Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 215-225.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024085
Sheng-wei JIN1,2(), Yin-cang HAN1,2(), Yong-gang SUN1,2, Wei-qin DING1,2, Ya-qian LIU1,2, Zeng-yuan QI1,2, Jian-qiang ZHOU1,2
Received:
2024-03-18
Revised:
2024-04-26
Online:
2025-01-20
Published:
2024-11-04
Contact:
Yin-cang HAN
Sheng-wei JIN, Yin-cang HAN, Yong-gang SUN, Wei-qin DING, Ya-qian LIU, Zeng-yuan QI, Jian-qiang ZHOU. Effects of different feeding methods on growth performance and blood physiological and biochemical indexes of yaks[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(1): 215-225.
原料Material | 比例Proportion (%) | 营养水平Nutritional levels | 含量Content |
---|---|---|---|
玉米Corn | 43.71 | 综合净能Combined net energy (MJ·kg-1) | 4.28 |
浓缩料Concentrate | 10.93 | 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) | 16.63 |
油菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 3.00 | 粗脂肪Ether extract (%) | 5.49 |
豆粕Soybean meal | 3.00 | 粗纤维Crude fiber (%) | 21.17 |
燕麦干草Oat hay | 10.93 | 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (%) | 28.61 |
青贮燕麦Oat silage | 27.33 | 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (%) | 46.09 |
食盐Salt | 0.55 | 钙Calcium (%) | 0.36 |
小苏打NaHCO3 | 0.55 | 总磷Total phosphorus (%) | 0.16 |
合计Total | 100.00 |
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)
原料Material | 比例Proportion (%) | 营养水平Nutritional levels | 含量Content |
---|---|---|---|
玉米Corn | 43.71 | 综合净能Combined net energy (MJ·kg-1) | 4.28 |
浓缩料Concentrate | 10.93 | 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) | 16.63 |
油菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 3.00 | 粗脂肪Ether extract (%) | 5.49 |
豆粕Soybean meal | 3.00 | 粗纤维Crude fiber (%) | 21.17 |
燕麦干草Oat hay | 10.93 | 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (%) | 28.61 |
青贮燕麦Oat silage | 27.33 | 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (%) | 46.09 |
食盐Salt | 0.55 | 钙Calcium (%) | 0.36 |
小苏打NaHCO3 | 0.55 | 总磷Total phosphorus (%) | 0.16 |
合计Total | 100.00 |
项目 Item | 干物质 Dry matter | 粗蛋白 Crude protein | 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 粗灰分 Crude ash | 粗纤维 Crude fiber | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber | 钙 Ca | 磷 P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
青草期Grass period | 73.99 | 9.96 | 2.55 | 15.79 | 29.75 | 34.81 | 46.35 | 2.82 | 0.14 |
枯草期Withered period | 88.84 | 7.06 | 1.33 | 21.77 | 38.25 | 53.31 | 66.47 | 1.10 | 0.04 |
Table 2 Forage grass nutrition level (%)
项目 Item | 干物质 Dry matter | 粗蛋白 Crude protein | 粗脂肪 Ether extract | 粗灰分 Crude ash | 粗纤维 Crude fiber | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber | 钙 Ca | 磷 P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
青草期Grass period | 73.99 | 9.96 | 2.55 | 15.79 | 29.75 | 34.81 | 46.35 | 2.82 | 0.14 |
枯草期Withered period | 88.84 | 7.06 | 1.33 | 21.77 | 38.25 | 53.31 | 66.47 | 1.10 | 0.04 |
项目 Items | 初重 Initial body weight (kg) | 末重 Final body weight (kg) | 总增重 Total weight gain (kg) | 平均日增重 Average daily gain (g·d-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
放牧组Grazing group | 142.43±2.56 | 144.00±1.00 | 1.57±2.64 | 8.70±14.64 |
育肥组Fattening group | 143.37±2.95 | 215.00±3.00 | 71.63±2.85 | 397.96±15.83 |
P值P-value | 0.70 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Table 3 Body weight changes of yak under different feeding methods
项目 Items | 初重 Initial body weight (kg) | 末重 Final body weight (kg) | 总增重 Total weight gain (kg) | 平均日增重 Average daily gain (g·d-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
放牧组Grazing group | 142.43±2.56 | 144.00±1.00 | 1.57±2.64 | 8.70±14.64 |
育肥组Fattening group | 143.37±2.95 | 215.00±3.00 | 71.63±2.85 | 397.96±15.83 |
P值P-value | 0.70 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
项目 Items | 体高Body height | 体斜长Body length | 胸围Chest circumference | 管围Pipe circumference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | 18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | 18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | 18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | |
放牧组Grazing group | 98.00±1.89 | 100.30±1.57 | 101.60±2.32 | 105.70±0.95 | 136.33±1.52 | 142.33±2.08 | 15.50±0.53 | 17.20±1.34 |
育肥组Fattening group | 99.20±2.44 | 108.50±1.78 | 101.10±1.37 | 119.20±1.03 | 137.12±1.03 | 169.67±4.51 | 15.60±0.84 | 19.80±1.32 |
P值P-value | 0.23 | <0.01 | 0.56 | <0.01 | 0.56 | <0.01 | 0.75 | <0.01 |
Table 4 Changes of body size of yak under different feeding methods (cm)
项目 Items | 体高Body height | 体斜长Body length | 胸围Chest circumference | 管围Pipe circumference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | 18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | 18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | 18月龄 18 months of age | 24月龄 24 months of age | |
放牧组Grazing group | 98.00±1.89 | 100.30±1.57 | 101.60±2.32 | 105.70±0.95 | 136.33±1.52 | 142.33±2.08 | 15.50±0.53 | 17.20±1.34 |
育肥组Fattening group | 99.20±2.44 | 108.50±1.78 | 101.10±1.37 | 119.20±1.03 | 137.12±1.03 | 169.67±4.51 | 15.60±0.84 | 19.80±1.32 |
P值P-value | 0.23 | <0.01 | 0.56 | <0.01 | 0.56 | <0.01 | 0.75 | <0.01 |
项目Items | 放牧组Grazing group | 育肥组Fattening group |
---|---|---|
宰前活重Live weight (kg) | 144.70±1.06B | 215.00±3.00A |
肉重Meat weight (kg) | 67.35±1.23B | 125.70±4.76A |
骨重Bone weight (kg) | 16.69±0.86B | 22.23±0.65A |
头重Head weight (kg) | 8.83±0.99b | 12.52±1.48a |
蹄重Hoof weight (kg) | 3.62±0.38B | 5.42±0.29A |
皮重Skin weight (kg) | 10.28±0.55B | 29.42±2.25A |
肉骨比Meat-bone ratio | 3.17±0.09B | 4.68±0.20A |
屠宰率Slaughter rate (%) | 46.77±0.86B | 58.45±1.42A |
净肉率Pure meat percentage (%) | 36.71±0.71B | 48.39±0.15A |
胴体产肉率Carcass production ratio (%) | 78.49±0.95b | 82.81±2.06a |
心重Heart weight (kg) | 0.73±0.08B | 1.45±0.18A |
肝重Liver weight (kg) | 2.67±0.20b | 2.78±0.10a |
脾重Spleen weight (kg) | 0.33±0.03b | 0.45±0.05a |
肺重Lung weight (kg) | 2.12±0.16B | 2.87±0.13A |
肾重Kinney weight (kg) | 0.40±0.05b | 0.70±0.17a |
头占体重Head weight/live weight (%) | 6.14±0.71a | 5.82±0.61b |
蹄占体重Hoof weight/live weight (%) | 2.51±0.26 | 2.52±0.11 |
皮占体重Skin weight/live weight (%) | 7.13±0.36B | 13.69±1.22A |
Table 5 Effects of different feeding methods on the slaughtering performance of yak
项目Items | 放牧组Grazing group | 育肥组Fattening group |
---|---|---|
宰前活重Live weight (kg) | 144.70±1.06B | 215.00±3.00A |
肉重Meat weight (kg) | 67.35±1.23B | 125.70±4.76A |
骨重Bone weight (kg) | 16.69±0.86B | 22.23±0.65A |
头重Head weight (kg) | 8.83±0.99b | 12.52±1.48a |
蹄重Hoof weight (kg) | 3.62±0.38B | 5.42±0.29A |
皮重Skin weight (kg) | 10.28±0.55B | 29.42±2.25A |
肉骨比Meat-bone ratio | 3.17±0.09B | 4.68±0.20A |
屠宰率Slaughter rate (%) | 46.77±0.86B | 58.45±1.42A |
净肉率Pure meat percentage (%) | 36.71±0.71B | 48.39±0.15A |
胴体产肉率Carcass production ratio (%) | 78.49±0.95b | 82.81±2.06a |
心重Heart weight (kg) | 0.73±0.08B | 1.45±0.18A |
肝重Liver weight (kg) | 2.67±0.20b | 2.78±0.10a |
脾重Spleen weight (kg) | 0.33±0.03b | 0.45±0.05a |
肺重Lung weight (kg) | 2.12±0.16B | 2.87±0.13A |
肾重Kinney weight (kg) | 0.40±0.05b | 0.70±0.17a |
头占体重Head weight/live weight (%) | 6.14±0.71a | 5.82±0.61b |
蹄占体重Hoof weight/live weight (%) | 2.51±0.26 | 2.52±0.11 |
皮占体重Skin weight/live weight (%) | 7.13±0.36B | 13.69±1.22A |
项目Items | 放牧组Grazing group | 育肥组Fattening group |
---|---|---|
白细胞数目WBC (×109·L-1) | 4.78±0.46 | 4.25±0.15 |
红细胞数目RBC (×1012·L-1) | 4.04±0.89b | 5.48±0.27a |
血红蛋白浓度HGB (g·L-1) | 150.33±13.20b | 162.00±7.21a |
平均红细胞体积MCV (fL) | 49.43±4.09 | 54.13±10.20 |
平均血红蛋白含量MCH (Pg) | 48.63±13.93a | 29.63±2.21b |
平均血红蛋白浓度MCHC (g·L-1) | 319.33±13.80 | 319.00±14.80 |
血小板数目PLT (×109·L-1) | 376.00±35.09 | 343.00±28.51 |
红细胞体积分布宽度RDW-SD (fL) | 43.97±3.04 | 46.67±1.55 |
红细胞分布宽度变异系数RDW-CV (%) | 13.63±0.61 | 13.50±0.36 |
血小板体积分布宽度PDW (fL) | 15.30±0.20 | 15.43±0.32 |
平均血小板体积MPV (fL) | 11.07±0.90 | 10.40±0.10 |
大血小板比率P-LCR (%) | 39.63±1.25 | 38.03±2.43 |
血小板压积PCT (%) | 0.31±0.10 | 0.32±0.03 |
中性粒细胞绝对值NEUT# (×109·L-1) | 0.38±0.04a | 0.28±0.03b |
淋巴细胞绝对值LYMPH# (×109·L-1) | 3.71±0.45 | 3.51±0.21 |
单核细胞绝对值NONO# (×109·L-1) | 0.31±0.06a | 0.22±0.02b |
嗜酸性粒细胞绝对值EO# (×109·L-1) | 0.08±0.03 | 0.04±0.03 |
嗜碱性粒细胞绝对值BASO# (×109·L-1) | 0.31±0.09a | 0.20±0.01b |
中性粒细胞百分比NEUT% (%) | 7.90±0.56 | 6.53±0.85 |
单核细胞百分比NONO% (%) | 6.37±0.61 | 5.20±0.62 |
嗜酸性粒细胞百分比EO% (%) | 1.67±0.38 | 1.03±0.55 |
嗜碱性粒细胞百分比BASO% (%) | 6.60±2.31a | 4.70±0.36b |
Table 6 Effects of different feeding methods on blood physiological indexes of yaks
项目Items | 放牧组Grazing group | 育肥组Fattening group |
---|---|---|
白细胞数目WBC (×109·L-1) | 4.78±0.46 | 4.25±0.15 |
红细胞数目RBC (×1012·L-1) | 4.04±0.89b | 5.48±0.27a |
血红蛋白浓度HGB (g·L-1) | 150.33±13.20b | 162.00±7.21a |
平均红细胞体积MCV (fL) | 49.43±4.09 | 54.13±10.20 |
平均血红蛋白含量MCH (Pg) | 48.63±13.93a | 29.63±2.21b |
平均血红蛋白浓度MCHC (g·L-1) | 319.33±13.80 | 319.00±14.80 |
血小板数目PLT (×109·L-1) | 376.00±35.09 | 343.00±28.51 |
红细胞体积分布宽度RDW-SD (fL) | 43.97±3.04 | 46.67±1.55 |
红细胞分布宽度变异系数RDW-CV (%) | 13.63±0.61 | 13.50±0.36 |
血小板体积分布宽度PDW (fL) | 15.30±0.20 | 15.43±0.32 |
平均血小板体积MPV (fL) | 11.07±0.90 | 10.40±0.10 |
大血小板比率P-LCR (%) | 39.63±1.25 | 38.03±2.43 |
血小板压积PCT (%) | 0.31±0.10 | 0.32±0.03 |
中性粒细胞绝对值NEUT# (×109·L-1) | 0.38±0.04a | 0.28±0.03b |
淋巴细胞绝对值LYMPH# (×109·L-1) | 3.71±0.45 | 3.51±0.21 |
单核细胞绝对值NONO# (×109·L-1) | 0.31±0.06a | 0.22±0.02b |
嗜酸性粒细胞绝对值EO# (×109·L-1) | 0.08±0.03 | 0.04±0.03 |
嗜碱性粒细胞绝对值BASO# (×109·L-1) | 0.31±0.09a | 0.20±0.01b |
中性粒细胞百分比NEUT% (%) | 7.90±0.56 | 6.53±0.85 |
单核细胞百分比NONO% (%) | 6.37±0.61 | 5.20±0.62 |
嗜酸性粒细胞百分比EO% (%) | 1.67±0.38 | 1.03±0.55 |
嗜碱性粒细胞百分比BASO% (%) | 6.60±2.31a | 4.70±0.36b |
项目 Items | 放牧组 Grazing group | 育肥组 Fattening group |
---|---|---|
总蛋白TP (g·L-1) | 63.78±4.59 | 70.25±4.04 |
白蛋白ALB (g·L-1) | 31.26±2.07b | 36.55±2.07a |
总胆固醇TC (mmol·L-1) | 1.75±0.29b | 2.09±0.65a |
甘油三酯TG (mmol·L-1) | 0.19±0.01 | 0.21±0.05 |
高密度脂蛋白HDL (mmol·L-1) | 1.33±0.16b | 1.55±0.24a |
低密度脂蛋白LDL (mmol·L-1) | 0.67±0.05 | 0.60±0.28 |
钙Ca (mmol·L-1) | 1.84±0.09b | 2.18±0.12a |
磷P (mmol·L-1) | 3.28±0.46b | 4.52±0.26a |
Table 7 Effects of different feeding methods on serum biochemical indices of yak
项目 Items | 放牧组 Grazing group | 育肥组 Fattening group |
---|---|---|
总蛋白TP (g·L-1) | 63.78±4.59 | 70.25±4.04 |
白蛋白ALB (g·L-1) | 31.26±2.07b | 36.55±2.07a |
总胆固醇TC (mmol·L-1) | 1.75±0.29b | 2.09±0.65a |
甘油三酯TG (mmol·L-1) | 0.19±0.01 | 0.21±0.05 |
高密度脂蛋白HDL (mmol·L-1) | 1.33±0.16b | 1.55±0.24a |
低密度脂蛋白LDL (mmol·L-1) | 0.67±0.05 | 0.60±0.28 |
钙Ca (mmol·L-1) | 1.84±0.09b | 2.18±0.12a |
磷P (mmol·L-1) | 3.28±0.46b | 4.52±0.26a |
项目Items | 育肥组Fattening group | 放牧组Grazing group |
---|---|---|
人工劳务Manual labor (CNY·head-1) | 300.00 | 180.00 |
劳动物资Labor supply (CNY·head-1) | 100.00 | 100.00 |
兽药Veterinary medicine (CNY·head-1) | 200.00 | 200.00 |
人员住房 Staff housing (CNY·head-1) | 10.00 | 10.00 |
草料房与库房Forage house and storage (CNY·head-1) | 15.00 | 0.00 |
圈舍电、取暖费Electricity and heating for pens (CNY·head-1) | 10.00 | 0.00 |
饲料成本Feed cost (CNY·head-1) | 1750.00 | 0.00 |
运输成本Transportation cost (CNY·head-1) | 50.00 | 0.00 |
总成本Total cost (CNY·head-1) | 2435.00 | 490.00 |
终末体重Final body weigh (kg) | 215.00±3.00A | 144.00±1.00B |
屠宰率Slaughter rate (%) | 58.45 | 46.77 |
带骨肉价格Price of bone-in meat (CNY·kg-1) | 35.00 | 35.00 |
收益Profits (CNY·head-1) | 4398.36 | 2357.20 |
经济效益Benefit (CNY·head-1) | 1963.36A | 1867.20B |
Table 8 Analysis of economic benefits of yak in different feeding methods
项目Items | 育肥组Fattening group | 放牧组Grazing group |
---|---|---|
人工劳务Manual labor (CNY·head-1) | 300.00 | 180.00 |
劳动物资Labor supply (CNY·head-1) | 100.00 | 100.00 |
兽药Veterinary medicine (CNY·head-1) | 200.00 | 200.00 |
人员住房 Staff housing (CNY·head-1) | 10.00 | 10.00 |
草料房与库房Forage house and storage (CNY·head-1) | 15.00 | 0.00 |
圈舍电、取暖费Electricity and heating for pens (CNY·head-1) | 10.00 | 0.00 |
饲料成本Feed cost (CNY·head-1) | 1750.00 | 0.00 |
运输成本Transportation cost (CNY·head-1) | 50.00 | 0.00 |
总成本Total cost (CNY·head-1) | 2435.00 | 490.00 |
终末体重Final body weigh (kg) | 215.00±3.00A | 144.00±1.00B |
屠宰率Slaughter rate (%) | 58.45 | 46.77 |
带骨肉价格Price of bone-in meat (CNY·kg-1) | 35.00 | 35.00 |
收益Profits (CNY·head-1) | 4398.36 | 2357.20 |
经济效益Benefit (CNY·head-1) | 1963.36A | 1867.20B |
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