Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 64-81.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024215
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Peng JIANG1(
), Lei LI2, Hao-jun XIE3, De-jia XU3, Rui WANG3, Qiang HU4, Quan SUN3(
)
Received:2024-02-06
Revised:2024-07-25
Online:2025-04-20
Published:2025-02-19
Contact:
Quan SUN
Peng JIANG, Lei LI, Hao-jun XIE, De-jia XU, Rui WANG, Qiang HU, Quan SUN. Effect of purified biogas slurry drip irrigation on sandy loam soil quality, silage maize productivity and analysis of safe application rate[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(4): 64-81.
深度 Depth (cm) | 机械组成Mechanical composition (%) | 土壤质地 Soil texture | 容重BD (g·cm-3) | 田间持水量 FC (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 砂粒Sand (0.02~2 mm) | 粉粒Silt (0.002~0.02 mm) | 黏粒Clay (<0.002 mm) | ||||
| 0~20 | 55.54±3.72a | 32.23±0.49b | 12.23±0.47a | 砂质壤土Sandy loam | 1.42±0.04a | 16.54±0.50a |
| 20~40 | 37.14±1.08b | 48.65±3.83a | 14.21±0.10a | 粉砂质壤土Silty loam | 1.39±0.03a | 17.89±0.63a |
| 40~60 | 37.12±1.64b | 49.65±1.50a | 13.23±0.35a | 粉砂质壤土Silty loam | 1.41±0.07a | 18.03±0.27a |
Table 1 Basic physical properties of soil
深度 Depth (cm) | 机械组成Mechanical composition (%) | 土壤质地 Soil texture | 容重BD (g·cm-3) | 田间持水量 FC (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 砂粒Sand (0.02~2 mm) | 粉粒Silt (0.002~0.02 mm) | 黏粒Clay (<0.002 mm) | ||||
| 0~20 | 55.54±3.72a | 32.23±0.49b | 12.23±0.47a | 砂质壤土Sandy loam | 1.42±0.04a | 16.54±0.50a |
| 20~40 | 37.14±1.08b | 48.65±3.83a | 14.21±0.10a | 粉砂质壤土Silty loam | 1.39±0.03a | 17.89±0.63a |
| 40~60 | 37.12±1.64b | 49.65±1.50a | 13.23±0.35a | 粉砂质壤土Silty loam | 1.41±0.07a | 18.03±0.27a |
深度 Depth (cm) | pH | 全盐 Total salt (g·kg-1) | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 速效氮Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾Available potassium (mg·kg-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~20 | 8.29±0.05a | 0.23±0.01a | 15.26±0.15a | 47.78±1.42a | 22.43±0.69a | 188.62±6.65a |
| 20~40 | 8.48±0.08a | 0.25±0.02a | 10.62±0.36b | 35.15±0.90b | 7.97±0.38b | 124.39±7.61b |
| 40~60 | 8.53±0.09a | 0.27±0.01a | 8.27±0.18c | 30.76±0.52c | 6.54±0.15b | 113.54±6.18b |
Table 2 Basic chemical properties of soil
深度 Depth (cm) | pH | 全盐 Total salt (g·kg-1) | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 速效氮Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾Available potassium (mg·kg-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~20 | 8.29±0.05a | 0.23±0.01a | 15.26±0.15a | 47.78±1.42a | 22.43±0.69a | 188.62±6.65a |
| 20~40 | 8.48±0.08a | 0.25±0.02a | 10.62±0.36b | 35.15±0.90b | 7.97±0.38b | 124.39±7.61b |
| 40~60 | 8.53±0.09a | 0.27±0.01a | 8.27±0.18c | 30.76±0.52c | 6.54±0.15b | 113.54±6.18b |
| 深度Depth (cm) | Cu | Zn | Pb | Cd | Cr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~20 | 15.69±2.47a | 0.44±0.06a | 13.69±0.87a | 0.39±0.05a | 24.26±1.20a |
| 20~40 | 7.45±0.12b | 0.25±0.04b | 5.54±0.55b | 0.30±0.03a | 18.48±2.39a |
| 40~60 | 1.96±0.35c | 0.18±0.35b | 4.01±0.30b | 0.28±0.05a | 21.03±0.82a |
| 国标限量值National standard limit | 190.00 | 300.00 | 170.00 | 0.60 | 200.00 |
Table 3 Heavy metal content of soil (mg·kg-1)
| 深度Depth (cm) | Cu | Zn | Pb | Cd | Cr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~20 | 15.69±2.47a | 0.44±0.06a | 13.69±0.87a | 0.39±0.05a | 24.26±1.20a |
| 20~40 | 7.45±0.12b | 0.25±0.04b | 5.54±0.55b | 0.30±0.03a | 18.48±2.39a |
| 40~60 | 1.96±0.35c | 0.18±0.35b | 4.01±0.30b | 0.28±0.05a | 21.03±0.82a |
| 国标限量值National standard limit | 190.00 | 300.00 | 170.00 | 0.60 | 200.00 |
材料 Material | 化学需氧量 COD (mg·L-1) | 氨态氮 NH3-N (mg·L-1) | 固形物 Solid (mg·L-1) | pH | 电导率 EC (ms·cm-1) | 全氮 TN (g·L-1) | 全磷 AP (g·L-1) | 全钾 AK (g·L-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 沼液原液BS | 3860.00±231.26 | 1013.50±64.34 | 20420.00±740.35 | 8.03±0.04 | 7.37±0.21 | 1.23±0.09 | 0.15±0.04 | 0.08±0.03 |
| 净化沼液PBS | 246.00±19.14 | 21.34±0.55 | 35.74±0.92 | 7.65±0.11 | 1.03±0.05 | 0.40±0.17 | 0.13±0.01 | 0.05±0.01 |
Table 4 Basic chemical properties of biogas slurry
材料 Material | 化学需氧量 COD (mg·L-1) | 氨态氮 NH3-N (mg·L-1) | 固形物 Solid (mg·L-1) | pH | 电导率 EC (ms·cm-1) | 全氮 TN (g·L-1) | 全磷 AP (g·L-1) | 全钾 AK (g·L-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 沼液原液BS | 3860.00±231.26 | 1013.50±64.34 | 20420.00±740.35 | 8.03±0.04 | 7.37±0.21 | 1.23±0.09 | 0.15±0.04 | 0.08±0.03 |
| 净化沼液PBS | 246.00±19.14 | 21.34±0.55 | 35.74±0.92 | 7.65±0.11 | 1.03±0.05 | 0.40±0.17 | 0.13±0.01 | 0.05±0.01 |
| 材料Material | Cu | Zn | Cr | Cd | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 沼液原液BS | 34.56±1.23 | 24.33±6.64 | 1.46±0.09 | 0.06±0.00 | 4.66±0.06 |
| 净化沼液 PBS | 15.30±0.97 | 11.19±0.11 | 0.82±0.03 | 0.03±0.01 | 2.49±0.15 |
| 国家限量标准National limit standard | - | - | 50.00 | 3.00 | 50.00 |
Table 5 Heavy metal content of biogas slurry (mg·L-1 )
| 材料Material | Cu | Zn | Cr | Cd | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 沼液原液BS | 34.56±1.23 | 24.33±6.64 | 1.46±0.09 | 0.06±0.00 | 4.66±0.06 |
| 净化沼液 PBS | 15.30±0.97 | 11.19±0.11 | 0.82±0.03 | 0.03±0.01 | 2.49±0.15 |
| 国家限量标准National limit standard | - | - | 50.00 | 3.00 | 50.00 |
处理 Treatment | 实施措施Implementation measures | 滴水次数 Water drip times | 滴沼液次数 Biogas slurry drip times | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
净化沼液PBS (m3·hm-2) | 净化沼液含氮量PBS-N (kg·hm-2) | 水 Water (m3·hm-2) | |||
| S0 | 0 | 0 | 3900 | 12 | 0 |
| S1 | 225 | 90 | 3675 | 12 | 8 |
| S2 | 450 | 180 | 3450 | 12 | 8 |
| S3 | 675 | 270 | 3225 | 12 | 8 |
| S4 | 900 | 360 | 3000 | 12 | 8 |
| S5 | 1125 | 450 | 2775 | 12 | 8 |
| S6 | 1350 | 540 | 2550 | 12 | 8 |
Table 6 Experimental design scheme
处理 Treatment | 实施措施Implementation measures | 滴水次数 Water drip times | 滴沼液次数 Biogas slurry drip times | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
净化沼液PBS (m3·hm-2) | 净化沼液含氮量PBS-N (kg·hm-2) | 水 Water (m3·hm-2) | |||
| S0 | 0 | 0 | 3900 | 12 | 0 |
| S1 | 225 | 90 | 3675 | 12 | 8 |
| S2 | 450 | 180 | 3450 | 12 | 8 |
| S3 | 675 | 270 | 3225 | 12 | 8 |
| S4 | 900 | 360 | 3000 | 12 | 8 |
| S5 | 1125 | 450 | 2775 | 12 | 8 |
| S6 | 1350 | 540 | 2550 | 12 | 8 |
| 等级Grade | 潜在生态危害指数Ecological risk index |
|---|---|
| 清洁 Cleanly | <100 |
| 轻微 Slight | 100~150 |
| 中等Moderate | 150~300 |
| 重度 Severely | 300~600 |
| 极重 Extremely | >600 |
Table 7 Pollution index and classification
| 等级Grade | 潜在生态危害指数Ecological risk index |
|---|---|
| 清洁 Cleanly | <100 |
| 轻微 Slight | 100~150 |
| 中等Moderate | 150~300 |
| 重度 Severely | 300~600 |
| 极重 Extremely | >600 |
| 处理Treatment | Cu (mg·kg-1) | Zn (mg·kg-1) | Pb (μg·kg-1) | Cd (μg·kg-1) | Cr (μg·kg-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S0 | 1.32±0.01e | 0.42±0.01d | 28.78±1.21d | 20.53±0.23b | 2.12±0.23c |
| S1 | 1.37±0.07e | 0.44±0.01d | 30.09±0.65d | 21.73±0.67b | 2.42±0.33c |
| S2 | 1.52±0.03d | 0.47±0.03d | 35.12±0.21cd | 29.09±3.01b | 3.82±3.39b |
| S3 | 1.66±0.06c | 0.56±0.01c | 35.15±0.43bc | 26.41±2.86b | 3.76±0.67b |
| S4 | 1.69±0.03c | 0.65±0.03b | 40.18±2.32ab | 26.40±2.86b | 3.54±0.88b |
| S5 | 1.91±0.04b | 0.73±0.03a | 41.21±1.32a | 40.79±6.69a | 4.13±0.67a |
| S6 | 2.12±0.03a | 0.73±0.04a | 45.01±5.79a | 44.47±0.67a | 6.47±0.88a |
| 饲料限量值Feed limit value (mg·kg-1) | - | - | 30.00 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Table 8 Effects of PBS drip irrigation on the heavy metal content of silage maize (2022)
| 处理Treatment | Cu (mg·kg-1) | Zn (mg·kg-1) | Pb (μg·kg-1) | Cd (μg·kg-1) | Cr (μg·kg-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S0 | 1.32±0.01e | 0.42±0.01d | 28.78±1.21d | 20.53±0.23b | 2.12±0.23c |
| S1 | 1.37±0.07e | 0.44±0.01d | 30.09±0.65d | 21.73±0.67b | 2.42±0.33c |
| S2 | 1.52±0.03d | 0.47±0.03d | 35.12±0.21cd | 29.09±3.01b | 3.82±3.39b |
| S3 | 1.66±0.06c | 0.56±0.01c | 35.15±0.43bc | 26.41±2.86b | 3.76±0.67b |
| S4 | 1.69±0.03c | 0.65±0.03b | 40.18±2.32ab | 26.40±2.86b | 3.54±0.88b |
| S5 | 1.91±0.04b | 0.73±0.03a | 41.21±1.32a | 40.79±6.69a | 4.13±0.67a |
| S6 | 2.12±0.03a | 0.73±0.04a | 45.01±5.79a | 44.47±0.67a | 6.47±0.88a |
| 饲料限量值Feed limit value (mg·kg-1) | - | - | 30.00 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
指标 Indicator | 2021 | 2022 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公因子方差CFV | 权重Weight | 公因子方差CFV | 权重Weight | |
| MWD | 0.901 | 0.066 | 0.901 | 0.062 |
| GMD | 0.857 | 0.062 | 0.857 | 0.059 |
| pH | 0.741 | 0.054 | 0.741 | 0.051 |
| TS | 0.954 | 0.070 | 0.954 | 0.066 |
| AN | 0.992 | 0.072 | 0.992 | 0.069 |
| AP | 0.989 | 0.072 | 0.989 | 0.069 |
| AK | 0.965 | 0.070 | 0.965 | 0.067 |
| OM | 0.892 | 0.065 | 0.892 | 0.062 |
| URE | 0.901 | 0.066 | 0.901 | 0.062 |
| ALP | 0.998 | 0.073 | 0.998 | 0.069 |
| SUC | 0.956 | 0.070 | 0.956 | 0.066 |
| CAT | 0.979 | 0.071 | 0.979 | 0.068 |
| MBC | 0.949 | 0.069 | 0.949 | 0.066 |
| MBN | 0.925 | 0.067 | 0.925 | 0.064 |
| ERI | 0.723 | 0.053 | 0.723 | 0.050 |
Table 9 Common factor variance (CFV) and weight of soil quality evaluation indicators
指标 Indicator | 2021 | 2022 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公因子方差CFV | 权重Weight | 公因子方差CFV | 权重Weight | |
| MWD | 0.901 | 0.066 | 0.901 | 0.062 |
| GMD | 0.857 | 0.062 | 0.857 | 0.059 |
| pH | 0.741 | 0.054 | 0.741 | 0.051 |
| TS | 0.954 | 0.070 | 0.954 | 0.066 |
| AN | 0.992 | 0.072 | 0.992 | 0.069 |
| AP | 0.989 | 0.072 | 0.989 | 0.069 |
| AK | 0.965 | 0.070 | 0.965 | 0.067 |
| OM | 0.892 | 0.065 | 0.892 | 0.062 |
| URE | 0.901 | 0.066 | 0.901 | 0.062 |
| ALP | 0.998 | 0.073 | 0.998 | 0.069 |
| SUC | 0.956 | 0.070 | 0.956 | 0.066 |
| CAT | 0.979 | 0.071 | 0.979 | 0.068 |
| MBC | 0.949 | 0.069 | 0.949 | 0.066 |
| MBN | 0.925 | 0.067 | 0.925 | 0.064 |
| ERI | 0.723 | 0.053 | 0.723 | 0.050 |
指标 Index | 土壤重金属限量值 SHM limit value (mg·kg-1) | 土壤重金属起始值 SHM background value (mg·kg-1) | 净化沼液重金属含量 PBS heavy metal content (mg·kg-1) | 植株重金属含量 Plant heavy metal content (g·hm-2) | 消纳容量 Digestion capacity (m3·hm-2) | 消纳年限 Digestion years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | 190 | 15.69±0.04 | 15.30±1.04 | 24.70±1.49 | 37394.00±2732.97 | 41.55±3.04 |
| 锌Zn | 300 | 0.44±0.01 | 11.19±0.03 | 8.73±0.40 | 87004.67±196.96 | 96.67±0.22 |
| 铅Pb | 170 | 13.69±0.54 | 2.49±0.10 | 0.79±0.04 | 204935.67±8299.00 | 227.71±9.22 |
| 镉 Cd | 0.60 | 0.39±0.02 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.37±0.03 | 22786.66±1240.76 | 25.32±0.38 |
| 铬 Cr | 200 | 24.26±0.41 | 0.82±0.02 | 0.48±0.03 | 694694.67±17586.23 | 771.88±19.54 |
Table 10 PBS absorption capacity (heavy metal)
指标 Index | 土壤重金属限量值 SHM limit value (mg·kg-1) | 土壤重金属起始值 SHM background value (mg·kg-1) | 净化沼液重金属含量 PBS heavy metal content (mg·kg-1) | 植株重金属含量 Plant heavy metal content (g·hm-2) | 消纳容量 Digestion capacity (m3·hm-2) | 消纳年限 Digestion years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 铜 Cu | 190 | 15.69±0.04 | 15.30±1.04 | 24.70±1.49 | 37394.00±2732.97 | 41.55±3.04 |
| 锌Zn | 300 | 0.44±0.01 | 11.19±0.03 | 8.73±0.40 | 87004.67±196.96 | 96.67±0.22 |
| 铅Pb | 170 | 13.69±0.54 | 2.49±0.10 | 0.79±0.04 | 204935.67±8299.00 | 227.71±9.22 |
| 镉 Cd | 0.60 | 0.39±0.02 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.37±0.03 | 22786.66±1240.76 | 25.32±0.38 |
| 铬 Cr | 200 | 24.26±0.41 | 0.82±0.02 | 0.48±0.03 | 694694.67±17586.23 | 771.88±19.54 |
指标 Index | 盐渍化标准值 Salinization standard value (g·kg-1) | 土壤全盐起始值 TS background value (g·kg-1) | 2年积累值 TS accumulate value (g·kg-1) | 全盐年均增加量 TS increase (g·kg-1) | 消纳年限 Digestion years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全盐Total salt | 1.00 | 0.23±0.01 | 0.31±0.02 | 0.04±0.00 | 19.25±0.12 |
Table 11 PBS absorption capacity (total salt)
指标 Index | 盐渍化标准值 Salinization standard value (g·kg-1) | 土壤全盐起始值 TS background value (g·kg-1) | 2年积累值 TS accumulate value (g·kg-1) | 全盐年均增加量 TS increase (g·kg-1) | 消纳年限 Digestion years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 全盐Total salt | 1.00 | 0.23±0.01 | 0.31±0.02 | 0.04±0.00 | 19.25±0.12 |
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