果草系统中枣树对不同方位紫花苜蓿和鸭茅生长的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024270

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

提高种间促进作用和降低种间竞争是实现果草系统生态和高质量发展的关键。果树的竞争力强于牧草，但果树对果园中不同方位牧草生长的影响及主要限制因素尚不明晰。本研究在陕北黄河滩红枣主产区延川，以紫花苜蓿和鸭茅分别开展果园生草，测定枣树不同方向上不同距离处牧草生物量、光合有效辐射、土壤养分和水分含量。结果表明：果园中牧草的生长存在空间差异性，位于枣树南面牧草的生物量最高（苜蓿22.57 g·m^-2，鸭茅174.57 g·m^-2），东西次之，北面最低（苜蓿14.29 g·m^-2，鸭茅71.84 g·m^-2）。同时，距离枣树越近，牧草受到抑制程度越大。在不同方向上，牧草的光合有效辐射呈显著差异，南面最高、北面最低。在各个方向上，距离树干越近，土壤氮磷养分含量有所增加，而土壤含水量和光合有效辐射减少，同时紫花苜蓿和鸭茅的根冠比呈增大趋势。这些结果揭示，不同方向上牧草生长差异主要是由果树对光照的竞争所致；随着距离的缩短，果树对牧草的主要竞争因素是水分，其次是光照，在土壤养分方面未发生明显竞争。

关键词: 紫花苜蓿, 鸭茅, 果草复合系统, 种间竞争

Abstract:

Enhancing interspecific facilitation and reducing interspecific competition are key to achieving ecological and high-quality development in fruit-grass production systems. Fruit trees have stronger competitiveness than grasses， but the impact of fruit trees on the growth of nearby grasses in in orchards and the main limiting factors are still unclear. This study was conducted in Yanchuan， a major jujube （Ziziphus jujube） production area in the Yellow River floodplain of northern Shaanxi. The jujube orchard had a full ground cover of alfalfa （Medicago sativa） and orchardgrass （Dactylis glomerata）， and the biomass of the herbage photosynthetically active radiation， soil nutrients， and water content were measured in different compass directions and at various distances from the jujube trees. Spatial differences were found in the growth of grass in the orchard， with the highest biomass of grass located to the south of the trees （alfalfa 22.57 g·m^-2， orchardgrass 174.57 g·m^-2）， followed by the east and west， and the lowest to the north （alfalfa 14.29 g·m^-2， orchardgrass 71.84 g·m^-2）. Meanwhile， the closer the proximity to the jujube tree， the more the growth of grass was inhibited. In different compass directions from the jujube tree， there were significant differences in photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） intercepted by the alfalfa and the orchardgrass， with the highest PAR to the south and the lowest to the north of the trees. In all directions， the soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient content increased with closer proximity to the tree， while the soil moisture content and photosynthetically active radiation decreased， and the root-shoot ratio of alfalfa and orchardgrass tended to increase. These results reveal that the main factor causing the difference in the growth of alfalfa and orchardgrass in different directions from the jujube trees is competition for light. As the distance of alfalfa and orchardgrass from the trees decreased， the main competitive factor between them was water， followed by light. There was no obvious competition in terms of soil nutrients.

Key words: alfalfa, orchardgrass, fruit tree and forage intercropping system, interspecific competition

张英豪, 刘楚波, 周坤, 郭家存, 刘世鹏, 孙娈姿. 果草系统中枣树对不同方位紫花苜蓿和鸭茅生长的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(6): 203-212.

Ying-hao ZHANG, Chu-bo LIU, Kun ZHOU, Jia-cun GUO, Shi-peng LIU, Luan-zi SUN. Effects of jujube tree on the growth of alfalfa and orchardgrass in different positions within an orchard[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(6): 203-212.

图/表 7

图1 采样示意

Fig. 1 Sampling diagram

图2 枣树不同方向和距离上紫花苜蓿和鸭茅的地上部干重不同小写字母表示同一距离不同方向之间差异显著（P<0.05），不同大写字母表示同一方向不同距离之间差异显著（P<0.05），下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different directions of the same distance （P<0.05）， and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between different distances in the same direction （P<0.05）， the same below.

Fig.2 The aboveground dry weight of alfalfa and orchardgrass at different directions and distances from the jujube tree

图3 枣树不同方向和距离上紫花苜蓿和鸭茅的根冠比

Fig.3 The root shoot ratio of alfalfa and orchardgrass at different directions and distances from the jujube tree

图4 枣树不同方向和距离上紫花苜蓿和鸭茅的全氮和全磷含量

Fig.4 Total nitrogen and phosphorus content of alfalfa and orchardgrass at different directions and distances from the jujube tree

图5 枣树不同方向和距离上紫花苜蓿和鸭茅的光合有效辐射

Fig.5 The photosynthetically active radiation of alfalfa and orchardgrass at different directions and distances from the jujube tree

图6 枣树不同方向和距离的土壤含水量

Fig.6 Moisture content of soil at different directions and distances from the jujube tree

图7 枣树不同方向和距离上紫花苜蓿和鸭茅的土壤碱解氮和速效磷

Fig.7 Soil alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen and available phosphorus of alfalfa and orchardgrass at different directions and distances from the jujube tree

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