草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10): 213-228.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024426
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
操鹏飞1,2(
), 汪水平1(
), 黄桥深1, 周世龙3, 罗专4, 任莹3, 刘勇2, 李铁军2, 汤少勋2,5(
)
收稿日期:2024-10-28
修回日期:2024-12-06
出版日期:2025-10-20
发布日期:2025-07-11
通讯作者:
汪水平,汤少勋
作者简介:wangshuiping1979@sina.com基金资助:
Peng-fei CAO1,2(
), Shui-ping WANG1(
), Qiao-shen HUANG1, Shi-long ZHOU3, Zhuan LUO4, Ying REN3, Yong LIU2, Tie-jun LI2, Shao-xun TANG2,5(
)
Received:2024-10-28
Revised:2024-12-06
Online:2025-10-20
Published:2025-07-11
Contact:
Shui-ping WANG,Shao-xun TANG
摘要:
本试验旨在探究两种青贮饲料桑替代豆粕比例对湘东黑山羊血液生化指标、抗氧化指标、瘤胃发酵指标以及瘤胃细菌区系的影响。试验选取45只5~6月龄健康、体重相近[(18.2±1.6) kg]的湘东黑山羊公羊,随机分为3组,分别为对照组(CK组)、50%替代组(S1组)和100%替代组(S2组),预试期7 d,正试期55 d,每日晨饲前称取昨日剩料,每两周进行一次称重,在正试期54 d晨饲前对每头羊进行颈静脉采血,正试期54 d晨饲3 h后和55 d晨饲前采集口腔瘤胃液,用于测定血液指标、瘤胃发酵指标和瘤胃微生物组成。结果显示:S1和S2组的终末重(FBW)、平均日增重(ADG)和干物质采食量(DMI)均显著高于CK组(P<0.05);S2组的血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)显著低于CK和S1组(P<0.05),血清白蛋白(ALB)和胆碱酯酶(CHE)显著高于CK组(P<0.05)。另外S1和S2组的血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均显著高于CK组(P<0.05),但S2组的血清丙二醛(MDA)也显著高于CK组(P<0.05)。随着青贮饲料桑替代比例的增加,乙酸和异戊酸的摩尔比显著降低(P<0.05),丙酸和戊酸摩尔比随替代比例增加而上升。使用青贮饲料桑替代豆粕不会显著影响瘤胃微生物的Alpha多样性(P>0.05),3组优势菌门均为拟杆菌门和芽孢杆菌门,随青贮饲料桑替代比例的增加,芽孢杆菌门的丰度显著上升(P<0.05),拟杆菌门的丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。3组的优势菌属为Xylanibacter、丁酸弧菌、Segatella、解琥珀酸菌属、纤维杆菌属和Olivibacter。S2组的丁酸弧菌显著高于CK和S1组(P<0.05),Olivibacter显著低于CK和S1组(P<0.05)。上述研究结果表明:使用青贮饲料桑替代豆粕可以改善动物机体的代谢,增强抗氧化能力,且不会影响瘤胃微生物的Alpha多样性,在反刍动物养殖中有很好的应用前景。
操鹏飞, 汪水平, 黄桥深, 周世龙, 罗专, 任莹, 刘勇, 李铁军, 汤少勋. 青贮饲料桑替代豆粕对肉羊血液指标、瘤胃发酵及瘤胃菌群的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(10): 213-228.
Peng-fei CAO, Shui-ping WANG, Qiao-shen HUANG, Shi-long ZHOU, Zhuan LUO, Ying REN, Yong LIU, Tie-jun LI, Shao-xun TANG. Effects of substituting mulberry silage for soybean meal on blood indexes, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacteria of goats[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(10): 213-228.
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment (干物质基础 Dry matter basis) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |
| 日粮组成Diet composition | |||
| 玉米Corn (g·kg -1) | 258.6 | 244.8 | 194.8 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran (g·kg -1) | 44.0 | 128.9 | 251.9 |
| 青贮饲料桑Mulberry silage (g·kg -1) | 0.0 | 268.0 | 500.0 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (g·kg -1) | 147.0 | 73.5 | 0.0 |
| 稻草Straw (g·kg -1) | 500.0 | 232.0 | 0.0 |
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 (g·kg -1) | 7.0 | 3.5 | 1.3 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO3 (g·kg -1) | 18.5 | 24.2 | 26.9 |
| 食盐NaCl (g·kg -1) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| 1)预混料Permix (g·kg -1) | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| 总计 Total (g·kg -1) | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 |
| 营养水平Nutritional levels | |||
| 2)代谢能 Metabolizable energy (ME, MJ·kg -1) | 8.68 | 8.75 | 8.70 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, g·kg -1) | 116.0 | 116.0 | 116.0 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fibre (NDF, g·kg -1) | 415.8 | 380.4 | 356.5 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fibre (ADF, g·kg -1) | 267.5 | 253.7 | 243.9 |
| 钙 Ca (g·kg -1) | 10.0 | 14.0 | 17.2 |
| 磷 P (g·kg -1) | 6.4 | 9.0 | 11.0 |
| 钙磷比 Ca∶P | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.56 |
表1 试验日粮组成及营养水平
Table 1 Experimental diet composition and nutrition level
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment (干物质基础 Dry matter basis) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |
| 日粮组成Diet composition | |||
| 玉米Corn (g·kg -1) | 258.6 | 244.8 | 194.8 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran (g·kg -1) | 44.0 | 128.9 | 251.9 |
| 青贮饲料桑Mulberry silage (g·kg -1) | 0.0 | 268.0 | 500.0 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (g·kg -1) | 147.0 | 73.5 | 0.0 |
| 稻草Straw (g·kg -1) | 500.0 | 232.0 | 0.0 |
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 (g·kg -1) | 7.0 | 3.5 | 1.3 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO3 (g·kg -1) | 18.5 | 24.2 | 26.9 |
| 食盐NaCl (g·kg -1) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| 1)预混料Permix (g·kg -1) | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| 总计 Total (g·kg -1) | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 |
| 营养水平Nutritional levels | |||
| 2)代谢能 Metabolizable energy (ME, MJ·kg -1) | 8.68 | 8.75 | 8.70 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, g·kg -1) | 116.0 | 116.0 | 116.0 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fibre (NDF, g·kg -1) | 415.8 | 380.4 | 356.5 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fibre (ADF, g·kg -1) | 267.5 | 253.7 | 243.9 |
| 钙 Ca (g·kg -1) | 10.0 | 14.0 | 17.2 |
| 磷 P (g·kg -1) | 6.4 | 9.0 | 11.0 |
| 钙磷比 Ca∶P | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.56 |
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |||
| 初始重 Initial body weight (IBW, kg) | 18.3 | 18.0 | 18.5 | 0.43 | 0.643 |
| 终末重 Final body weight (FBW, kg) | 21.2b | 22.4ab | 22.5a | 0.28 | 0.002 |
| 平均日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | 45.8b | 65.3a | 67.7a | 4.36 | 0.002 |
| 干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, g·d-1) | 607.0c | 788.0b | 893.0a | 137.41 | 0.002 |
| 料重比 Feed/gain (F/G) | 15.7a | 12.5b | 14.3a | 0.80 | 0.040 |
表2 青贮饲料桑替代不同比例豆粕对湘东黑山羊生长性能的影响
Table 2 Effects of silage mulberry replacing soybean meal with different proportions on growth performance of Xiangdong black goats
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |||
| 初始重 Initial body weight (IBW, kg) | 18.3 | 18.0 | 18.5 | 0.43 | 0.643 |
| 终末重 Final body weight (FBW, kg) | 21.2b | 22.4ab | 22.5a | 0.28 | 0.002 |
| 平均日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, g·d-1) | 45.8b | 65.3a | 67.7a | 4.36 | 0.002 |
| 干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, g·d-1) | 607.0c | 788.0b | 893.0a | 137.41 | 0.002 |
| 料重比 Feed/gain (F/G) | 15.7a | 12.5b | 14.3a | 0.80 | 0.040 |
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |||
| 葡萄糖 Glucose (GLU, mmol·L-1) | 3.71 | 3.89 | 4.31 | 0.186 | 0.081 |
| 胆固醇 Cholesterol (CHOL, mmol·L-1) | 2.35 | 2.34 | 2.12 | 0.121 | 0.297 |
| 甘油三酯 Triacylglycerol (TG, mmol·L-1) | 0.527 | 0.502 | 0.593 | 0.043 | 0.307 |
| 低密度脂蛋白 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, μmol·L-1) | 0.827a | 0.825a | 0.552b | 0.060 | 0.002 |
| 高密度脂蛋白 High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, μmol·L-1) | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.51 | 0.082 | 0.919 |
| 脂肪酶 Lipase (LIP, U·L-1) | 16.0 | 14.6 | 16.4 | 0.843 | 0.280 |
| 总蛋白 Total protein (TP, g·L-1) | 89.6 | 90.8 | 91.1 | 3.052 | 0.936 |
| 白蛋白 Albumin (ALB, g·L-1) | 38.6b | 41.8ab | 44.1a | 1.261 | 0.012 |
| 血尿素氮 Blood urine nitrogen (BUN, mmol·L-1) | 7.42 | 7.42 | 8.00 | 0.225 | 0.488 |
| 血氨 Blood ammonia (BA, μmol·L-1) | 144.0a | 116.0b | 104.0b | 4.813 | 0.007 |
| 胆碱酯酶 Cholinesterase (CHE, U·L-1) | 186.0b | 200.0ab | 217.0a | 4.335 | 0.017 |
| 谷草转氨酶Aspartate transaminase (AST, U·L-1) | 96.4 | 118.3 | 108.1 | 10.715 | 0.362 |
| 谷丙转氨酶Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, U·L-1) | 28.5 | 28.5 | 28.7 | 1.320 | 0.992 |
表3 青贮饲料桑替代不同比例豆粕对湘东黑山羊血清生化指标的影响
Table 3 Effects of silage mulberry replacing soybean meal with different proportions on serum biochemical indexes of Xiangdong black goats
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |||
| 葡萄糖 Glucose (GLU, mmol·L-1) | 3.71 | 3.89 | 4.31 | 0.186 | 0.081 |
| 胆固醇 Cholesterol (CHOL, mmol·L-1) | 2.35 | 2.34 | 2.12 | 0.121 | 0.297 |
| 甘油三酯 Triacylglycerol (TG, mmol·L-1) | 0.527 | 0.502 | 0.593 | 0.043 | 0.307 |
| 低密度脂蛋白 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, μmol·L-1) | 0.827a | 0.825a | 0.552b | 0.060 | 0.002 |
| 高密度脂蛋白 High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, μmol·L-1) | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.51 | 0.082 | 0.919 |
| 脂肪酶 Lipase (LIP, U·L-1) | 16.0 | 14.6 | 16.4 | 0.843 | 0.280 |
| 总蛋白 Total protein (TP, g·L-1) | 89.6 | 90.8 | 91.1 | 3.052 | 0.936 |
| 白蛋白 Albumin (ALB, g·L-1) | 38.6b | 41.8ab | 44.1a | 1.261 | 0.012 |
| 血尿素氮 Blood urine nitrogen (BUN, mmol·L-1) | 7.42 | 7.42 | 8.00 | 0.225 | 0.488 |
| 血氨 Blood ammonia (BA, μmol·L-1) | 144.0a | 116.0b | 104.0b | 4.813 | 0.007 |
| 胆碱酯酶 Cholinesterase (CHE, U·L-1) | 186.0b | 200.0ab | 217.0a | 4.335 | 0.017 |
| 谷草转氨酶Aspartate transaminase (AST, U·L-1) | 96.4 | 118.3 | 108.1 | 10.715 | 0.362 |
| 谷丙转氨酶Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, U·L-1) | 28.5 | 28.5 | 28.7 | 1.320 | 0.992 |
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |||
| 总抗氧化能力 Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, μmol·mL-1) | 17.54b | 28.03a | 28.05a | 1.08 | <0.01 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 Superoxide dismutase (SOD, U·mL-1) | 28.00 | 41.18 | 35.46 | 2.31 | 0.07 |
| 丙二醛Malondialdehyde (MDA, nmol·mL-1) | 1.22b | 1.94ab | 2.56a | 0.22 | 0.03 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, μg·mL-1) | 150.43 | 134.59 | 148.62 | 3.77 | 1.86 |
表4 青贮饲料桑替代不同比例豆粕对湘东黑山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响
Table 4 Effects of silage mulberry replacing soybean meal with different proportions on serum antioxidant indexes of Xiangdong black goats
项目 Items | 日粮处理 Diet treatment | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | S1 | S2 | |||
| 总抗氧化能力 Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, μmol·mL-1) | 17.54b | 28.03a | 28.05a | 1.08 | <0.01 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 Superoxide dismutase (SOD, U·mL-1) | 28.00 | 41.18 | 35.46 | 2.31 | 0.07 |
| 丙二醛Malondialdehyde (MDA, nmol·mL-1) | 1.22b | 1.94ab | 2.56a | 0.22 | 0.03 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, μg·mL-1) | 150.43 | 134.59 | 148.62 | 3.77 | 1.86 |
日粮处理 Diet treatment | 采集时间 Acquisition time | pH | 总挥发性脂肪酸 Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA, mmol·L-1) | 挥发性脂肪酸摩尔百分比 Molar percentage of volatile fatty acids (%) | 乙丙比 Acetate acid∶propionate acid (A∶P) | 氨态氮 NH3-N (mmol·L-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
乙酸 Acetate acid | 丙酸 Propionate acid | 异丁酸 Isobutyrate acid | 丁酸 Butyrate acid | 异戊酸 Isovalerate acid | 戊酸 Valerate acid | ||||||
| CK | 0H | 7.58 | 34.0 | 66.4 | 16.1 | 2.28 | 11.4 | 2.94 | 0.89 | 4.18 | 9.59 |
| 3H | 6.88 | 56.5 | 65.5 | 17.7 | 1.23 | 12.8 | 1.61 | 1.18 | 3.72 | 10.72 | |
| S1 | 0H | 7.53 | 32.9 | 66.7 | 15.7 | 2.18 | 12.8 | 2.62 | 0.99 | 4.31 | 8.63 |
| 3H | 7.06 | 60.7 | 61.8 | 21.6 | 1.25 | 12.8 | 1.37 | 1.46 | 2.93 | 9.94 | |
| S2 | 0H | 7.63 | 32.9 | 68.2 | 13.8 | 1.93 | 12.9 | 2.18 | 0.92 | 5.00 | 5.94 |
| 3H | 6.88 | 63.2 | 56.9 | 26.3 | 0.92 | 12.9 | 1.37 | 1.63 | 2.19 | 12.01 | |
| 分析Analyse | 标准误 SEM | 0.038 | 2.000 | 0.492 | 0.543 | 0.068 | 0.221 | 0.081 | 0.040 | 0.114 | 0.325 |
| 主效应 Main effects | |||||||||||
| 日粮处理 Diet treatment | |||||||||||
| CK | 7.23 | 45.1 | 65.8A | 17.0B | 1.76A | 12.2 | 2.28A | 1.03B | 3.92 | 10.16 | |
| S1 | 7.30 | 46.8 | 64.2B | 18.2B | 1.78A | 12.6 | 2.04B | 1.20A | 3.71 | 9.22 | |
| S2 | 7.25 | 50.0 | 62.3C | 20.3A | 1.40B | 13.0 | 1.76C | 1.29A | 3.61 | 8.95 | |
| 采集时间 Acquisition time | |||||||||||
| 0H | 7.58A | 33.0B | 67. 0A | 15.1B | 2.17A | 12.25 | 2.62A | 0.90B | 4.53A | 8.04B | |
| 3H | 6.94B | 61.5A | 61.3B | 21.8A | 1.14B | 12.86 | 1.45B | 1.43A | 2.97B | 10.86A | |
P值 P-value | 日粮处理Diet treatment | 0.205 | 0.269 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 0.349 | <0.010 | 0.010 | 0.085 | 0.236 |
| 采集时间Acquisition time | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 0.183 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | |
| 日粮处理×采集时间Diet treatment×acquisition time | <0.010 | 0.155 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 0.877 | 0.458 | 0.007 | 0.017 | <0.010 | <0.010 | |
表5 不同青贮饲料桑替代比例的湘东黑山羊瘤胃发酵指标
Table 5 Rumen fermentation indexes of Xiangdong black goats with different silage mulberry replacement ratios
日粮处理 Diet treatment | 采集时间 Acquisition time | pH | 总挥发性脂肪酸 Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA, mmol·L-1) | 挥发性脂肪酸摩尔百分比 Molar percentage of volatile fatty acids (%) | 乙丙比 Acetate acid∶propionate acid (A∶P) | 氨态氮 NH3-N (mmol·L-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
乙酸 Acetate acid | 丙酸 Propionate acid | 异丁酸 Isobutyrate acid | 丁酸 Butyrate acid | 异戊酸 Isovalerate acid | 戊酸 Valerate acid | ||||||
| CK | 0H | 7.58 | 34.0 | 66.4 | 16.1 | 2.28 | 11.4 | 2.94 | 0.89 | 4.18 | 9.59 |
| 3H | 6.88 | 56.5 | 65.5 | 17.7 | 1.23 | 12.8 | 1.61 | 1.18 | 3.72 | 10.72 | |
| S1 | 0H | 7.53 | 32.9 | 66.7 | 15.7 | 2.18 | 12.8 | 2.62 | 0.99 | 4.31 | 8.63 |
| 3H | 7.06 | 60.7 | 61.8 | 21.6 | 1.25 | 12.8 | 1.37 | 1.46 | 2.93 | 9.94 | |
| S2 | 0H | 7.63 | 32.9 | 68.2 | 13.8 | 1.93 | 12.9 | 2.18 | 0.92 | 5.00 | 5.94 |
| 3H | 6.88 | 63.2 | 56.9 | 26.3 | 0.92 | 12.9 | 1.37 | 1.63 | 2.19 | 12.01 | |
| 分析Analyse | 标准误 SEM | 0.038 | 2.000 | 0.492 | 0.543 | 0.068 | 0.221 | 0.081 | 0.040 | 0.114 | 0.325 |
| 主效应 Main effects | |||||||||||
| 日粮处理 Diet treatment | |||||||||||
| CK | 7.23 | 45.1 | 65.8A | 17.0B | 1.76A | 12.2 | 2.28A | 1.03B | 3.92 | 10.16 | |
| S1 | 7.30 | 46.8 | 64.2B | 18.2B | 1.78A | 12.6 | 2.04B | 1.20A | 3.71 | 9.22 | |
| S2 | 7.25 | 50.0 | 62.3C | 20.3A | 1.40B | 13.0 | 1.76C | 1.29A | 3.61 | 8.95 | |
| 采集时间 Acquisition time | |||||||||||
| 0H | 7.58A | 33.0B | 67. 0A | 15.1B | 2.17A | 12.25 | 2.62A | 0.90B | 4.53A | 8.04B | |
| 3H | 6.94B | 61.5A | 61.3B | 21.8A | 1.14B | 12.86 | 1.45B | 1.43A | 2.97B | 10.86A | |
P值 P-value | 日粮处理Diet treatment | 0.205 | 0.269 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 0.349 | <0.010 | 0.010 | 0.085 | 0.236 |
| 采集时间Acquisition time | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 0.183 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | |
| 日粮处理×采集时间Diet treatment×acquisition time | <0.010 | 0.155 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 0.877 | 0.458 | 0.007 | 0.017 | <0.010 | <0.010 | |
图2 瘤胃细菌菌群的主坐标分析(PCoA)和非度量多维排列(NMDS)分析
Fig.2 Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of rumen bacterial flora
图4 门水平细菌组成及关键物种相对丰度差异图为丰度前10的物种,展示每组的平均相对丰度;***表示P≤0.001;**表示0.001<P≤0.01;*表示0.01<P≤0.05。下同。The figure shows the top ten species in abundance, showing the average relative abundance of each group; *** mean P≤0.001;** mean 0.001<P≤0.01;* mean 0.01<P≤0.05. The same below.
Fig.4 Phylum level bacterial composition and key species relative abundance difference
图6 瘤胃细菌KEGG功能注释A:KEGG通路1级;B:KEGG通路2级;C:KEGG通路3级。 A: KEGG pathway level 1; B: KEGG pathway level 2; C: KEGG pathway level 3.
Fig.6 KEGG function annotation of rumen bacteria
图7 瘤胃细菌与瘤胃发酵指标之间的相关性图中*表示具有显著相关性,其中**表示0.001<P≤0.01;*表示0.01<P≤0.05。In the figure, * represents a significant correlation, ** mean 0.001<P≤0.01;* mean 0.01<P≤0.05.
Fig.7 Correlation between rumen bacteria and rumen fermentation indexes
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