性草甸草原草地Temperate meadow-steppe grassland	无芒雀麦，白尖苔草B. inermis， C. oxyleuca	1.28	208.60
9	2240	E 89.60°，N 43.52°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	天山羽衣草A. tianschanica	0.76	212.02
10	2460	E 89.60°，N 43.51°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	黑花苔草C. melanantha	0.24	222.11
11	2630	E 89.60°，N 43.50°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	黑花苔草C. melanantha	-0.19	229.12
12	2730	E 89.60°，N 43.50°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	黑花苔草C. melanantha	-1.04	246.88
13	2850	E 89.60°，N 43.49°	高寒草甸草地Alpine meadow grassland	细果苔草，天山羽衣草C. stenocarpa， A. tianschanica	-1.49	246.09
14	2950	E 89.59°，N 43.49°	高寒草甸草地Alpine meadow grassland	高山早熟禾，天山羽衣草P. alpina， A. tianschanica	-2.40	260.66
15	3150	E 89.58°，N 43.48°	高寒草甸草地Alpine meadow grassland	高山早熟禾，细果苔草P. alpina， C. stenocarpa	-3.49	271.98

样地序号Sample plot number	海拔 Altitude （m）	地理位置 Geographical position	草地类型 Grassland type	优势种 Dominant species	年均温Mean annual temperature （℃）	年均降水量Mean annual precipitation （mm）
1	1250	E 89.64°，N 43.76°	温性荒漠草地Temperate desert grassland	伊犁绢蒿，小蓬S. transiliense， N. erinaceum	5.61	150.36
2	1270	E 89.64°，N 43.73°	温性荒漠草地Temperate desert grassland	伊犁绢蒿，小蓬S. transiliense， N. erinaceum	5.34	154.71
3	1370	E 89.61°，N 43.71°	温性荒漠草地Temperate desert grassland	伊犁绢蒿S. transiliense	4.93	161.42
4	1590	E 89.62°，N 43.64°	温性草原草地Temperate steppe grassland	羊茅，草原苔草F. ovina， C. liparocarpos	4.06	166.45
5	1750	E 89.62°，N 43.63°	温性草原草地Temperate steppe grassland	羊茅，针茅，草原苔草F. ovina， S. capillata， C. liparocarpos	3.67	172.28
6	1770	E 89.62°，N 43.60°	温性草原草地Temperate steppe grassland	羊茅，草原苔草F. ovina， C. liparocarpos	3.21	177.40
7	2060	E 89.61°，N 43.55°	温性草甸草原草地Temperate meadow-steppe grassland	白尖苔草，草原糙苏，披碱草C. oxyleuca， P. pratensis， Elymus dahuricus	1.76	195.20
8	2170	E 89.61°，N 43.54°	温性草甸草原草地Temperate meadow-steppe grassland	无芒雀麦，白尖苔草B. inermis， C. oxyleuca	1.28	208.60
9	2240	E 89.60°，N 43.52°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	天山羽衣草A. tianschanica	0.76	212.02
10	2460	E 89.60°，N 43.51°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	黑花苔草C. melanantha	0.24	222.11
11	2630	E 89.60°，N 43.50°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	黑花苔草C. melanantha	-0.19	229.12
12	2730	E 89.60°，N 43.50°	山地草甸草地Mountain meadow grassland	黑花苔草C. melanantha	-1.04	246.88
13	2850	E 89.60°，N 43.49°	高寒草甸草地Alpine meadow grassland	细果苔草，天山羽衣草C. stenocarpa， A. tianschanica	-1.49	246.09
14	2950	E 89.59°，N 43.49°	高寒草甸草地Alpine meadow grassland	高山早熟禾，天山羽衣草P. alpina， A. tianschanica	-2.40	260.66
15	3150	E 89.58°，N 43.48°	高寒草甸草地Alpine meadow grassland	高山早熟禾，细果苔草P. alpina， C. stenocarpa	-3.49	271.98

海拔 Altitude （m）	1250 m	1270 m	1370 m	1590 m	1750 m	1770 m	2060 m	2170 m	2240 m	2460 m	2630 m	2730 m	2850 m	2950 m	3150 m
1250		0.94	0.53	0.33	0.27	0.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
1270	0.50		0.57	0.35	0.29	0.21	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
1370	3.50	3.00		0.53	0.32	0.35	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
1590	6.00	5.50	3.50		0.64	0.60	0.06	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.00	0.00
1750	8.00	7.50	6.50	4.00		0.58	0.21	0.29	0.07	0.10	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.06	0.12
1770	8.00	7.50	5.50	4.00	5.00		0.05	0.12	0.00	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.00
2060	17.50	17.00	16.00	16.50	15.50	17.50		0.54	0.35	0.29	0.35	0.32	0.18	0.18	0.17
2170	15.50	15.00	14.00	13.50	12.50	14.50	13.50		0.56	0.39	0.43	0.40	0.39	0.34	0.33
2240	11.50	11.00	10.00	11.50	12.50	12.50	12.50	8.00		0.56	0.59	0.56	0.48	0.61	0.59
2460	19.00	18.50	17.50	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00	15.50	9.50		0.69	0.68	0.46	0.54	0.61
2630	14.50	14.00	13.00	13.50	14.50	14.50	14.50	12.00	7.00	7.50		0.84	0.56	0.51	0.55
2730	13.50	13.00	12.00	12.50	13.50	13.50	13.50	12.00	7.00	7.50	3.00		0.54	0.43	0.53
2850	14.00	13.50	12.50	13.00	14.00	14.00	14.00	12.50	8.50	13.00	8.50	8.50		0.68	0.67
2950	14.00	13.50	12.50	14.00	15.00	14.00	14.50	13.50	6.50	11.00	9.50	10.50	6.00		0.77
3150	14.50	14.00	13.00	14.50	14.50	15.50	15.00	14.00	7.00	9.50	9.00	9.00	6.50	4.50

海拔 Altitude （m）	1250 m	1270 m	1370 m	1590 m	1750 m	1770 m	2060 m	2170 m	2240 m	2460 m	2630 m	2730 m	2850 m	2950 m	3150 m
1250		0.94	0.53	0.33	0.27	0.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
1270	0.50		0.57	0.35	0.29	0.21	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
1370	3.50	3.00		0.53	0.32	0.35	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
1590	6.00	5.50	3.50		0.64	0.60	0.06	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.00	0.00
1750	8.00	7.50	6.50	4.00		0.58	0.21	0.29	0.07	0.10	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.06	0.12
1770	8.00	7.50	5.50	4.00	5.00		0.05	0.12	0.00	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.00
2060	17.50	17.00	16.00	16.50	15.50	17.50		0.54	0.35	0.29	0.35	0.32	0.18	0.18	0.17
2170	15.50	15.00	14.00	13.50	12.50	14.50	13.50		0.56	0.39	0.43	0.40	0.39	0.34	0.33
2240	11.50	11.00	10.00	11.50	12.50	12.50	12.50	8.00		0.56	0.59	0.56	0.48	0.61	0.59
2460	19.00	18.50	17.50	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.00	15.50	9.50		0.69	0.68	0.46	0.54	0.61
2630	14.50	14.00	13.00	13.50	14.50	14.50	14.50	12.00	7.00	7.50		0.84	0.56	0.51	0.55
2730	13.50	13.00	12.00	12.50	13.50	13.50	13.50	12.00	7.00	7.50	3.00		0.54	0.43	0.53
2850	14.00	13.50	12.50	13.00	14.00	14.00	14.00	12.50	8.50	13.00	8.50	8.50		0.68	0.67
2950	14.00	13.50	12.50	14.00	15.00	14.00	14.50	13.50	6.50	11.00	9.50	10.50	6.00		0.77
3150	14.50	14.00	13.00	14.50	14.50	15.50	15.00	14.00	7.00	9.50	9.00	9.00	6.50	4.50

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