Diversity of microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of Kobresia humilis and their responses to environmental factors in the source region of the Yellow River

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025036

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study， we explored the relationships between environmental factors and microbial diversity/community structure in the rhizosphere soil of Kobresia humilis. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from K. humilis growing at sites in the source area of the Yellow River within an altitude range of 3000-5000 m. Environmental factors were recorded at each site， and soil samples were analyzed to determine the composition of the rhizosphere soil microbial community. Illumina MiSeq sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were conducted to identify and classify the fungi and bacteria in the rhizosphere soil samples. The results show that the relationships between microbial diversity/community structure and environmental factors differed among five different altitudes in the source region of the Yellow River. Among the rhizosphere soils collected at different altitudes， the soil collected at 4027.0 m had the highest fungal diversity and the soil collected at 4932.1 m had the highest bacterial diversity， indicating that fungi and bacteria showed different responses to altitude. Soil microbial community structure differed with elevation： the abundance of Olpidiomycota in the fungal community increased with elevation， and Basidiobolomycota was only found at sampling sites higher than 4500 m. The taxa Nitrospirota， Bdellovibrionota， Elusimicrobiota， RCP2-54， and SAR324_cladeMarine_group_B showed increased abundance with increasing altitude， whereas the abundance of Fusobacteriota gradually declined with increasing altitude. The soil pH decreased with increasing altitude， but other soil physicochemical factors showed more complex changes with altitude. The pH， total phosphorus， available nitrogen， and organic carbon contents in soil collected at 4932.1 m were significantly different from those in soils collected at other altitudes （P<0.05）. The total potassium， available phosphorus， and available potassium contents in soil collected at 4027.0 m were significantly different from those in soils collected at other altitudes （P<0.05）. A redundancy analysis showed that available potassium and altitude were important factors affecting the composition and diversity of fungi， while the bacterial community was more strongly affected by pH， total nitrogen， total phosphorus， available nitrogen， organic carbon， and altitude. Among those factors， soil pH had the most significant effect on bacterial community structure. In this study， Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology was used to analyze soil microbial diversity and community structure in the rhizosphere of K. humilis at different altitudes， and the effects of environmental factors on the rhizosphere microbial community were determined. The results provide a theoretical basis for ecological protection at the soil microbe level in the source region of the Yellow River.

Key words: Kobresia humilis, rhizosphere soil microorganisms, microbial diversity, environmental factors, altitude

Hui-yun TAO, Run-yan YANG, Yan-can LI, Ya-peng LIU, He-xing QI. Diversity of microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of Kobresia humilis and their responses to environmental factors in the source region of the Yellow River[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(12): 16-32.

Figures/Tables 11

References 62

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采样地点 Sampling site	样本 Sample	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude （m）	伴生植物 Companion plants
共和县青海湖国家自然保护区Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve in Gonghe County	S₁	36°33′07.45″N 100°43′48.29″E	3208.0	矮嵩草、芨芨草、鹅绒委陵菜、早熟禾、马蔺、野葱、车前草、薹草、茵陈蒿、毛建草、扁穗冰草、麻花秦艽、达乌里黄芪K.humilis， Achnatherum splendens， Potentilla anserina， Poa annua， Iris lactea， Allium chrysanthum， Plantago asiatica， Carex sp.， Artemisia capillaris， Dracocephalum rupestre， Agropyron cristatum， Gentiana straminea， Astragalus dahuricus
兴海县河卡镇Heka Town， Xinghai County	S₂	35°45′45.90″N 99°53′41.52″E	3519.9	矮嵩草、肉果草、垂穗披碱草、鹅绒委陵菜、蒲公英、火绒草、早熟禾、蕨麻、大戟、薹草K.humilis， Lancea tibetica， Elymus nutans， P.anserina， Taraxacum mongolicum， Leontopodium leontopodioides， P. annua， Argentina anserina， Euphorbia pekinensis， Carex. sp.
兴海县子科滩镇Ziketan Town， Xinghai County	S₃	35°36′17.56″N 99°32′50.16″E	4027.0	矮嵩草、麻花秦艽、薹草、马尿泡、火绒草、鹅绒委陵菜、忍冬、黄花棘豆、全缘兔耳草、高山大戟、节节草K.humilis， G. straminea， Carex sp.， Przewalskia tangutica， L. leontopodioides， P. anserina， Lonicera japonica， Oxytropis ochrocephala， Lagotis integra， Euphorbia stracheyi， Equisetum ramosissimum
玛多县玛查理镇Marcharlie Town， Mardo County	S₄	34°19′38.89″N 97°55′30.23″E	4511.7	矮嵩草、高山嵩草、早熟禾、银叶火绒草、普式马先蒿、珠牙蓼、麦冬、小丛红景天、棘豆、紫菀、麻花秦艽、苣荬菜、毛茛、马蔺、金露梅K.humilis， K. pygmaea， P. annua， L. souliei， Pedicularis przewalskii， Polygonum viviparum， Ophiopogon japonicus， Rhodiola dumulosa， Oxytropis sp.， Aster tataricus， G. straminea， Sonchus oleraceus， Ranunculus japonicus， I. lactea， Dasiphora fruticosa
巴颜喀拉山Bayan Har Mountain	S₅	34°07′55.19″N 97°39′27.49″E	4932.1	矮嵩草、高山嵩草、皱叶娟毛苣、百里香、火绒草、多刺绿绒蒿、紫苑、麻花秦艽、委陵菜、毡毛雪莲、点地梅、香青、水母雪兔子、爪瓣虎耳草、高山龙胆K.humilis， K. pygmaea， Soroseris hookeriana， Thymus mongolicus， L. leontopodioides， Meconopsis horridula， A. tataricus， G. straminea， Potentilla sp.， Saussurea velutina， Androsace umbellata， Anaphalis sinica， Saussurea medusa， Saxifraga unguiculata， Gentiana algida

采样地点 Sampling site	样本 Sample	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	海拔 Altitude （m）	伴生植物 Companion plants
共和县青海湖国家自然保护区Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve in Gonghe County	S₁	36°33′07.45″N 100°43′48.29″E	3208.0	矮嵩草、芨芨草、鹅绒委陵菜、早熟禾、马蔺、野葱、车前草、薹草、茵陈蒿、毛建草、扁穗冰草、麻花秦艽、达乌里黄芪K.humilis， Achnatherum splendens， Potentilla anserina， Poa annua， Iris lactea， Allium chrysanthum， Plantago asiatica， Carex sp.， Artemisia capillaris， Dracocephalum rupestre， Agropyron cristatum， Gentiana straminea， Astragalus dahuricus
兴海县河卡镇Heka Town， Xinghai County	S₂	35°45′45.90″N 99°53′41.52″E	3519.9	矮嵩草、肉果草、垂穗披碱草、鹅绒委陵菜、蒲公英、火绒草、早熟禾、蕨麻、大戟、薹草K.humilis， Lancea tibetica， Elymus nutans， P.anserina， Taraxacum mongolicum， Leontopodium leontopodioides， P. annua， Argentina anserina， Euphorbia pekinensis， Carex. sp.
兴海县子科滩镇Ziketan Town， Xinghai County	S₃	35°36′17.56″N 99°32′50.16″E	4027.0	矮嵩草、麻花秦艽、薹草、马尿泡、火绒草、鹅绒委陵菜、忍冬、黄花棘豆、全缘兔耳草、高山大戟、节节草K.humilis， G. straminea， Carex sp.， Przewalskia tangutica， L. leontopodioides， P. anserina， Lonicera japonica， Oxytropis ochrocephala， Lagotis integra， Euphorbia stracheyi， Equisetum ramosissimum
玛多县玛查理镇Marcharlie Town， Mardo County	S₄	34°19′38.89″N 97°55′30.23″E	4511.7	矮嵩草、高山嵩草、早熟禾、银叶火绒草、普式马先蒿、珠牙蓼、麦冬、小丛红景天、棘豆、紫菀、麻花秦艽、苣荬菜、毛茛、马蔺、金露梅K.humilis， K. pygmaea， P. annua， L. souliei， Pedicularis przewalskii， Polygonum viviparum， Ophiopogon japonicus， Rhodiola dumulosa， Oxytropis sp.， Aster tataricus， G. straminea， Sonchus oleraceus， Ranunculus japonicus， I. lactea， Dasiphora fruticosa
巴颜喀拉山Bayan Har Mountain	S₅	34°07′55.19″N 97°39′27.49″E	4932.1	矮嵩草、高山嵩草、皱叶娟毛苣、百里香、火绒草、多刺绿绒蒿、紫苑、麻花秦艽、委陵菜、毡毛雪莲、点地梅、香青、水母雪兔子、爪瓣虎耳草、高山龙胆K.humilis， K. pygmaea， Soroseris hookeriana， Thymus mongolicus， L. leontopodioides， Meconopsis horridula， A. tataricus， G. straminea， Potentilla sp.， Saussurea velutina， Androsace umbellata， Anaphalis sinica， Saussurea medusa， Saxifraga unguiculata， Gentiana algida

样本 Sample	覆盖率Coverage （%）		ACE指数ACE index		Chao 指数Chao index
样本 Sample	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria
S₁	99.9	99.8	394.75±68.78a	2039.85±177.98b	394.03±67.96a	2031.69±170.98b
S₂	99.9	99.8	394.84±97.25a	2054.87±87.36b	394.92±96.38a	2048.15±85.42b
S₃	99.8	99.8	593.65±257.14a	2045.45±154.06b	598.38±264.57a	2033.58±149.47b
S₄	99.9	99.6	442.21±257.34a	2425.17±149.60ab	443.86±260.80a	2408.45±143.85ab
S₅	99.9	99.3	380.50±86.68a	2617.63±541.12a	379.89±86.65a	2586.61±519.20a
样本 Sample	香农指数Shannon index		辛普森指数Simpson index
样本 Sample	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria
S₁	4.05±0.67b	6.97±0.03ab	0.07±0.06a	0.002±0.0007a
S₂	4.04±0.29b	7.01±0.02ab	0.06±0.03a	0.002±0.0005a
S₃	4.35±0.79b	6.84±0.19b	0.05±0.04a	0.004±0.0029a
S₄	3.83±0.67ab	7.07±0.07a	0.07±0.05a	0.002±0.0002a
S₅	4.21±0.32a	7.08±0.07a	0.03±0.01a	0.002±0.0001a

样本 Sample	覆盖率Coverage （%）		ACE指数ACE index		Chao 指数Chao index
样本 Sample	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria
S₁	99.9	99.8	394.75±68.78a	2039.85±177.98b	394.03±67.96a	2031.69±170.98b
S₂	99.9	99.8	394.84±97.25a	2054.87±87.36b	394.92±96.38a	2048.15±85.42b
S₃	99.8	99.8	593.65±257.14a	2045.45±154.06b	598.38±264.57a	2033.58±149.47b
S₄	99.9	99.6	442.21±257.34a	2425.17±149.60ab	443.86±260.80a	2408.45±143.85ab
S₅	99.9	99.3	380.50±86.68a	2617.63±541.12a	379.89±86.65a	2586.61±519.20a
样本 Sample	香农指数Shannon index		辛普森指数Simpson index
样本 Sample	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria	真菌Fungi	细菌Bacteria
S₁	4.05±0.67b	6.97±0.03ab	0.07±0.06a	0.002±0.0007a
S₂	4.04±0.29b	7.01±0.02ab	0.06±0.03a	0.002±0.0005a
S₃	4.35±0.79b	6.84±0.19b	0.05±0.04a	0.004±0.0029a
S₄	3.83±0.67ab	7.07±0.07a	0.07±0.05a	0.002±0.0002a
S₅	4.21±0.32a	7.08±0.07a	0.03±0.01a	0.002±0.0001a

样品 Sample	pH	全氮 Total nitrogen （g·kg^-1）	全磷 Total phosphorus （g·kg^-1）	全钾 Total potassium （g·kg^-1）	速效磷 Available phosphorus （mg·kg^-1）	速效钾 Available potassium （mg·kg^-1）	速效氮 Available nitrogen （mg·kg^-1）	有机质 Organic matter （g·kg^-1）
S₁	8.01±0.00a	2.15±0.04c	0.566±0.01c	6.919±0.20e	7.390±0.42c	156.761±0.13c	146.18±2.82c	54.427±0.35c
S₂	7.83±0.01c	2.01±0.01cd	0.536±0.01d	8.884±0.29d	5.909±0.09d	176.551±0.35b	146.57±1.30c	36.021±0.88e
S₃	7.75±0.04d	3.85±0.11b	0.605±0.01b	12.612±0.44a	8.951±0.13a	295.126±0.35a	273.55±3.94b	69.683±0.62b
S₄	7.97±0.02b	1.89±0.02d	0.619±0.02b	9.839±0.08c	5.080±0.55e	87.759±0.034e	136.32±1.63d	37.178±0.74d
S₅	6.71±0.02e	7.06±0.40a	0.805±0.00a	10.810±0.21b	8.088±0.01b	137.099±0.20d	548.27±7.11a	137.268±1.16a