紫花苜蓿氮效率及其类型特征研究

doi:10.11686/cyxb2021157

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为挖掘和利用紫花苜蓿自身潜力，实现优质高效生产，本研究拟建立紫花苜蓿苗期氮效率评价体系，筛选氮高效种质。以28个来源广泛的紫花苜蓿品种为材料，通过室内营养液砂培法，设低氮（2.1 mg·L^-1，表示为：N_2.1）和适宜氮（210 mg·L^-1，表示为：N₂₁₀）2个水平，对苗期各品种紫花苜蓿的形态指标和氮相关指标进行综合分析，通过变异系数、相关分析和隶属函数筛选出苗期氮效率评价指标，并进行氮效率类型分类。氮效率为作物对氮素的综合响应。结果表明，LW6010在N_2.1和N₂₁₀水平下，其株高、地上干物质重、地下干物质重、全株干物质重、地上氮积累量、地下氮积累量和全株氮积累量均表现为显著高于其他品种。公农3号在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下均表现为地上干物质重显著小于其他品种。巨能601在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下，其地上和全株氮含量均显著大于其他品种（除LW6010）。N_2.1下，甘农9号的根长最长，陇东苜蓿根长最短；N₂₁₀下，皇冠根长最长，公农3号最短。N_2.1下，新疆大叶根体积最大，陇东苜蓿根体积最小；N₂₁₀下，甘农7号根体积最大。地上干物质重、全株干物质重、根长、根体积、地上氮积累量和全株氮积累量的变异系数和相关系数均较大。同时，LW6010等品种在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下综合值均大于0.5；甘农3号在N_2.1下综合值小于0.5，在N₂₁₀下大于0.5；甘农7号在N_2.1下综合值大于0.5，在N₂₁₀下小于0.5；陇东苜蓿在N_2.1和N₂₁₀下综合值均小于0.5。综上，地上干物质重、全株干物质重、根长、根体积、地上氮积累量和全株氮积累量可作为紫花苜蓿苗期氮效率筛选的评价参数；通过对综合值的量化，可将紫花苜蓿分为氮高效型、氮常效型、氮反效型和氮低效型4个类型。

关键词: 紫花苜蓿, 氮效率, 品种差异, 类型特征

Abstract:

It would be beneficial to the livestock industries to develop and utilize the potential for improved forage quality and yield in alfalfa in order to achieve gains in production efficiency. This study planned to establish a nitrogen （N） efficiency evaluation system and screen alfalfa germplasm at the seedling stage for N efficiency. In this research， 28 alfalfa cultivars from a wide range of sources were investigated， and parameters linked to alfalfa N efficiency were evaluated at the seedling stage， based on variation coefficient， correlation analysis and subordinate function analysis of the morphological and N-related parameters. Seedlings were grown in sand culture in a greenhouse using nutrient solution with either a low N level （2.1 mg·L^–1 N， designated N_2.1） or a normal N level （210 mg·L^–1 N， designated N₂₁₀）. N efficiency was assessed from the multivariate response of cultivars to N application. It was found that the plant height， shoot dry weight （SDW）， root dry weight， plant dry weight （PDW）， shoot N accumulation （SNA）， root N accumulation and plant N accumulation （PNA） of LW6010 were significantly higher than other cultivars. The SDW of Gongnong No.3 was significantly lower than that of other cultivars under both N_2.1 and N₂₁₀. The shoot N content and plant N content of Giant 601 were significantly higher than those of other cultivars. Under N_2.1， the root length （RL） of Gannong No.9 was the longest， and that of Longdong was the shortest. Under N₂₁₀， the RL of Crown is the longest， and Gongnong No.3 is the shortest. Under N_2.1， the root volume （RV） of Xinjiangdaye was the largest， and that of Longdong was the smallest. Under N₂₁₀， the RV of Gannong No.7 was the largest. The parameters used to screen for N efficiency were SDW， PDW， RL， RV， SNA and PNA. The multivariate scores of LW6010 and some other cultivars were greater than 0.5 under N_2.1 and N₂₁₀； the multivariate scores of Gannong No.3 and some other cultivars were less than 0.5 under N_2.1， and were greater than 0.5 under N₂₁₀. The multivariate scores of Gannong No.7 and some other cultivars were greater than 0.5 under N_2.1， and were lessr than 0.5 under N₂₁₀； and those of Longdong and some other cultivars were less than 0.5 under N_2.1 and N₂₁₀. In conclusion， differences in N efficiency among alfalfa cultivars were found. SDW， PDW， RL， RV， SNA and PNA were adopted as the evaluation parameters for N efficiency screening of alfalfa at the seedling stage. By quantifying the multivariate score， alfalfa cultivars can be grouped into four N efficiency categories： very efficient， efficient， semi-efficient and inefficient.

Key words: Medicago sativa, N efficiency, differences of cultivars, characteristics of N efficiency types

刘晓静, 赵雅姣, 郝凤, 童长春. 紫花苜蓿氮效率及其类型特征研究[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(12): 90-102.

Xiao-jing LIU, Ya-jiao ZHAO, Feng HAO, Chang-chun TONG. Detection and characterization of nitrogen efficiency in alfalfa[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(12): 90-102.

图/表 10

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序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars	序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars	序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars	序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars
1	甘农3号Gannong No.3	8	新疆大叶Xinjiangdaye	15	LW6010	22	巨能2 Giant 2
2	甘农4号Gannong No.4	9	新牧1号Xinmu No.1	16	驯鹿Reindeer	23	赛迪7 Sadie 7
3	甘农5号Gannong No.5	10	龙牧806 Longmu 806	17	皇冠Crown	24	赛迪10 Sadie 10
4	甘农7号Gannong No.7	11	龙牧801 Longmu 801	18	金皇后Goldqueen	25	游客 Tourists
5	甘农8号Gannong No.8	12	公农1号Gongnong No.1	19	巨能551 Giant 551	26	精英Elite
6	甘农9号Gannong No.9	13	公农3号Gongnong No.3	20	巨能601 Giant 601	27	威斯顿Weston
7	陇东苜蓿Longdong	14	肇东苜蓿Zhaodong	21	巨能6 Giant 6	28	阿尔冈金Algonquin

序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars	序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars	序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars	序号 Number	品种名称 Cultivars
1	甘农3号Gannong No.3	8	新疆大叶Xinjiangdaye	15	LW6010	22	巨能2 Giant 2
2	甘农4号Gannong No.4	9	新牧1号Xinmu No.1	16	驯鹿Reindeer	23	赛迪7 Sadie 7
3	甘农5号Gannong No.5	10	龙牧806 Longmu 806	17	皇冠Crown	24	赛迪10 Sadie 10
4	甘农7号Gannong No.7	11	龙牧801 Longmu 801	18	金皇后Goldqueen	25	游客 Tourists
5	甘农8号Gannong No.8	12	公农1号Gongnong No.1	19	巨能551 Giant 551	26	精英Elite
6	甘农9号Gannong No.9	13	公农3号Gongnong No.3	20	巨能601 Giant 601	27	威斯顿Weston
7	陇东苜蓿Longdong	14	肇东苜蓿Zhaodong	21	巨能6 Giant 6	28	阿尔冈金Algonquin

序号 No.	株高 Plant height （cm）		地上干物质重 Shoot dry weight （g·plant^-1）		地下干物质重 Root dry weight （g·plant^-1）		全株干物质重 Plant dry weight （g·plant^-1）
序号 No.	N_2.1	N₂₁₀	N_2.1	N₂₁₀	N_2.1	N₂₁₀	N_2.1	N₂₁₀
1	2.47±0.21defg	15.17±0.21g	0.38±0.02l	0.37±0.02kl	0.74±0.03mn	8.00±0.20f	2.23±0.22e	0.24±0.01c
2	2.33±0.09g	15.90±0.15ef	0.71±0.09ghi	0.40±0.02ij	1.11±0.10ij	4.97±0.21o	2.19±0.09e	0.14±0.02ijk
3	2.44±0.07efg	17.68±0.15b	1.07±0.09bc	0.47±0.01h	1.54±0.09de	9.72±0.15c	2.25±0.07e	0.20±0.00def
4	1.53±0.04n	14.82±0.15h	0.94±0.09cde	0.44±0.01h	1.38±0.09fg	8.90±0.20d	1.34±0.03k	0.19±0.00efg
5	1.35±0.09p	14.80±0.15h	0.55±0.04jk	0.32±0.01m	0.87±0.03klm	6.58±0.20klm	1.15±0.09l	0.20±0.01def
6	1.62±0.03mn	13.72±0.15g	1.01±0.09cde	0.41±0.01i	1.43±0.09efg	7.57±0.21hi	1.43±0.03k	0.19±0.00efg
7	1.88±0.03ijk	13.38±0.15k	0.65±0.03hij	0.27±0.02n	0.92±0.05kl	8.80±0.20de	1.72±0.04hij	0.15±0.02hi
8	2.59±0.03cde	15.65±0.21f	0.90±0.08de	0.83±0.02b	1.73±0.08c	6.75±0.15kl	2.42±0.03bcd	0.17±0.02gh
9	2.75±0.10b	17.35±0.21c	0.85±0.03ef	0.52±0.02g	1.37±0.05fg	6.55±0.15lm	2.53±0.09bcd	0.22±0.01def
10	2.37±0.09fg	15.98±0.21e	0.96±0.09cde	0.47±0.01h	1.42±0.09efg	6.88±0.20k	2.25±0.09e	0.12±0.00jkl
11	1.96±0.09ij	16.35±0.21d	1.03±0.09cd	0.51±0.02g	1.53±0.10de	7.22±0.15j	1.84±0.09fgh	0.12±0.01kl
12	1.80±0.04jkl	12.58±0.15m	0.74±0.04fgh	0.33±0.00m	1.07±0.04ij	7.33±0.15ij	1.66±0.03ij	0.14±0.01ijk
13	1.09±0.09p	14.72±0.15h	0.24±0.01m	0.07±0.00o	0.31±0.01o	8.85±0.15de	0.97±0.09m	0.13±0.00jkl
14	2.57±0.04cde	15.00±0.15gh	0.96±0.09cde	0.59±0.01f	1.54±0.09de	7.92±0.15fg	2.33±0.04cde	0.24±0.00c
15	3.30±0.05a	18.10±0.21a	1.33±0.04a	0.94±0.02a	2.26±0.03a	10.77±0.12a	2.84±0.07a	0.46±0.02a
16	1.78±0.09kl	16.48±0.21d	0.82±0.09efg	0.46±0.02h	1.28±0.10gh	6.83±0.15kl	1.66±0.09ij	0.11±0.00kl
17	2.72±0.16bc	15.90±0.15ef	1.00±0.09cd	0.68±0.02d	1.68±0.10cd	6.63±0.15klm	2.46±0.16bc	0.25±0.00c
18	2.12±0.07h	16.48±0.21d	0.59±0.01ij	0.58±0.02f	1.17±0.03hi	6.37±0.21m	1.97±0.06f	0.15±0.01hij
19	2.02±0.04hi	14.70±0.15h	0.95±0.09cde	0.36±0.09l	1.31±0.09fgh	7.87±0.21fgh	1.91±0.04fg	0.11±0.00l
20	2.50±0.17def	17.17±0.21c	1.18±0.15b	0.84±0.04b	2.02±0.17b	10.30±0.20b	2.31±0.17cde	0.19±0.00fg
21	1.83±0.09jkl	15.67±0.15ef	0.70±0.03ghi	0.63±0.01e	1.34±0.04fg	5.97±0.21n	1.62±0.09ij	0.21±0.01def
22	2.61±0.08bcd	14.35±0.21i	0.89±0.09de	0.71±0.02c	1.60±0.10cd	6.62±0.15klm	2.26±0.09de	0.35±0.05b
23	0.78±0.04q	12.30±0.15m	0.43±0.03kl	0.25±0.01n	0.69±0.04n	6.86±0.21k	0.57±0.03n	0.21±0.01de
24	2.11±0.09h	14.27±0.15i	0.99±0.09cd	0.45±0.01h	1.45±0.09ef	8.52±0.15c	1.95±0.09f	0.16±0.00gh
25	0.81±0.04q	15.98±0.21e	0.54±0.09jk	0.28±0.00n	0.82±0.09lmn	7.33±0.15ij	0.64±0.04n	0.17±0.01gh
26	1.71±0.03lm	13.03±0.15l	0.70±0.03ghi	0.28±0.00n	0.97±0.04jk	6.88±0.20k	1.59±0.03j	0.13±0.00jkl
27	1.68±0.10lm	13.03±0.21l	0.92±0.09de	0.46±0.02h	1.38±0.10fg	6.07±0.15n	1.35±0.09k	0.33±0.02b
28	1.93±0.09ijk	16.47±0.15d	0.75±0.09fgh	0.39±0.01jk	1.13±0.09i	7.63±0.15ghi	1.78±0.09ghi	0.15±0.01hi

序号 No.	株高 Plant height （cm）		地上干物质重 Shoot dry weight （g·plant^-1）		地下干物质重 Root dry weight （g·plant^-1）		全株干物质重 Plant dry weight （g·plant^-1）
序号 No.	N_2.1	N₂₁₀	N_2.1	N₂₁₀	N_2.1	N₂₁₀	N_2.1	N₂₁₀
1	2.47±0.21defg	15.17±0.21g	0.38±0.02l	0.37±0.02kl	0.74±0.03mn	8.00±0.20f	2.23±0.22e	0.24±0.01c
2	2.33±0.09g	15.90±0.15ef	0.71±0.09ghi	0.40±0.02ij	1.11±0.10ij	4.97±0.21o	2.19±0.09e	0.14±0.02ijk
3	2.44±0.07efg	17.68±0.15b	1.07±0.09bc	0.47±0.01h	1.54±0.09de	9.72±0.15c	2.25±0.07e	0.20±0.00def
4	1.53±0.04n	14.82±0.15h	0.94±0.09cde	0.44±0.01h	1.38±0.09fg	8.90±0.20d	1.34±0.03k	0.19±0.00efg
5	1.35±0.09p	14.80±0.15h	0.55±0.04jk	0.32±0.01m	0.87±0.03klm	6.58±0.20klm	1.15±0.09l	0.20±0.01def
6	1.62±0.03mn	13.72±0.15g	1.01±0.09cde	0.41±0.01i	1.43±0.09efg	7.57±0.21hi	1.43±0.03k	0.19±0.00efg
7	1.88±0.03ijk	13.38±0.15k	0.65±0.03hij	0.27±0.02n	0.92±0.05kl	8.80±0.20de	1.72±0.04hij	0.15±0.02hi
8	2.59±0.03cde	15.65±0.21f	0.90±0.08de	0.83±0.02b	1.73±0.08c	6.75±0.15kl	2.42±0.03bcd	0.17±0.02gh
9	2.75±0.10b	17.35±0.21c	0.85±0.03ef	0.52±0.02g	1.37±0.05fg	6.55±0.15lm	2.53±0.09bcd	0.22±0.01def
10	2.37±0.09fg	15.98±0.21e	0.96±0.09cde	0.47±0.01h	1.42±0.09efg	6.88±0.20k	2.25±0.09e	0.12±0.00jkl
11	1.96±0.09ij	16.35±0.21d	1.03±0.09cd	0.51±0.02g	1.53±0.10de	7.22±0.15j	1.84±0.09fgh	0.12±0.01kl
12	1.80±0.04jkl	12.58±0.15m	0.74±0.04fgh	0.33±0.00m	1.07±0.04ij	7.33±0.15ij	1.66±0.03ij	0.14±0.01ijk
13	1.09±0.09p	14.72±0.15h	0.24±0.01m	0.07±0.00o	0.31±0.01o	8.85±0.15de	0.97±0.09m	0.13±0.00jkl
14	2.57±0.04cde	15.00±0.15gh	0.96±0.09cde	0.59±0.01f	1.54±0.09de	7.92±0.15fg	2.33±0.04cde	0.24±0.00c
15	3.30±0.05a	18.10±0.21a	1.33±0.04a	0.94±0.02a	2.26±0.03a	10.77±0.12a	2.84±0.07a	0.46±0.02a
16	1.78±0.09kl	16.48±0.21d	0.82±0.09efg	0.46±0.02h	1.28±0.10gh	6.83±0.15kl	1.66±0.09ij	0.11±0.00kl
17	2.72±0.16bc	15.90±0.15ef	1.00±0.09cd	0.68±0.02d	1.68±0.10cd	6.63±0.15klm	2.46±0.16bc	0.25±0.00c
18	2.12±0.07h	16.48±0.21d	0.59±0.01ij	0.58±0.02f	1.17±0.03hi	6.37±0.21m	1.97±0.06f	0.15±0.01hij
19	2.02±0.04hi	14.70±0.15h	0.95±0.09cde	0.36±0.09l	1.31±0.09fgh	7.87±0.21fgh	1.91±0.04fg	0.11±0.00l
20	2.50±0.17def	17.17±0.21c	1.18±0.15b	0.84±0.04b	2.02±0.17b	10.30±0.20b	2.31±0.17cde	0.19±0.00fg
21	1.83±0.09jkl	15.67±0.15ef	0.70±0.03ghi	0.63±0.01e	1.34±0.04fg	5.97±0.21n	1.62±0.09ij	0.21±0.01def
22	2.61±0.08bcd	14.35±0.21i	0.89±0.09de	0.71±0.02c	1.60±0.10cd	6.62±0.15klm	2.26±0.09de	0.35±0.05b
23	0.78±0.04q	12.30±0.15m	0.43±0.03kl	0.25±0.01n	0.69±0.04n	6.86±0.21k	0.57±0.03n	0.21±0.01de
24	2.11±0.09h	14.27±0.15i	0.99±0.09cd	0.45±0.01h	1.45±0.09ef	8.52±0.15c	1.95±0.09f	0.16±0.00gh
25	0.81±0.04q	15.98±0.21e	0.54±0.09jk	0.28±0.00n	0.82±0.09lmn	7.33±0.15ij	0.64±0.04n	0.17±0.01gh
26	1.71±0.03lm	13.03±0.15l	0.70±0.03ghi	0.28±0.00n	0.97±0.04jk	6.88±0.20k	1.59±0.03j	0.13±0.00jkl
27	1.68±0.10lm	13.03±0.21l	0.92±0.09de	0.46±0.02h	1.38±0.10fg	6.07±0.15n	1.35±0.09k	0.33±0.02b
28	1.93±0.09ijk	16.47±0.15d	0.75±0.09fgh	0.39±0.01jk	1.13±0.09i	7.63±0.15ghi	1.78±0.09ghi	0.15±0.01hi

序号	根长 Root length （cm·plant^-1）		根体积 Root volume （cm³）
No.	N_2.1	N₂₁₀	N_2.1	N₂₁₀
1	90.13±18.66abc	40.02±13.88bcde	0.08±0.02abcd	0.04±0.02cde
2	71.79±9.69bcdef	46.02±4.45bcde	0.04±0.01hi	0.02±0.01de
3	75.13±5.71abcde	39.72±7.67bcde	0.08±0.01ab	0.02±0.01e
4	78.25±11.62abcde	59.89±10.45b	0.06±0.01bcdefgh	0.09±0.04a
5	80.14±8.15abcd	37.14±10.18de	0.05±0.01efghi	0.03±0.02cde
6	98.97±8.79a	45.97±9.29bcde	0.06±0.01bcdefgh	0.03±0.00cde
7	30.11±0.96g	50.11±1.37bcde	0.02±0.00i	0.05±0.03bcd
8	79.93±21.04abcd	45.58±4.25bcde	0.09±0.04a	0.05±0.00bcd
9	61.64±7.03def	46.09±14.95bcde	0.05±0.00defghi	0.03±0.01cde
10	54.67±14.04ef	49.34±11.10bcde	0.06±0.02bcdefgh	0.05±0.02bc
11	64.07±14.23def	36.83±17.14de	0.06±0.01abcdefgh	0.03±0.01cde
12	81.77±22.32abcd	47.34±16.01bcde	0.07±0.03abcde	0.03±0.00cde
13	66.61±18.22cdef	30.02±0.95e	0.05±0.02defghi	0.02±0.00cde
14	77.53±7.73bcde	55.23±13.00bcd	0.05±0.01cdefgh	0.08±0.02a
15	70.37±6.99bcdef	37.28±10.08de	0.05±0.01efghi	0.03±0.02cde
16	61.87±11.34def	33.20±3.97e	0.06±0.02bcdefgh	0.03±0.00cde
17	95.01±7.23ab	80.11±3.19a	0.06±0.00abcdefgh	0.05±0.02cde
18	61.68±14.92def	43.13±8.69bcde	0.06±0.02bcdefgh	0.04±0.01cde
19	54.71±7.21ef	32.82±5.80e	0.04±0.01fghi	0.03±0.00cde
20	78.64±16.63abcde	44.13±17.64bcde	0.07±0.01abcdef	0.03±0.01cde
21	62.05±3.52def	62.05±3.52def	0.04±0.01ghi	0.04±0.01ghi
22	69.97±0.63cdef	69.97±0.63cdef	0.07±0.02abcdefg	0.07±0.02abcdefg
23	75.68±14.86abcde	75.68±14.86abcde	0.07±0.01abcdefgh	0.07±0.01abcdefgh
24	62.53±7.97def	32.57±11.04e	0.04±0.01ghi	0.02±0.00cde
25	50.14±13.40fg	50.14±13.40fg	0.07±0.01abcdef	0.07±0.01abcdef
26	75.58±2.32bcde	75.58±2.32abcde	0.07±0.01abcde	0.07±0.01abcde
27	71.56±17.20bcdef	71.56±17.20bcdef	0.08±0.02abc	0.08±0.02abc
28	77.90±16.46bcde	77.90±16.46abcde	0.05±0.02cdefgh	0.05±0.02cdefgh