Spatial differences in microbial communities around the root system of Stellera chamaejasme plants of different ages

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025137

Abstract

Abstract:

Stellera chamaejasme is a keystone species with dual ecological characteristics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau grassland ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the age of S. chamaejasme on the diversity and community structure of microorganisms in its rhizosphere and surrounding soil. Field sampling was conducted in alpine meadows in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture， Qinghai Province， in August 2024. Three age classes （III， IV， and V） of S. chamaejasme were selected， with soil samples collected at horizontal distances of 0 cm （rhizosphere）， 30 cm （near-root zone）， and 50 cm （far-root zone）， and at vertical depths of 10 and 20 cm. Each treatment included three biological replicates， totaling 54 samples. Metagenomic sequencing targeting 16S rRNA and ITS regions was conducted to analyze bacterial and fungal communities， respectively. The results show that the bacterial and fungal species richness and potential diversity in rhizosphere and surrounding soils significantly increased as the age of S. chamaejasme increased （P<0.05）. Both sampling location and plant age class significantly influenced soil microbial community structures （P<0.001）， with bacterial communities exhibiting particularly pronounced responses to spatial variations. Within the horizontal plane at 10 cm depth， bacterial diversity in the soil of age class III S. chamaejasme was significantly higher in the rhizosphere than in the near-root and far-root zones （P<0.05）， while fungal diversity was unaffected by sampling distance. On the vertical plane， bacterial α-diversity indices in the rhizosphere were significantly lower at 20 cm depth than at 10 cm depth （P<0.01）， whereas in near-root and far-root zones， neither bacterial diversity nor fungal diversity showed marked differences between depths. The dominant phyla remained stable across spatial gradients， with Proteobacteria， Chloroflexi， and Acidobacteria as the predominant bacterial phyla， and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota as the dominant fungal phyla， although the relative abundance of dominant genera varied considerably among sampling positions. Consequently， the effects of S. chamaejasme on soil bacterial abundance and diversity varied according to the age class of the plant， soil depth， and horizontal distance， whereas fungal diversity remained largely unaffected by these factors. In the rhizosphere zone， soil depth significantly influenced bacterial diversity， indicating that S. chamaejasme and soil environmental factors jointly regulate microbial community structure. By integrating data on the microbial diversity in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil， this study pioneers the construction of a three-dimensional spatial model of S. chamaejasme-soil microorganism interactions. This provides a novel theoretical framework for elucidating co-evolutionary mechanisms between poisonous plants and soil microorganisms.

Key words: Stellera chamaejasme, age class, rhizosphere microorganisms, metagenomic, diversity

Bei-bei WANG, Chang YANG, Wen-yan ZHU, Shi-xiao XU, Ping SUN. Spatial differences in microbial communities around the root system of Stellera chamaejasme plants of different ages[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(3): 128-157.

Figures/Tables 33

Fig.1 Three-dimensional spatial modeling of S. chamaejasme-soil microbial interactions

Table 1 Sequencing data and OTU statistical data obtained under different treatments

分组 Group	样本名称 Sample name	细菌/真菌 Bacteria/fungi	总测序片段数 Total number of reads	总测序碱基数 Total sequencing base number （bp）	总OTU数目 Total number of OTUs
1	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1	细菌Bacteria	576143	241452646	29518
1	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1	真菌Fungi	601165	142146558	5062
2	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	细菌Bacteria	299433	122552686	14365
2	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	真菌Fungi	579338	137116973	4347
3	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3	细菌Bacteria	421359	173300560	18997
3	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3	真菌Fungi	549393	134968751	5035
4	A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	细菌Bacteria	519368	217130860	20329
4	A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	真菌Fungi	544665	129402703	4429
5	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	细菌Bacteria	702469	295474670	29003
5	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	真菌Fungi	564010	134045411	4896
6	A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	细菌Bacteria	673482	283722657	25629
6	A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	真菌Fungi	556919	136174811	4488
7	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5	细菌Bacteria	525212	218913044	24271
7	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5	真菌Fungi	570403	133260335	4704
8	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5	细菌Bacteria	551501	230470277	24576
8	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5	真菌Fungi	623551	146098308	5683
9	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	细菌Bacteria	623258	260844555	29098
9	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	真菌Fungi	520614	131802077	5167
10	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	细菌Bacteria	444110	185317968	16859
10	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	真菌Fungi	582645	138979134	4295
11	B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	细菌Bacteria	508515	213012898	23110
11	B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	真菌Fungi	562485	133882165	4850
12	C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	细菌Bacteria	539658	225075337	22152
12	C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	真菌Fungi	535792	129833188	4395
13	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2	细菌Bacteria	273856	113761515	11715
13	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2	真菌Fungi	402235	95350682	2463
14	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2	细菌Bacteria	279763	116314450	12657
14	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2	真菌Fungi	396167	92769601	3379
15	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	细菌Bacteria	321957	133929367	14301
15	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	真菌Fungi	382101	91143248	3280
16	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4	细菌Bacteria	270451	111525900	10691
16	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4	真菌Fungi	377282	88991395	3165
17	B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4	细菌Bacteria	287818	119611639	11718
17	B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4	真菌Fungi	368067	86562959	3388
18	C_1-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	细菌Bacteria	382458	159293881	13093
18	C_1-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	真菌Fungi	348709	88817100	2675
19	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	细菌Bacteria	425015	178943597	15634
19	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	真菌Fungi	373531	87897392	2713
20	B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	细菌Bacteria	492435	207557086	17906
20	B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	真菌Fungi	421802	100647913	3587
21	C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	细菌Bacteria	458501	192696644	18087
21	C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	真菌Fungi	325596	81674917	3062

Table 1 Sequencing data and OTU statistical data obtained under different treatments

分组 Group	样本名称 Sample name	细菌/真菌 Bacteria/fungi	总测序片段数 Total number of reads	总测序碱基数 Total sequencing base number （bp）	总OTU数目 Total number of OTUs
1	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1	细菌Bacteria	576143	241452646	29518
1	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1	真菌Fungi	601165	142146558	5062
2	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	细菌Bacteria	299433	122552686	14365
2	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	真菌Fungi	579338	137116973	4347
3	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3	细菌Bacteria	421359	173300560	18997
3	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3	真菌Fungi	549393	134968751	5035
4	A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	细菌Bacteria	519368	217130860	20329
4	A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	真菌Fungi	544665	129402703	4429
5	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	细菌Bacteria	702469	295474670	29003
5	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	真菌Fungi	564010	134045411	4896
6	A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	细菌Bacteria	673482	283722657	25629
6	A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	真菌Fungi	556919	136174811	4488
7	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5	细菌Bacteria	525212	218913044	24271
7	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5	真菌Fungi	570403	133260335	4704
8	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5	细菌Bacteria	551501	230470277	24576
8	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5	真菌Fungi	623551	146098308	5683
9	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	细菌Bacteria	623258	260844555	29098
9	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5	真菌Fungi	520614	131802077	5167
10	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	细菌Bacteria	444110	185317968	16859
10	A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	真菌Fungi	582645	138979134	4295
11	B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	细菌Bacteria	508515	213012898	23110
11	B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	真菌Fungi	562485	133882165	4850
12	C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	细菌Bacteria	539658	225075337	22152
12	C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	真菌Fungi	535792	129833188	4395
13	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2	细菌Bacteria	273856	113761515	11715
13	A₁-1、A₂-1、A₃-1；A₁-2、A₂-2、A₃-2	真菌Fungi	402235	95350682	2463
14	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2	细菌Bacteria	279763	116314450	12657
14	B₁-1、B₂-1、B₃-1；B₁-2、B₂-2、B₃-2	真菌Fungi	396167	92769601	3379
15	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	细菌Bacteria	321957	133929367	14301
15	C₁-1、C₂-1、C₃-1；C₁-2、C₂-2、C₃-2	真菌Fungi	382101	91143248	3280
16	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4	细菌Bacteria	270451	111525900	10691
16	A₁-3、A₂-3、A₃-3；A₁-4、A₂-4、A₃-4	真菌Fungi	377282	88991395	3165
17	B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4	细菌Bacteria	287818	119611639	11718
17	B₁-3、B₂-3、B₃-3；B₁-4、B₂-4、B₃-4	真菌Fungi	368067	86562959	3388
18	C_1-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	细菌Bacteria	382458	159293881	13093
18	C_1-3、C₂-3、C₃-3；C₁-4、C₂-4、C₃-4	真菌Fungi	348709	88817100	2675
19	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	细菌Bacteria	425015	178943597	15634
19	A₁-5、A₂-5、A₃-5；A₁-6、A₂-6、A₃-6	真菌Fungi	373531	87897392	2713
20	B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	细菌Bacteria	492435	207557086	17906
20	B₁-5、B₂-5、B₃-5；B₁-6、B₂-6、B₃-6	真菌Fungi	421802	100647913	3587
21	C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	细菌Bacteria	458501	192696644	18087
21	C₁-5、C₂-5、C₃-5；C₁-6、C₂-6、C₃-6	真菌Fungi	325596	81674917	3062

Fig.2 Differences in the α diversity of bacterial and fungal microbial communities of S. chamaejasme at different age classes

Fig.3 Compositional differences of microbial bacterial genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil across different age classes of S. chamaejasme

Fig.4 Compositional differences of fungal genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil across different age classes of S. chamaejasme

Fig.5 Comprehensive analysis of dominant bacterial genera composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes

Fig.6 Comprehensive analysis of dominant fungal genera composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes

Fig.7 LefSe analysis of bacterial and fungal genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes

Continued Fig.7 　LefSe analysis of bacterial and fungal genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes

Fig.8 Differences in α diversity of bacterial and fungal microbial communities in the soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes under varying horizontal distances

Fig.9 Differences in bacterial genus composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S.chamaejasme at different age classes under varying horizontal distances

Fig.10 Differences in fungal genus composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes under varying horizontal distances

Fig.11 Composition of dominant bacterial genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes

Fig.12 Composition of dominant fungal genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes

Fig.13 LefSe analysis of bacterial and fungal genera in the soil of S. chamaejasme under different horizontal distances

Continued Fig.13 LefSe analysis of bacterial and fungal genera in the soil of S. chamaejasme under different horizontal distances

Fig.14 α diversity of bacterial microbial communities of S. chamaejasme at different age classes under varying soil depths

Fig.15 Differences in bacterial genus composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes under varying soil depths

Fig.16 Differences in fungal genus composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes under varying soil depths

Continued Fig.15 Differences in bacterial genus composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes under varying soil depths

Fig.17 LefSe analysis of bacterial and fungal genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme under different soil depths

Continued Fig.17 LefSe analysis of bacterial and fungal genera in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme under different soil depths

Continued Fig.16 Differences in fungal genus composition in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil of S. chamaejasme at different age classes under varying soil depths

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