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    20 April 2010, Volume 19 Issue 2
    Changes of food supply-demand pattern and strategic allocation of sunlight,warmth and water resources in China
    HUANG Qian
    2010, 19(2):  1-6. 
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    During the process of constructing a well-off society in an all-round way, China’s urban-rural food demand pattern changed greatly and its agricultural development is facing new situations. With the changes of urban-rural land utilization pattern, China’s grain supply pattern also changed greatly. Reasonable allocation of sunlight, warmth and water resources has become an important strategic issue for scientific development in agriculture sector. In order to maintain China’s food security, we should, on the basis of protecting and constructing 1.6 billion mu (106.67 million hectares) of basic croplands, construct 1 billion mu of nurse grasslands to painstakingly cultivate pasturing grasses like growing grains. We should also formulate construction plans for the hilly lands in south China and comprehensively deploy special programs of improving ecosystem, comprehensive agricultural development and poverty alleviation through developing ecologically harmonized livestock husbandry. Grassland livestock husbandry in south China should be placed on the equal strategic position as grain production.
    Analysis of adaptation of a climate productivity model on alpine grassland
    GONG Yan-ming, HU Yu-kun, ADELI Mai-dil, LI Kai-hui,
    YIN Wei, ZHANG Wei, WANG Ji-yun
    2010, 19(2):  7-13. 
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    The Bayanbulak ecological station has records of the representative plant vegetative stages between 1984-1990 and 2004-2008 periods. Based on the climate index and net primary productivity (NPP) of the station this paper analyzes the NPP by the Beijing Model, the integrated vegetation model, and the Linghuilong building model. The modeling and measured values were fitted by linear regression and the carrying capacity of Bayanbulak grassland was estimated. 1) the modeling values calculated from the Beijing model(R=0.857**), integrated vegetation model (R=0.894**), and Linghuilong building model(R=0.894**) all fit well with the observational values; 2) precipitation rather than temperature is the determinant factor influencing the NPP of Bayanbulak grassland; 3) as the annual temperature increases 2 and 4℃ and precipitation increases 20%, the carrying capacity will increase from 0.94 sheep units per hectare (Beijing model) to 1.94 sheep units per hectare (integrated vegetation model) and 1.62 sheep units per hectare (Linghuilong building model).
    An analysis on agro-grassland farming systems in subtropical mountainous areas:A case study in Qinglong County, Guizhou Province
    XI Cui-ling, LI Xiang-lin, WAN Li-qiang, ZHENG Min-na
    2010, 19(2):  14-20. 
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    China’s southwest Karst region is facing challenges from both environmental and poverty problems. Developing production systems that can improve the environmental health and people’s livelihoods is central to sustainable development in the region. As a case study, three household production systems, namely crop system (CS), goat system (GS) and mixed system (MS), were compared and analyzed based on a survey in Qinglong County, Guizhou Province. MS had the highest net household income, followed by GS and then CS, indicating that a change towards agro-grassland farming could improve the livelihoods of the farmers. Changing the eroded sloping lands from crops to perennial pasture resulted in increased vegetation cover, reduced use of chemical fertilizers and zero use of pesticides, building up of soil fertility, and consequently an improvement in water and soil conservation and reduction in environmental pollution. The development of a goat production system in the county, based on cultivated pastures and supported by technical and market services from the Livestock Service Center, explored a promising solution to the environmental and poverty problems in the Karst region of southwest China.
    Effect of soil drought on growth and water use efficiency characteristicsof four native gramineous grasses in Loess Plateau
    GUO Ying, HAN Rui-lian, LIANG Zong-suo
    2010, 19(2):  21-30. 
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    The growth and water use efficiency characteristics of four native grasses in Loess Plateau were studied under different soil water contents. The results showed that water consumption of those species decreased with the increase of soil drought stress, and water consumption of those grasses was different: Bothriochloa ischaemum>Agropyron cristatum>Cleistogenes songorica>Stipa bungeana. The highest water consumption in one day, ten-day and one month were different. The highest water consumption day of medium and severe drought stress occurred about 10 days earlier than the adequate soil water content. The time of day when the greatest water consumption occurred arrived early with the decrease of soil water contents. The growth of plant height and single leaf area of the four native grasses were the fastest under adequate soil water contents, and were the lowest under severe drought .Under drought condition, the growth of four grasses was all inhibited, especially for S. bungeana and C. songorica. The leaf water content of different species decreased with the increase of soil water stress. The leaf water content of A. cristatum and B. ischaemum were higher than that of S. bungeana and C. songorica obviously. Water use efficiency of S. bungeana and C. songorica decreased with the decrease of soil water content, they had lower water consumption and low WUE characteristics. A. cristatum and B. ischaemum had the highest WUE under medium drought treatments, respectively. A. cristatum had low water consumption and high WUE characteristic, B. ischaemum had high water consumption and high WUE characteristic.
    A study on physiological response to drought and re-watering treatments in Kentucky bluegrass
    DU Jian-xiong, HOU Xiang-yang, LIU Jin-rong
    2010, 19(2):  31-38. 
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    The morphology, water physiology, and carbon allocation responses of cool-season turfgrass to drought stress and re-watering treatments were studied. Three cultivars (Prize, Nuglade, and Midnight) of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), were tested under drought and re-watering treatments to determine the changes in turf quality, leaf relative water content (RWC), total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content and 14C allocation in different organs. Drought stress caused a significant decline in turf quality and leaf RWC, which varied with cultivar and treatment time. After re-watering, turf quality and leaf RWC recovered to different degrees, especially in Prize. At the early stages during drought stress, 14C allocation to the roots increased significantly for all cultivars. After 14 d drought stress, 14C allocation to different organs in the three cultivars was roots>shoots>leaves. With prolonged drought stress, some 14C in the roots moved into the shoots and leaves, resulting in a marked increase of 14C allocation to the shoots and leaves. After 21 d re-watering, 14C allocation in the three cultivars was shoots>leaves>roots. During the drought stress, TNC accumulation in the roots, shoots, and leaves of the three cultivars continually changed and was in the sequence leaves>shoots>roots. After re-watering, the TNC content in the leaves, shoots, and roots of all three cultivars was lower than that under drought stress, but still in the same order. This suggests that the allocation of carbon assimilates and their accumulation in different organs of turfgrasses were a physiological adaptation response to drought and re-watering treatments and provides a scientific basis for further investigating the resistance of turfgrasses to other adverse environments.
    The growth and physiology response of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitivecentipedegrass accessions on aluminum soil
    YAN Jun, YU Li, CHEN Jing-bo, WANG Dan, LIU Jian-xiu
    2010, 19(2):  39-46. 
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    Based on the evaluation of aluminum tolerance among 48 centipedegrass accessions, the difference of growth index and reactive oxygen system of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive centipedegrass accessions after growing in aluminum soil for 28 days was assessed. Significant differences were found among five growth indexes, but not plant height. There was a considerable negative effect of aluminum stress on root length, number of roots, root volume, numbers of tillers and stolon length of 10 centipedegrass, with an average reduction of 16.4%, 23.9%, 37.3%, 26.7%, 18.3% respectively for these growth indexes in Al-tolerant accessions and 34.4%, 53.8%, 51.5 %, 52.6%, 47.9% in Al-sensitive accessions. The dynamic changes of growth in the 10 accessions indicated that tolerant accessions could maintain a higher growth rate compared with sensitive accessions when growing in the aluminum soil. The rate of superoxide anion radical formation and the MDA content of centipedegrass increased under aluminum stress, and the increased range of sensitive accessions was higher than that of the tolerant accessions. The aluminum stress resulted in an increase of SOD and POD activity, which was greater in the tolerant accessions than that in the sensitive accessions, suggesting that centipedegrass could alleviate the effects of aluminum toxicity by increasing SOD and POD activity. The production of SOD and POD among the Al-tolerant accessions was quicker than that of the sensitive accessions when suffering aluminum stress.
    Effects of the pH value of an acid environment on early growthand physiology of Medicago sativa W525
    LI Jian-feng, SHI Shang-li, ZHANG Shu-qing
    2010, 19(2):  47-54. 
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    The effects of an acid environment in acid soil on seeding growth and physiological index of Medicago sativa were studied by sand culture. The alfalfa grew very well in an acid environment of pH 5 to 6, The numbers of leaves, leaf area, and chlorophyll content per plant were significantly higher (23.6%-27.2%, 20.87%-25.5%, 31.2%-27.9%, respectively ) than those of the control (pH=7). Other morphological features, including rate of germination, height of plant, biomass, number and quality of nodules were not less than in the control (pH=7) and were sometimes increased. Alfalfa growth was seriously restricted when the environmental pH was lower than 4. There was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the morphological features measured, including rate of germination, height of plant, leaf area, number of leaves per plant, biomass, root length, number and quality of nodules which were significantly (P<0.05) reduced compared with the control group . There were significant (P<0.05) differences in electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm under environments with different pH values. All physiological and morphological indexes were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the weak acid treatment group (pH≥5) compared with the acid treatment group (pH≤4), with above-ground biomass and root activity 55.6% and 61.1% of the control respectively.
    Culture and plant regeneration of protoplasts from embryogenic calli of Nuglade (Poa pratensis)
    ZHAO Xiao-qiang, MA Hui-ling, LIN Dong, ZHOU Wan-hai, WU Xiang
    2010, 19(2):  55-60. 
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    Embryogenic calli were induced from mature seeds of Nuglade (Poa Pratensis) on MB5 medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L 6-BA. Protoplasts were isolated from the embryogeni calli after subculture for 7-9 months. The protoplasts were cultured on KM8P medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L 6-BA, 100 mg/L casein hydrolysate, 100 mg/L lactablumin hydrolysate , 1% (W/V)sucrose and 0.4 mol/L mannitol. The first divisions happened after 3 days and small cell clusters appeared after 2 to 3 weeks in the culture medium. The protoplast-derived cells could keep dividing sustainably and forming calli by adding fresh protoplast culture liquids once or twice to lower osmotic pressure. The regenerated calli, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, were transferred to solid medium (MS medium supplements with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L 6-BA then MS medium supplements with 0.5 mg/L NAA, 5.0 mg/L 6-BA) to carry out subculture for cell propagation, differentiation, then formation of complete plants.
    Identification of Polygonum viviparum endophytic bacteria Z5 and determination of thecapacity to secrete IAA and antagonistic capacity towards pathogenic fungi
    LI Zhen-dong, CHEN Xiu-rong, LI Peng, MAN Bai-ying
    2010, 19(2):  61-68. 
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    The study is focused on Polygonum viviparum endophytic bacteria Z5. Salkowski colorimetric determination and confronting cultivation on PDA plates experiment have been used to determine the capacity of Z5 to secrete IAA and Antibacterial spectrum of Pathogenic fungi of Z5. Physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis have also been used to identify Z5. The results showed that the concentration of IAA secreted by Z5 in the medium containing 100 mg/L tryptophan King is 68.62 mg/L, and the concentration of the one without tryptophan King is 5.14 mg/L. Z5 can inhibit Pathogenic fungi, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (rape strain), Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Exserohilum turcicum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis, showing that Z5 has a wider Antibacterial spectrum. Z5 is Rod-shaped with a size of 1.65-3.34 μm × 0.46-0.71 μm, Gram-positive, and can produce spore in the center. Physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis show that Z5 is Bacillus subtilis. The study will provide evidences for the exploration and utilization of promoting growth and Antibacterial endophytic bacteria in alpine meadow and it will also provide strain resource for making economical and environment-friendly Biopesticides.
    Effects of disodium fumarate on in vitro methane production and fermentation of rumen microbial
    MAO Sheng-yong, WANG Xing-feng, ZHU Wei-yun
    2010, 19(2):  69-75. 
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    Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate on CH4 production and fermentation by rumen micro-organisms. In experiment 1, rumen contents were collected from three local goats. Disodium fumarate was added to the incubation bottles to achieve final concentrations of 0, 4 and 8 mmol/L-fumarate. Results showed that disodium fumarate addition increased the final pH and the production of acetate and propionate linearly (P<0.001), and reduced the amount of NH3-N in the cultures. Compared with the control, adding disodium fumarate to batch cultures reduced CH4 production. In experiment 2, the effect of disodium fumarate on the fermentation activity of Ruminococcus flavefaciens was investigated. Disodium fumarate was added to the incubation bottles to achieve final concentrations of 0, 4, 7 and 10 mmol/L. Disodium fumarate addition increased the dry matter loss, TVFA production, and the counts of R. flavefaciens. In experiment 3, the effect of disodium fumarate on ryegrass fermentation by rumen fungi was investigated. Disodium fumarate addition (0, 4, 7, and 10 mmol/L) reduced the dry matter loss and the cumulative gas production (P<0.01). These results indicate that the effects of disodium fumarate on rumen fermentation mainly depend on the nature of the incubated substrate, with the high-forage diet showing the greatest response. Disodium fumarate addition increased the fermentation activity of the mixed rumen micro-organisms and of R. flavefaciens, but reduced the fermentation activity of the rumen fungi.
    Effect of pre-treatments with SA、H2O2 and 6-BA on chilling tolerance in Zoysia matrella
    WANG Yan, LI Jian-long, JIANG Tao, DENG Lei
    2010, 19(2):  76-81. 
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    Following leaf application of signaling compounds such as SA, H2O2, and 6-BA, the effect of three pretreatments on the chilling tolerance in manila grass was studied. SA, H2O2, and 6-BA pretreatments improved the chilling tolerance of manila grass by controlling and preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the occurrence of oxidative damage. POD, CAT, and APX activities in pretreatments were significantly higher than in controls, and SOD activities were increased by chilling itself. GR may regulate the oxidant-reduction status as feedback, indicating that these antioxidative enzymes were closely related to the improvement of cold resistance in manila grass. SA induced more SOD, CAT, and GR activities than other compounds, suggesting SA may be the most effective of the four compounds for improving the chilling tolerance of manila grass.
    Effects of exogenous nitric oxide donor SNP on ascorbate-glutathionecycle metabolism in ryegrass seedling leaves under NaCl stress
    LIU Jian-xin, WANG Xin, LI Bo-ping
    2010, 19(2):  82-88. 
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    Effects of the exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the ascorbate-glutathione cycle dependent antioxidant enzyme activities, contents of antioxidant substance, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves of hydroponically-grown perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seedlings under 150 mmol/L NaCl stress were investigated. The results showed that 100 μmol/L SNP slightly reduced the MDA and H2O2 contents of ryegrass seedling leaves under normal growth conditions, but exogenous methylene blue (MB), the inhibitor of the key enzyme guanylate cyclase (GC) during signal transfer of NO, increased the MDA and H2O2 contents. Exogenous SNP significantly alleviated MDA and H2O2 accumulations in ryegrass seedling leaves under NaCl stress, while the activities of APX, GR and DHAR, the contents of ASA and GSH, and the ratios of ASA/DHA and GSH/GSSG were increased. Under NaCl stress, the DHA and GSSG contents were reduced while the activity of MDAR was not affected. MB reversed some effects of SNP under NaCl stress, such as increasing the levels of MDA and H2O2, but reducing the activities of APX and GR, the contents of ASA and GSH, and the ratios of ASA/DHA and GSH/GSSG. The DHA and GSSG contents were increased but the activities of MDAR and DHAR were not significantly affected under NaCl stress. These findings suggested that NO might be involved in regulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle metabolism dependent on the activities of APX and GR, the contents of ASA and GSH, and the ratios of ASA/DHA and GSH/GSSG through the GC pathway thus alleviating the oxidative damage to ryegrass seedling leaves from salt stress and improving salt resistance of the perennial ryegrass plants.
    A study on the impact of nitrogen application and harvest time on theseed yield of Tibetan wild Elymus nutans in Lhasa valley, Tibet
    XIE Guo-ping, HU Tian-ming, WANG Quan-zhen, MIAO Yan-jun,
    Bianbadroma, ZHU Yong, XIONG Xiao-rui
    2010, 19(2):  89-96. 
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    Tibetan wild Eylmus nutans is a common perennial forage grass adapted to local climatic conditions, and it has high nutritional value, palatability, and excellent resistance . A 3-year (2006-2008) study was conducted on Tibetan wild E. nutans seed production the region’s unique natural and climatic features of Qushui county, Lhasa valley, Tibet, The field experiments explored the, yield and quality of seeds at different harvest times, to find the most appropriate harvest period. A comprehensive analysis was made on seed maturity, water content, production and vitality changes in artificial conditions, to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilization and appropriate harvest time on seed yield and seed quality to provide a scientific basis for grass-seed production and management. A nitrogen application rate of 250 kg/ha was best for Tibetan wild E. nutans’ seeds: seed tiller numbers of 1 816.3/m2 could be achieved. This was followed by nitrogen applications of 210 or 290 kg/ha, which achieved tiller numbers of 1 565.0/m2 and 1 508.2/m2 respectively. Seed production of 2 016.5 kg/ha may be achievable . The best time for seed harvest is 28-31 d in the period of full flowering stage, when seed water content has dropped to 42%-36.59%, and the seed dry weight and seed yield are close to the maximum value.
    Studies on grain filling characteristics of Fritillaria przewalskii
    GUO Feng-xia,CHANG Yan-li,LIN Yu-hong,WANG San-xi,ZHU Jun,CHEN Yuan
    2010, 19(2):  97-102. 
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    Cards were hung as a flower sign during blossom in lustrum Fritillaria przewalskii plants cultivated in Gannan, Gansu. The grain fresh weight, dry weight and water content in capsules of the plants were measured in period time after 5 d following the day. The grain filling characteristics were studied in order to provide theoretic basis for its seed standard production. The results showed that the 1000-grain fresh weight increased and got at the highest value on the 66th day following blossom, and then rapidly decreased to the level near its dry weight, which fitted to Logistic equation with a rapid increase during 41-66 d after blossom and finished at the end of 97 d. The grain filling rate showed ‘fast-slow-fast-slow’ pattern and went to bottom one time because of raining. The grains dehydrated faster and faster with filling duration elongation and the water content decreased to the end. The fastest decreased time in water content means the finish time of the grain maximum filling. The seed dry weight were positively and significantly related with the grain dehydration rate and the filling duration while negatively and significantly related with water concentration. All above revealed that the seed filling is affected by weather. The fast dehydrating rate and the stability of dry weight in seeds are the important indicates for seed maturation. The best harvest time should be during 77-82 d following blossom (at the end of July or beginning of August), during which the water content in the seeds should be lower than 40% and the seed capsules are not dissilient with still non-perishing stems.
    Effects of different phosphorous rates on nutrients and yields of forage-used Caragana
    YANG Zhi-ping, ZHANG Qiang, ZHOU Huai-ping, CHEN Ming-chang
    2010, 19(2):  103-108. 
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    An experiment using a randomized block design was carried out to explore the effects of applying phosphorous fertilizer on nutrients and yields of Caragana used as forage on calcareous soil. The objective was to provide good nutrient management when Caragana is used as forage to solve the shortage of high quality forage in the Loess Plateau. The dry matter yield, total uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe), and crude protein yield of Caragana per hectare significantly increased after P application. N, P, and K concentration in the leaf as well as N and P concentration in the stem increased after P application. Conversely, Ca and Fe concentrations in leaf and stem and K concentrations in stems decreased after P application. There was a significant (P<0.01) positive correlation between P application rate and dry matter yield and crude protein yield of Caragana. Meanwhile, P application can make the value of Ca/P of Caragana reach the standard value for livestock diet. The optimum P rate was 180 kg/ha with dry matter and crude protein yields increased by 76.5% and 84.0% respectively in the first year and by 73.9% and 91.1% in the second year compared with no application of P fertilizer. Based on analysis of the above results, we suggest that P fertilizer should be applied at a rate of 180 kg/ha every other year to maintain the nutrient requirement and stabilize high yield and quality of Caragana when it is used as a forage resource.
    Effects of fertilizations on species composition and diversity of grassland in Keerqin Sandy Lands
    LI Lu-jun, YU Zhan-yuan, ZENG De-hui, AI Gui-yan, LI Jing-shi
    2010, 19(2):  109-115. 
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    Effects of different fertilization on species composition, community structure and species diversity of grassland were studied in Keerqin Sandy Lands. 1) Species composition, dominant species and family structure of the species of grassland communities were changed both by nitrogen fertilizer (N) alone and by nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilizers (N+P). Nitrogen and N+P significantly (P<0.05) increased vegetation height and coverage by 64.5 and 66.8 cm, and by 17.1% and 18.1%, respectively. 2) Phosphorus fertilizer alone (P) did not significantly change species composition or community structure. 3) Species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and Pielou evenness index were also significantly (P<0.05) improved by N and N+P. Nitrogen and N+P markedly reduced species richness by 49.5% and 51.5%. 4) P did not significantly change species number and diversity of sandy grassland. The results suggest that, in addition to productivity, reasonable species composition and community structure are considerations for the process of restoring and managing degenerated grassland ecosystems.
    Relationship between the number of three main microorganisms and the soil environmentof degraded grassland on the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains
    GU Ai-xing, FAN Yan-min, WU Hong-qi, ZHU Jin-zhong, JIN Gui-li, Reziwanguli
    2010, 19(2):  116-123. 
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    The relationship between microbial flora, degradation, and soil moisture factors were studied on the microbial flora in degenerated grassland of Tianshan north hillside. The microbial population was largest where there was no degradation and smallest where three was moderate degradation. The microbial population in the 10-20 cm soil layer was larger than that in the 0-10 cm layer. The bigger the soil moisture factor, the larger was the microbial population. Fungi were distinctly correlated with fungal K, available phosphorus and total phosphorus, but weakly positively correlated with nitrogen and positively correlated with density. Bacteria and Antinomies were both significantly positively correlated with pH. The alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total nitrogen, available K, total K, available P, total P, organic matter, total salt contents and pH value were all highest in extremely degraded soil.
    A study on the diversity of soil cultured fungi in the alpine grassland of Eastern Qilian Mountains
    ZHANG Jun-zhong, CHEN Xiu-rong, YANG Cheng-de, XUE Li
    2010, 19(2):  124-132. 
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    In order to assess the diversity of soil cultured fungi in alpine grassland of Estern Qilian Mountains, 4 types alpine grasslands (Polygonum grassland, grass grassland, swamp grassland, Kobresia grassland) were selected to investigate their soil cultured fungi to understand their diversity by dilution plate technique and ITS rDNA sequence analysis, the soil cultured fungi were evaluted by economic efficiency analysis methods. 76 strains fungi were isolated by PDA, PSA, Maize Powder Media and Rose Bengal Medium. 30 typical strains were analyzed by ITS rDNA sequence analysis.The resulted showed, 30 strains belong to 22 genera, 26 species, most of them belong to imperfect fungi and zygomycetes. Species abundance (S), Shannon-Wiener index (H), Simpson dominance index (D) and Pielou evenness index (J) range were 15-18, 2.47-2.81, 0.89-0.93, 0.91-0.97, respectively. Penicillium spp. were dominant fungi in Polygonum grassland, swamp grassland and Kobresia grassland, Fusarium spp. were dominant fungi in grass grassland, Doratomyces spp. were dominant fungi in swamp grassland, Mortierella, Doratomyces, Leptosphaeria, Mucor, Trichoderma, Geomyces and Fusarium were common genera in four types grassland. In addition, more than 10% fungi strains could not clarify the taxonomic status temporarily, which might be new species; The results indicate that the diversity of soil fungi were very abundant in the alpine grassland of Eastern Qilian Mountains, and there exist close corelation between fungal diversity and grassland types, finally, it is concluded that there have abundance soil fungi in the alpine grassland of Eastern Qilian Mountains, which were deserved for further study and having huge exploitation value.
    Effects of Trifolium pratense cv ‘Minshan’ isoflavone on performance and bonemineralization and blood profile of laying hens in later period
    WANG Yuan-sheng, LI Fa-di, HAO Zheng-li, YU Lian-ping
    2010, 19(2):  133-139. 
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    The effects of Trifolium pratense cv ‘Minshan’ isoflavone(TPI)on performance,bone mineralization,blood profil,e and endocrine hormone level of layers during the later laying period was studied. A total of 450, 50-week-old Roman layers were divided randomly into five groups with six repeats of 15 layers each. These groups were fed basal diet composed of corn,soybean meal and flax meal, alone in group 1, or with a supplement of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg TPI,or with 20 mg/kg soy isflavone (SI) (groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively). After a preliminary period of two weeks, the trial lasted 10 weeks. 1)There was no significant effect of treatments on the performance and egg quality (P>0.05), but there was a tendency for eggshells to be stronger in groups with TPI added to the diet but lower for the group of 20 mg/kg SI (P=0.213). 2) The spleen index was higher for group 4 than for group 1, 3 (P<0. 05), and 5(P=0.150). 3) The content of tibia ash from group 4 was higher than that from groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05), and the contents for groups 3 and 5 tended to be higher than that for group 2 (P=0.140,P=0.152). 4) The serum calcium level was higher for groups with added TPI (P=0.091), with the highest in group 5. 5)Serum thyroxine (T4) content was higher for group 4 than for group1 (P<0.05) and for groups 2 (P=0.150) and 3 (P=0.20), and that for T4 was also higher than group 5 and group 1(P=0.074). No significant effects were observed on the production performance of the later laying period of hens as a result of adding 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg TPI or 20 mg/kg SI, but adding TPI improved eggshell strength to a certain degree and adding 20 mg/kg (group 4) of TPI improved bone mineralization.
    Effects of ants (Tetramorium sp.) on eastern Qilian Mountains alpine grassland ecosystem
    YU Xiao-jun, PU Xiao-peng, HUANG Shi-jie, FANG Qiang-en, XU Ning, XU Chang-lin
    2010, 19(2):  140-145. 
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    The creation of small-scale vegetation mosaics by building mound is an important aspect of ant activity in grasslands. In order to clear the impacts the alpine grassland by ant mound building, an investigation was made on ants nesting activities to the soil water content, soil bulk density, soil seed bank and soil nutrition in Tianzhu Alpine grassland. Comparing with the adjacent soil, the soil water content of ant nest is significantly lower in depth of soil from 0 to 10 cm than CK, and soil bulk density of ant hill from 0 to 10 cm is lower 59% than CK. Ant has the roll that enrichment soil nutrients and collection seeds to ant hill. The total density of the soil seed of ant hill was the highest in soil from 0 to 10 cm, the second was ant hill soil from 10 to 20 cm, the lowest was at a distance of 1 m from ant nest, as well as seed diversity. The organic matter, total N, total P, available K of the soil in ant nest soil from 0 to 10 cm depth is significantly higher than that around the ant nest, except available N in ant hill soil was lower that CK. The middle of ant hill is bare land, and the grass production near ant nests is significantly lower than non-ant nests.
    Distribution and decomposition dynamics of herb plants in Pengxihewater-fluctuation-zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir
    ZHANG Zhi-yong, PENG Jian-hua, WAN Cheng-yan, ZHENG Zhi-wei, QIU Deng-gao
    2010, 19(2):  146-152. 
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    Repeated random sampling method was used to survey herb plants in the Pengxihe Water-fluctuation-zone of Three Gorges Reservoir. With the litterbag method, the decomposition rates of herb plants were studied for 94 consecutive days. The results showed that the cover indexes of herb plants ranged from 50% to 90%. Within 94 days the decomposition rates of herb plants ranged from 0.073 to 0.081 g/d with an average of 0.070 g/d. The dry mass loss of herb plant ranged from 78.35% to 89.88%, an average of 82.49%. Invertebrates were also collected and there were 21 species belonging to 20 genera, 10 families and 9 orders. After litterbags had been submerged for 2, 6, 11, 17, and 94 days, the average density of invertebrates were 27, 80, 37, 114 and 300 ind/m2 respectively. At the same time, the average biomasses of invertebrates were 0.299 2, 0.307 8, 0.065 7, 0.315 4 and 0.225 7 g/m2.
    Characteristics of nitrogen contents under different land use conditions in Alpine grassland of Maqu
    YAN Shu-yun, ZHOU Zhi-yu, QIN Yu, ZOU Li-na
    2010, 19(2):  153-159. 
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    We studied six land use types (grassland fenced for 5 years, lightly degraded and human-induced restoration grassland, medium degraded grassland, heavily degraded “black soil patch” grassland, sandy grassland, and oat artificial grassland) in Alpine Grassland of Maqu and analyzed their characteristic organic carbon and nitrogen contents. The organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N+NO3--N) and ammonium nitrogen contents were all highest in lightly degraded and human-induced restoration grassland soil with concentrations of 8.78, 49.44, 42.71 mg/kg respectively. However, nitrate nitrogen was the highest in heavily degraded “black soil patch” grassland where it reached 13.21 mg/kg. The reclamation and degradation depleted soil the organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content. The soil total nitrogen showed a significant linear relationship with nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen. Both total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen had a significant (P<0.01) positive linear correlation with organic carbon. The total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content in soil was found to be positively related to organic matter (P<0.01), suggesting that the decrease of organic matter due to reclamation and degradation might be the main cause of the decrease in nitrogen content of the soils.
    Modeling dynamics of soil organic carbon in an alpine meadow ecosystemon Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using the Century model
    LI Dong, HUANG Yao, WU Qin, MING Zhu, JIN Dai-ying
    2010, 19(2):  160-168. 
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    A widely used model, Century, was used to simulate the seasonal dynamics of carbon fluxes from soil microbe respiration in alpine Kobresia humilis meadow at Haibei research station, CAS. Monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures and precipitation derived from meteorological data at Menyuan weather station in Qinghai province were used to drive the model. Carbon, nitrogen and cellulose contents were used to initialize the Century model, and all parameters related to the model were based on data from published documents. The observed versus simulated CO2-C efflux gave R2=0.89 (P<0.05) with all months included in the analysis. The 0 to 20 cm SOC level at equilibrium was about 7,597.50-7,694.10 g C/m2, with the active, slow and passive SOC pool sizes about 2.80%, 58.50% and 38.70% of the total SOC, respectively. The following simulation resulted in stable fluctuation change in SOC, which was mainly caused by fluctuations of its fractions. The impacts of climate changes on soil SOC was mainly related to soil passive SOC, and a negative correlation existed between mean annual air temperature and passive SOC pool size, with the partial correlation coefficient of -0.548 (P<0.01). Precipitations had no effects on SOC or its fractions over the entire simulation period of about 45 years.

    Effects of establishing perennial artificial grasslands on the availability of soilphosphorus in agro-pastoral transitional zones, Northern China
    GUO Yan-Jun, NI Yu, HAN Jian-guo
    2010, 19(2):  169-174. 
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    The effects of establishing artificial grassland on the availability of soil phosphorus in agro-pastoral transitional zone in Northern China was studied on four year old artificial grasslands of Agropyron cristatum, Bromus riparius, Bromus inermis, Leymus chinensis and Medicago sativa. The soil total organic carbon content in artificial grassland was higher than in natural steppe soils, while the contents of total phosphorus and Ca-P were significantly lower and the content of available phosphorus was less than 3 mg/kg. The proportion of inorganic phosphorus to total phosphorus in artificial grassland was significantly lower than that in natural steppe and O-P could not be detected in artificial grassland except for A. cristatum. Correlation analysis showed that the content of available phosphorus was significantly correlated with all forms of inorganic phosphorus, indicating that they were all the main sources of phosphorus to plants in calcareous soils with lower available phosphorus.
    Effects on plant biomass and CNP contents of plants in grazed andfenced steppe grasslands of the Loess Plateau
    DONG Xiao-yu, FU Hua, LI Xu-dong, NIU De-cao, GUO Ding, LI Xiao-dong
    2010, 19(2):  175-182. 
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    The plant subsystem in typical steppe grassland of the Loess Plateau was divided into four components: live shoots, standing dead matter, litter, and underground roots. The plant biomass of these four components and their C, N, and P contents were studied in grazed (GG) and fenced (FG) grasslands. The seasonal dynamics of each component biomass was correlated with their C, N and P contents both in grazed and fenced grasslands. There were significant positive correlations between plant biomass and C, N, and P contents, with correlation coefficients of 0.990, 0.899, 0.936 (FG) and 0.990, 0.891, 0.936 (GG), respectively. The differences in C, N, and P contents of each plant component were caused by the difference in plant biomass. The total biomass, aboveground and underground biomass, standing dead matter and litter, and their C, N, and P contents were significantly (P<0.05) higher in fenced grassland than those in grazed grassland. The N and P contents in live shoots were highest in July, and significantly (P<0.05) lower in fenced (1.291 8 and 0.083 7 g/m2 for N and P respectively) than in grazed (1.529 7 and 0.100 2 g/m2 for N and P respectively) grassland. The results indicate that the higher plant N, P storages in grazed grassland were mainly attributed to the increases of young organ biomass and their N, P contents, which further improve the utilization of grassland.
    A study on the contents of allelochemical phenolic acids from different cultivars of alfalfa
    LI Zhi-hua, SHEN Yi-xin, LIU Xin-bao, YU Jing, WANG Hu-de-hu, LIN Zhong-an
    2010, 19(2):  183-189. 
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    The contents of five allelochemical phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid ) from ten cultivars of alfalfa were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The allelochemical phenolic acids were aqueous extracts of aerial parts and roots and they differed between the alfalfa cultivars. The chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contents of the extracts from the cultivar Alize were higher than those from other alfalfa cultivars. The chlorogenic acid contents of the extracts from aerial parts and roots of the cultivar Alize were 94.72 and 23.98 μg/g respectively and of caffeic acid were 30.49 and 6.3 3 μg/g respectively. The ferulic acid contents of extracts of aerial part and roots from the cultivar Alegro were 48.97 and 6.75 μg/g respectively, higher than those from other alfalfa cultivars. The p-hydroxybenzoic acid contents of the alfalfa extracts showed a highly significant positive correlation with the contents of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid. The p-coumaric acid content of extracts from the aerial parts of alfalfa showed a highly significant positive correlation with the contents of caffeic acid and of ferulic acid, while the p-hydroxybenzoic acid content showed a highly significant positive correlation with the p-coumaric acid content. The caffeic acid content of the aqueous extracts of alfalfa roots showed a highly significant positive correlation with the chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid contents, and the chlorogenic acid content showed a highly significant positive correlation with the ferulic acid content. In addition, the phenolic acid content of the aqueous extracts of the same alfalfa cultivar differed between aerial parts and roots.
    Allelopathy of aqueous extracts of Kochia scoparia on flaxseed
    ZHAO Li, NIU Jun-yi, LI Chang-jiang, MA Peng-li, DANG Zhan-hai
    2010, 19(2):  190-195. 
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    Allelopathy of aqueous extracts of Kochia scoparia and its different parts on flax (Linum usitatissimum) were tested by the methods of bioassay. The results showed: 1) Different concentration of K. scoparia and its stem and leaf aqueous extracts have different degree’s inhibition on flaxseed germination and seedling growth, and the inhibition rate increased with the increasing concentration of extract, 0.100 g/mL whole plant and its stem and leaf aqueous extracts of K. scoparia have 100% inhibition rate to the germination energy, germination rate, germination index, vigor index and root length, shoot height, root fresh weight and shoot fresh weight.2) The aqueous extracts of K. scoparia inhibit flaxseed germination was mainly because they inhibit vigor index, and they inhibit the growth of flax seedlings was mainly because they inhibit root growth. 3) K. scoparia aqueous extracts showed allelopathy effect to the germination and seedling growth of flaxseed, which indicated that K. scoparia release allelochemicals in various ways (such as rainoff eluviation, root excretion, etc.). But according to the inhibition synthesis effect, at the same concentration of aqueous extracts, the stem and leaf has the strongest allelopathy on flaxseed, and the root has the least allelopathy.
    Genetic diversity of wild Cynodon dactylon germplasm from five province of Southwest Chinaand Africa detected by SRAP markers
    LING Yao, ZHANG Xin-quan, QI Xiao-fang, ZHOU Ying-jie,
    LIU Wei, MA Xiao, CHEN Shi-yong
    2010, 19(2):  196-203. 
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    Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to detect the genetic diversity of 44 wild accessions of Cynodon dactylon collected from Sichuan, Chongqing,Yunnan, Guizhou and Tibet of China, and 8 wild accessions of C. dactylon collected from Africa. The results showed that eighteen primer pairs produced 206 polymorphic bands, averaged 11.4 bands per primer pair. The percentage of polymorphic bands in average was 87.29%.The Nei’s genetic similarity coefficient of the tested accessions ranged from 0.569 to 0.929, and the average Nei’s coefficient was 0.723.The 54 accessions were classified into five major groups: Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳand Ⅴ by cluster analysis using UPGMA, which showed significant relationship with the origin regions of accessions. Genetic differentiation between and within eight eco-geographical groups of C. dactylon was estimated by Shannon’s diversity index, which showed that 63.81% genetic variance existed within group, and 36.19% genetic variance was among groups, indicating rather large genetic distances among those germplasm,and there was a correlation between genetic differentiation and eco-geographical habits among the groups.
    Optimization on multiplex PCR amplification system of SSR marker forauthenticity and purity identification of maize varieties
    CHANG Hong, WANG Han-ning, ZHANG Jin-wen, WANG Wei,
    LU Ze-quan, LI Yin, WANG Di
    2010, 19(2):  204-211. 
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    In order to establish a stable and reliable identification of maize authenticity and purity of the SSR markers, genetic DNA extraction, SSR primers and multiplex PCR reaction procedures were optimized. The results showed that the high purity and good integrity of DNA could be obtained using above 75℃ preheating mortar and 95℃ of 1.5×CTAB extraction buffer to grind material. Redesign and optimize the primer sequence using the software Primer Premier 5.0 and Oligo 6.72, eight sets of multiplex PCR amplified reactions, which was consisting of 21 pairs of universal SSR primers and a three-step procedure, were with uniform procedures, no intersection among the amplified fragments, amplified bands clear and stable amplification results. The testing efficiency of the amplification system increased 2.6 times higher than a single pair of primers SSR.
    Identification and genetic variation analysis of orchardgrass hybrids(Dactylis glomerata)by SSR molecular markers
    XIE Wen-gang, ZHANG Xin-quan, CHENG Yong-xia
    2010, 19(2):  212-217. 
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    Hybrids (140) of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata)and their parental lines (01996, YA02-103) were tested by simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. The amplification bands of hybrids showed complementary patterns of both parents, the male pattern and other patterns. Three complementary pattern primers: A01G20, A03N16, A03K22 could effectively and reliably detect 111 hybrids. A total of 76 polymorphic bands were detected by 13 primer pairs, with an average of 6 bands per primer The percentage of polymorphic bands was 84.24%. These results suggested that there was rich genetic variation among all orchardgrass hybrids tested and that the SSR technique has wide prospective use in hybrid identification and genetic analysis of orchardgrass.
    Studies on agri-structure optimizing theory and its impact to farm straw feeding,forage grass prodcution and food security in low-lying land along River Huai
    XIA Lun-zhi, XU Yi-liu, ZHANG Chang-qing, XIAO Yang-shu, YAN Xiao-ming, ZHANG Li
    2010, 19(2):  218-226. 
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    To improve agricultural economic benefits and eco-efficiency in low-lying land along the River Huai, the evaluating quantitative indexes in agri-structure optimization were investigated. The agriculture ecosystem and agri-structure actuality in the region were analyzed first. The new term “Digestible Bio-mass Yield per Hectare per Year” (DBYHY) is given as an evaluation index and the scientific value of DBYHY to agri-structure optimization,farm straw feeding,forage grass production and food security ensuring is discussed. For the first time, the correct Total Digestible Nutrients (TDNc) formula was found together with its value for estimating the DBYHY. The size of the TDNc value in the region decreases from floatgrass to rice-rye, alfalfa, 2/5 rye+3/5 alfalfa, rice-wheat, rice-rape, corn-rape, peanut, rice and rape.
    Review of research on seed banks of desert regions
    YANG Lei, WANG Yan-rong, YU Jin-de
    2010, 19(2):  227-234. 
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    The desert ecosystem is the most fragile ecosystem in the world. In recent years, research on conservation and restoration of desert ecosystems has attracted widespread attention. As the seed source, soil seed banks play a vital role in the restoration of vegetation. This paper reviews research on the soil seed banks of desert regions worldwide in the past 20 years and covers the basic features of soil seed banks, their spatial-temporal patterns, the relationship with above-ground vegetation, research methods and the factors influencing soil seed banks. Some suggestions have been made for future work.
    A study on crop-weed allelopathy and its relationships based on niche theory
    OU Qiao-ming, CHEN Yu-liang, MA Li-rong, ZHANG Xu-cheng,LUO Jun-jie
    2010, 19(2):  235-240. 
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    Crop-weed allelopathy is one of the essential mechanisms of niche competition between crops and farmland weeds. It is significantly important to solve ecological problems by applying crop-weed allelopathy and niche theory in practical agricultural production. In this article, the underlying contact of crop-weed allelopathy and its niche is preliminarily explored. The subject is illuminated via niche theory. Applications of the study in macro-ecology on individual-ecological or micro-ecological issues, such as the crop-weed allelopathy are discussed from a macro-ecological perspective. A macro-ecological assessment for preventing and controlling farmland weeds can be achieved by strongly enhancing artificial selection and rational distribution of strongly allelopathic crop varieties which have inhibiting effects on farmland weeds in a field ecological environment. The article can provide a theoretical basis for further “Study of crop-weed allelopathy based on niche theory”.
    A study on the dynamic change of gross caloric value and ash content of the several tall grasses
    NING Zu-lin, CHEN Hui-juan, WANG Zhu-na, ZHANG Zhuo-wen, QIU Ying-jun
    2010, 19(2):  241-247. 
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    Monthly changes in the calorific values and ash contents of 8 tall grasses (three C3 photosynthetic species (Arundo donax, Themeda villosa, Phragmites communis), five C4 photosynthetic species (Miscanthus floridulus, M. sinensis, M. sacchariflorus, Saccharum arundinaceum, M. lutarioripara) are discussed in this paper to explore the prospects for applying a scientific basis to develop a screening evaluation for energy plants of these tall grasses. 1) The ash contents of the 8 tall grasses differed and varied with season; the annual average ash contents of the three C3 photosynthesis species were 7.17±1.09% for A. donax, 6.33±0.60% for T. villosa, and 7.89±1.09% for P. communis; while those of the five C4 photosynthesis species were 4.92±1.38% for M. floridulus, 6.27±0.94% for M. sinensis, 6.99±1.13% for M. sacchariflorus, 5.13±0.88% for S. arundinaceum, and 5.10±0.82% for T. lutarioripara. 2) Among the three C3 photosynthesis species A. donax had the highest calorific values, while among the five C4 photosynthesis species the calorific values of M. floridulus, M. sinensis, S. arundinaceum ,M. lutarioripara were closer to each other with no significant difference. M. sacchariflorus had the lowest calorific values. 3) Gross calorific values were correlated with ash contents for A. donax(P<0.05), they were strongly correlated for M. floridulus and P. communis(P<0.01), whereas there was no significant correlation between gross calorific values and ash contents for the other species. 4) The average ash free caloric values of the C3 photosynthetic species were (19.01±0.27) kJ/g for A. donax, (18.58±0.31) kJ/g for T. villosa, (18.72±0.23) kJ/g for P. communis; and those of the C4 photosynthesis species were (18.52±0.32) kJ/g for M. floridulus, (18.69±0.47) kJ/g for M. sinensis,(18.54±0.33) kJ/g for M. sacchariflorus, (18.48±0.41) kJ/g for S. arundinaceum, (18.49±0.37) kJ/g for M. lutarioripara. The seasonal changes in ash free caloric values were different from those of the gross caloric values due to differing ash contents in the 8 tall grasses.
    A preliminary study on effect of feeding characters and quality traits inM1 of Lactuca indica by different mutation treatments
    TANG Feng-lan, LIU Li, CHEN Ji-shan, ZHANG Yue-xue,
    HAN Wei-bo, LIU Jie-lin, LIU Feng-qi
    2010, 19(2):  248-252. 
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    Dry seeds of Lactuca indica in aerospace flight (AF) were irradiated with different doses of 60Co-γ rays and were used to compare and analyze seven main feeding characters and quality traits in the M1 of L. indica. There were significant differences in the rate of germination, germination potential, height, yield, crude fiber, and crude protein (P<0.05) without crude fat. The rate of germination was significantly correlated with germination potential and yield (P<0.05). The height was significantly correlated with crude fat and crude protein (P<0.05). The yield was significantly correlated with crude fat (P<0.05). The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative ratio of contribution of 86.446 1% comes from plant yield factors and plant quality factors. The results showed that use of AF and 20 Gy of 60Co-γ rays treatment is important because it is a better way to cultivate new varieties.
    Effects of different sandyland vegetation on soil enzyme activities
    NIE Su-mei, GAO Li, YAN Zhi-jian, WANG Su-juan
    2010, 19(2):  253-256. 
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    Through the flow sand of Kubuqi sand, semi-fixed sandy land, fixed sandy land, and planted Astragalus adsurgens and Hedysarum laeve vegetation in soil enzyme activities to study, results showed that, fixed sandy land, and semi-fixed sand soil protease, urease, invertase activity than the flow of sand to increase the range of 6.73%-59.09%, fixed-sand activity the most, followed by semi-fixed sandy land, flow sand activity of the weakest. Polyphenol oxidase in the fixed sandy land and semi-fixed sandy land than the flow of sand are on the decline. Artificial vegetation, soil protease, urease, polyphenol oxidase and invertase activity than the natural vegetation were increased by 23.41%, 37.10%, 7.96% and 47.41%. Soil protease and invertase activity in the summer, the largest, urease activity of the largest in the fall, polyphenol oxidase activity in the spring and winter big. Protease, urease and invertase in the soil layer 0-2 cm activity is large, polyphenol oxidase activity at 0-20 cm soil layer did not change significantly.