草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (9): 97-110.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024374
李长青1,2(
), 宋亚茹1, 肖凡1, 缪春语1, 孙梦宇1, 纪萌1, 孙志梅1(
)
收稿日期:2024-09-26
修回日期:2024-10-31
出版日期:2025-09-20
发布日期:2025-07-02
通讯作者:
孙志梅
作者简介:E-mail: sunzhimei@hebau.edu.cn基金资助:
Chang-qing LI1,2(
), Ya-ru SONG1, Fan XIAO1, Chun-yu MIAO1, Meng-yu SUN1, Meng JI1, Zhi-mei SUN1(
)
Received:2024-09-26
Revised:2024-10-31
Online:2025-09-20
Published:2025-07-02
Contact:
Zhi-mei SUN
摘要:
在氮磷复合限制型障碍土壤上,通过田间小区试验,对施肥和不施肥下10个供试玉米品种的株型特征、穗部特征及产量进行比较分析,探明不同玉米品种的耐瘠能力差异,并解析耐瘠高产型玉米品种的主要农艺性状特征,为适宜于瘠薄障碍型中低产田土壤的耐瘠高产玉米品种的选育提供科学依据。根据施肥和不施肥条件下的玉米平均产量将10个供试玉米品种分为耐瘠高产型(HB)、不耐瘠高产型(HNB)和不耐瘠次高产型(SHNB)3类,其中HB型品种的施肥增产效应明显低于HNB和SHNB型玉米品种。在瘠薄土壤不施肥条件下,HB型玉米的株高、穗位高、穗长、行粒数和穗粒数均显著高于HNB和SHNB型品种,而秃尖长显著降低,各农艺性状耦合协调度显著提高。而在施肥条件下,虽然上述农艺性状与HNB型没有显著差异,但均显著高于SHNB型品种。通过各农艺性状指标与产量的边界线分析得出,在瘠薄土壤上获得12000 kg·hm-2的目标产量,HB型玉米的农艺性状需要达到的适宜范围分别为:穗长17.80~20.42 cm,秃尖长<0.05 cm,行粒数34.32~40.36,穗粒数578.95~691.55,百粒重34.31~39.70 g,株高229.43~256.98 cm,穗位高103.38~125.52 cm。综上,在氮磷含量均低的瘠薄型中低产田上,HB型玉米通过保持较长的穗长和较短的秃尖长来实现行粒数和穗粒数的显著提高,各农艺性状的耦合协调度也明显提高,最终表现出了在瘠薄土壤上明显的产量优势。
李长青, 宋亚茹, 肖凡, 缪春语, 孙梦宇, 纪萌, 孙志梅. 耐瘠高产型玉米品种主要农艺性状特征分析[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(9): 97-110.
Chang-qing LI, Ya-ru SONG, Fan XIAO, Chun-yu MIAO, Meng-yu SUN, Meng JI, Zhi-mei SUN. Analysis of main agronomic traits of low-fertility-tolerant and high-yielding maize varieties[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(9): 97-110.
| 品种Varieties | 代号Code number | 选育单位Breeding organization |
|---|---|---|
| 华皖261 Huawan 261 | HW | 安徽华皖种业有限公司Anhui Huawan Seed Industry Co., Ltd. |
| 科恩702 Keen 702 | KE | 石家庄考恩农业科技有限公司Shijiazhuang Kaoen Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. |
| 美抗1T Meikang1T | MK | 河北冀农种业有限责任公司Hebei Jinong Seed Industry Limited Liability Company |
| 怀玉20 Huaiyu 20 | HY | 河南怀川种业有限责任公司Henan Huaichuan Seed Industry Co., Ltd. |
| 冀农802 Jinong 802 | JN | 河北冀农种业有限责任公司Hebei Jinong Seed Industry Limited Liability Company |
| 金海188 Jinhai 188 | JH | 莱州市金海种业有限公司Laizhou Jinhai Seed Industry Co., Ltd. |
| 矮状元858 Aizhuangyuan 858 | AZY | 河北德道农业科技有限公司Hebei Dedao Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. |
| 京农科729 Jingnongke 729 | JNK | 北京市农林科学院玉米研究所Maize Research Institute of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences |
| 农大372 Nongda 372 | ND | 中国农业大学China Agricultural University |
| 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | ZD | 河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所Cereal Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
表1 供试玉米品种编号及来源
Table 1 Code of tested maize varieties and their origins
| 品种Varieties | 代号Code number | 选育单位Breeding organization |
|---|---|---|
| 华皖261 Huawan 261 | HW | 安徽华皖种业有限公司Anhui Huawan Seed Industry Co., Ltd. |
| 科恩702 Keen 702 | KE | 石家庄考恩农业科技有限公司Shijiazhuang Kaoen Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. |
| 美抗1T Meikang1T | MK | 河北冀农种业有限责任公司Hebei Jinong Seed Industry Limited Liability Company |
| 怀玉20 Huaiyu 20 | HY | 河南怀川种业有限责任公司Henan Huaichuan Seed Industry Co., Ltd. |
| 冀农802 Jinong 802 | JN | 河北冀农种业有限责任公司Hebei Jinong Seed Industry Limited Liability Company |
| 金海188 Jinhai 188 | JH | 莱州市金海种业有限公司Laizhou Jinhai Seed Industry Co., Ltd. |
| 矮状元858 Aizhuangyuan 858 | AZY | 河北德道农业科技有限公司Hebei Dedao Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. |
| 京农科729 Jingnongke 729 | JNK | 北京市农林科学院玉米研究所Maize Research Institute of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences |
| 农大372 Nongda 372 | ND | 中国农业大学China Agricultural University |
| 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 | ZD | 河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所Cereal Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
图2 不同玉米品种的产量差异不同小写字母表示同一施肥模式不同品种在0.05水平上存在显著差异。**表示在0.01水平上存在显著差异。Different lowercase letters indicate the significant differences among different varieties under the same fertilization mode at 0.05 level. ** indicates the significant difference at 0.01 level. F: 施肥模式Fertilization mode; V: 品种Variety; CK: 不施肥No fertilization; OF: 施肥Fertilization. 下同The same below.
Fig.2 Yield difference of different maize varieties
图4 施肥和不施肥条件下的玉米产量差异不同小写字母表示同一品种不同施肥条件在0.05水平存在显著差异。Different lowercase letters indicate that different fertilization conditions of the same varieties have significant differences at 0.05 level.
Fig.4 Yield difference of maize between fertilization and no fertilization
图5 不同类型玉米品种的株高*表示在0.05水平下差异显著,NS表示差异不显著。下同。* indicates a significant difference at 0.05 level, and NS indicates no significant difference. The same below.
Fig.5 Plant height of different types of maize varieties
年份 Year | 施肥 Fertilization (F) | 品种 Variety (V) | 穗长 Ear length (cm) | 秃尖长 Bald tip length (cm) | 行粒数 Kernels per row | 穗粗 Ear diameter (cm) | 穗行数 Rows per ear | 穗粒数 Kernels per ear | 百粒重 100-grain weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | CK | HB | 18.0±0.72a | 0.2±0.09b | 38.3±2.70a | 4.4±0.44a | 15.7±0.79a | 608.4±39.40a | 32.6±2.93a |
| HNB | 16.8±1.11b | 0.8±0.53a | 33.3±4.66b | 4.2±0.54a | 16.1±1.57a | 513.8±70.64b | 32.4±3.10a | ||
| SHNB | 15.5±0.83c | 0.8±0.19a | 33.4±1.90b | 4.6±0.47a | 15.4±1.34a | 512.4±26.84b | 33.2±1.44a | ||
| OF | HB | 18.3±1.35a | 0.2±0.03a | 39.0±2.53a | 4.8±0.57a | 16.4±0.84a | 636.0±48.42a | 34.1±1.97a | |
| HNB | 18.1±1.06a | 0.2±0.02a | 37.8±1.14a | 4.5±0.42a | 16.5±1.47a | 620.6±53.43a | 33.9±2.53a | ||
| SHNB | 16.2±0.61b | 0.2±0.03a | 35.2±1.31b | 4.5±0.45a | 15.8±1.02a | 554.2±39.36b | 34.0±1.56a | ||
| 2023 | CK | HB | 18.4±1.82a | 0.3±0.18c | 36.3±2.65a | 4.9±0.40a | 16.0±0.58a | 578.6±47.49a | 35.6±3.70a |
| HNB | 15.4±1.20b | 1.4±0.28b | 28.9±2.27b | 4.2±0.40b | 15.0±1.19b | 435.6±60.26b | 34.5±2.08a | ||
| SHNB | 15.4±1.11b | 2.6±0.73a | 30.4±2.87b | 4.4±0.40b | 14.6±0.45b | 441.0±32.47b | 33.4±3.85a | ||
| OF | HB | 18.8±1.64a | 0.2±0.03a | 37.6±2.51a | 5.0±0.46a | 15.6±0.68a | 583.7±32.61a | 39.3±2.03a | |
| HNB | 18.8±1.07a | 0.2±0.02a | 36.2±2.82ab | 5.0±0.43a | 16.0±1.10a | 581.5±25.99a | 41.1±2.03a | ||
| SHNB | 17.2±0.51b | 0.2±0.02a | 34.1±3.52b | 4.7±0.23a | 15.8±0.45a | 536.6±47.92b | 38.7±3.72a | ||
| 2022 | F | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | |
| V | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | ||
| F×V | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | ||
| 2023 | F | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
| V | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | NS | ||
| F×V | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ||
表2 不同类型玉米品种的穗部性状
Table 2 Ear characters of different types of maize varieties
年份 Year | 施肥 Fertilization (F) | 品种 Variety (V) | 穗长 Ear length (cm) | 秃尖长 Bald tip length (cm) | 行粒数 Kernels per row | 穗粗 Ear diameter (cm) | 穗行数 Rows per ear | 穗粒数 Kernels per ear | 百粒重 100-grain weight (g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | CK | HB | 18.0±0.72a | 0.2±0.09b | 38.3±2.70a | 4.4±0.44a | 15.7±0.79a | 608.4±39.40a | 32.6±2.93a |
| HNB | 16.8±1.11b | 0.8±0.53a | 33.3±4.66b | 4.2±0.54a | 16.1±1.57a | 513.8±70.64b | 32.4±3.10a | ||
| SHNB | 15.5±0.83c | 0.8±0.19a | 33.4±1.90b | 4.6±0.47a | 15.4±1.34a | 512.4±26.84b | 33.2±1.44a | ||
| OF | HB | 18.3±1.35a | 0.2±0.03a | 39.0±2.53a | 4.8±0.57a | 16.4±0.84a | 636.0±48.42a | 34.1±1.97a | |
| HNB | 18.1±1.06a | 0.2±0.02a | 37.8±1.14a | 4.5±0.42a | 16.5±1.47a | 620.6±53.43a | 33.9±2.53a | ||
| SHNB | 16.2±0.61b | 0.2±0.03a | 35.2±1.31b | 4.5±0.45a | 15.8±1.02a | 554.2±39.36b | 34.0±1.56a | ||
| 2023 | CK | HB | 18.4±1.82a | 0.3±0.18c | 36.3±2.65a | 4.9±0.40a | 16.0±0.58a | 578.6±47.49a | 35.6±3.70a |
| HNB | 15.4±1.20b | 1.4±0.28b | 28.9±2.27b | 4.2±0.40b | 15.0±1.19b | 435.6±60.26b | 34.5±2.08a | ||
| SHNB | 15.4±1.11b | 2.6±0.73a | 30.4±2.87b | 4.4±0.40b | 14.6±0.45b | 441.0±32.47b | 33.4±3.85a | ||
| OF | HB | 18.8±1.64a | 0.2±0.03a | 37.6±2.51a | 5.0±0.46a | 15.6±0.68a | 583.7±32.61a | 39.3±2.03a | |
| HNB | 18.8±1.07a | 0.2±0.02a | 36.2±2.82ab | 5.0±0.43a | 16.0±1.10a | 581.5±25.99a | 41.1±2.03a | ||
| SHNB | 17.2±0.51b | 0.2±0.02a | 34.1±3.52b | 4.7±0.23a | 15.8±0.45a | 536.6±47.92b | 38.7±3.72a | ||
| 2022 | F | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | |
| V | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | ||
| F×V | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | ||
| 2023 | F | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
| V | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ** | NS | ||
| F×V | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | ||
图9 不同类型玉米品种农艺性状与产量的相关性*、**、***分别表示在0.05、0.01、0.001水平显著相关。*, **, and *** indicate significant correlations at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively.
Fig.9 Correlationship between agronomic traits and yield of different types of maize varieties (n=120)
指标 Indexes | 最高预测产量 Highest forecast yield (kg·hm-2) | 95%最高预测产量 95% highest forecast yield (kg·hm-2) | 适宜范围 Suitable value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 穗长Ear length | 12454.6 | 11831.9 | 17.80~20.42 cm |
| 秃尖长Bald tip length | 12218.0 | 11607.1 | <0.05 cm |
| 行粒数Kernels per row | 12632.6 | 12000.9 | 34.32~40.36 |
| 穗粒数Kernels per ear | 12666.2 | 12032.9 | 578.95~691.55 |
| 百粒重100-grain weight | 12314.0 | 11698.3 | 34.31~39.70 g |
| 株高Plant height | 12307.3 | 11691.9 | 229.43~256.98 cm |
| 穗位高Ear height | 12478.1 | 11854.2 | 103.38~125.52 cm |
表3 耐瘠高产型玉米的主要农艺性状指标特征值
Table 3 Characteristic values of main agronomic characters of low-fertility-tolerant and high-yielding maize
指标 Indexes | 最高预测产量 Highest forecast yield (kg·hm-2) | 95%最高预测产量 95% highest forecast yield (kg·hm-2) | 适宜范围 Suitable value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 穗长Ear length | 12454.6 | 11831.9 | 17.80~20.42 cm |
| 秃尖长Bald tip length | 12218.0 | 11607.1 | <0.05 cm |
| 行粒数Kernels per row | 12632.6 | 12000.9 | 34.32~40.36 |
| 穗粒数Kernels per ear | 12666.2 | 12032.9 | 578.95~691.55 |
| 百粒重100-grain weight | 12314.0 | 11698.3 | 34.31~39.70 g |
| 株高Plant height | 12307.3 | 11691.9 | 229.43~256.98 cm |
| 穗位高Ear height | 12478.1 | 11854.2 | 103.38~125.52 cm |
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