降水变化对荒漠草原土壤有机碳分布与有机碳库稳定性的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025230

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究降水对荒漠草原生态系统土壤有机碳（SOC）动态的调控机制，对于深入理解脆弱干旱环境下的碳循环过程和稳定机制具有重要意义。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原为研究对象，采用遮雨棚技术模拟5个降水梯度，分别为正常降水的33%、66%、100%、133%和166%（记为P₃₃、P₆₆、P_CK、P₁₃₃、P₁₆₆），探讨荒漠草原土壤有机碳（SOC）分布格局及碳（C）库稳定性在不同降水变化模式下的演变动态，揭示降水变化对土壤C库稳定性的影响机制。结果表明：1）各降水处理下，SOC、土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）及土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）含量均随土层深度增加而递减，表层（0~10 cm）含量最高；同一土层中，增水处理显著提高了SOC、土壤易氧化有机碳（EOC）及MBC含量，而DOC含量在减水处理下显著升高；2）土壤有机C库稳定性指标显示，增水处理显著提升了碳库活度（CA）、碳库管理指数（CPMI），其中P₁₃₃处理的CPMI达192.49%，表明适度增水可增强C库稳定性；3）Pearson相关性分析和结构方程表明，降水通过影响土壤水分与土壤酶活性对活性SOC组分产生影响，进而影响CPMI，其中DOC对CPMI的影响为主要通路。因此，增水处理可有效提高荒漠草原活性SOC组分及CPMI，活性SOC对于降水变化极为敏感，可作为表征降水变化对荒漠草原土壤C库稳定性影响的重要参数。

关键词: 荒漠草原, 降水变化, 土壤有机碳组分, 碳库稳定性

Abstract:

The aims of this work were to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of soil organic carbon （SOC） dynamics in a desert steppe ecosystem， and to determine how they are affected by changes in precipitation. This is critical for advancing our understanding of carbon （C） cycling processes and stabilization mechanisms in vulnerable arid environments. A field experiment was conducted in the desert steppe in Yanchi County， Ningxia. A gradient of five precipitation levels was simulated by rain shelter technology； namely 33%， 66%， 100%， 133%， and 166% of normal rainfall （designated as P₃₃， P₆₆， P_CK， P₁₃₃， and P₁₆₆， respectively）. The distribution pattern of SOC and the stability of the C pool under different precipitation changes in the desert steppe were analyzed， and the mechanisms by which changes in precipitation affected the stability of the soil C pool were explored. The results showed that： 1） Under all precipitation treatments， the contents of SOC， soil dissolved organic C （DOC）， and soil microbial biomass C （MBC） decreased with increasing soil depth， and all these parameters had the highest values in the surface layer （0-10 cm）. In the same soil layer， water addition significantly increased SOC， the easily oxidized soil organic C （EOC） content， and MBC content， while the DOC content increased significantly under reduced precipitation treatments. 2） The stability index of the soil C pool showed that increased precipitation treatments significantly increased the carbon pool activity （CA） and carbon pool management index （CPMI）. The CPMI of the P₁₃₃ treatment reached 192.49%， indicating that a moderate increase in precipitation could enhance the stability of the C pool. 3） Pearson’s correlation analysis and structural equation modeling （SEM） showed that precipitation affected the active SOC components through soil moisture and soil enzyme activity， which in turn affected CPMI； the effect of DOC on CPMI was the main pathway. Therefore， increased precipitation can effectively enhance the active SOC components and CPMI of soil in the desert steppe. Notably， active SOC was highly sensitive to variations in precipitation， so it can serve as an indicator of the effect of changes in precipitation on the stability of the soil C pool in the desert steppe.

Key words: desert steppe, precipitation change, soil organic carbon components, carbon pool stability

连佳丽, 陈婧, 杨雪琴, 赵莹, 罗叙, 韩翠, 李建平. 降水变化对荒漠草原土壤有机碳分布与有机碳库稳定性的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(5): 85-98.

Jia-li LIAN, Jing CHEN, Xue-qing YANG, Ying ZHAO, Xu LUO, Cui HAN, Jian-ping LI. Effects of precipitation changes on the soil organic carbon distribution and stability of organic carbon pool in desert steppe[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(5): 85-98.

图/表 8

图1 研究区概况a：荒漠草原野外试验区位置、设计和降水调控装置Location， design and precipitation control device of desert grassland field test area；该地图基于宁夏回族自治区标准地图服务网站宁S（2022）第001号标准地图制作，底图边界无修改。This map was made based on the standard map of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region’s Standard Map Service Website ［宁S（2022）第001号］， and the boundaries didn’t modified. b： 1981-2023年宁夏盐池县降水量和气温变化Precipitation and air temperature changes in Yanchi County of Ningxia from 1981 to 2023； c：荒漠草原40 a间（1981-2023年）降水概率密度函数和2020-2023年模拟降水处理的统计变化The probability density function of precipitation in desert steppe for 40 years （1981-2023） and the statistical changes of simulated precipitation treatment from 2020 to 2023.

Fig.1 Profile of the study area

图2 降水变化下土壤温度与土壤水分的时间变化

Fig.2 Temporal variations of soil temperature and soil moisture under the change of precipitation

表1 研究区降水处理6 a（2018-2023）后的土壤理化性质

Table 1 Soil physical and chemical properties after 6 years of precipitation treatment （2018-2023） in the study area （g·kg-1）

处理 Treatment	土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon	土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen	土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus
P₃₃	1.64±0.47b	0.16±0.05b	0.21±0.04a
P₆₆	1.87±0.61b	0.20±0.06b	0.22±0.03a
P_CK	2.51±1.02ab	0.26±0.13ab	0.24±0.04a
P₁₃₃	2.14±0.63b	0.20±0.07b	0.23±0.02a
P₁₆₆	3.08±1.36a	0.33±0.18a	0.25±0.05a

图3 降水变化下各土层有机碳及其组分含量不同大写字母表示同一土层不同处理间差异显著（P<0.05）；不同小写字母表示同一处理不同土层间差异显著（P<0.05）。下同。Different capital letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level among different treatments of the same soil layer； different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level among different soil layers of the same treatment. The same below.

Fig.3 The content of organic carbon and its components in each soil layer under the change of precipitation

表2 降水变化下的土壤碳库管理指数

Table 2 Soil carbon pool management index under the change of precipitation

处理 Treatment	土壤碳库活度 Carbon pool activity （CA）	碳库活度指数 Carbon pool activity index （CAI）	碳库指数 Carbon pool index （CPI）	碳库管理指数 Carbon pool management index （CPMI， %）
P₃₃	0.30±0.06b	0.66±0.32c	0.72±0.25b	49.90±35.37b
P₆₆	0.32±0.14b	0.62±0.21c	0.83±0.31ab	53.84±34.55b
P_CK	0.54±0.24b	1.00±0.00bc	1.00±0.00ab	100.00±0.00b
P₁₃₃	2.19±2.05a	2.88±2.32a	0.88±0.33ab	192.49±96.53a
P₁₆₆	0.93±0.58b	2.05±1.99ab	1.36±0.74a	190.07±157.09a

图4 降水变化下各土层的土壤酶活性变化BG： β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶β-1，4-glucosidase； CBH：纤维二糖水解酶Cellobiose hydrolase； NAG： β-1，4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶β-1，4-N-acetylglucosaminidase； AKP：碱性磷酸酶Alkaline phosphatase. 下同The same below.

Fig.4 Changes in soil enzyme activity with each soil layer under the change of precipitation change

图5 土壤理化性质、酶及有机碳组分与土壤碳库稳定性的相关性分析CA：碳库活度Carbon pool activity； CAI：碳库活度指数Carbon pool activity index； CPMI：碳库管理指数Carbon pool management index； SOC：土壤有机碳Soil organic carbon； EOC：易氧化有机碳Easily oxidized organic carbon； DOC：可溶性有机碳Dissolved organic carbon； MBC：微生物生物量碳Microbial biomass carbon； M：土壤水分Soil moisture； T：土壤温度Soil temperature； TP：全磷Total phosphorus； TN：全氮Total nitrogen. *： P<0.05； **： P<0.01。下同The same below.

Fig.5 Correlation analysis between soil physical and chemical properties， soil enzymes， soil organic carbon components and soil carbon pool stability

图6 降水变化对土壤碳库管理指数影响的结构方程模型和标准化总效应Precipitation：降水量变化Precipitation change； Enzyme： 4种土壤酶活性Activity of four kinds soil enzymes （BG， CBH， NAG， AKP）； CPMI：碳库管理指数Carbon pool management index； GOF：模型拟合度Goodness-of-fit. 图中单箭头表示假设的因果关系方向，实线和虚线分别代表正向和负向路径，线的粗细反映效应程度。The single arrows in the figure represent the hypothesized direction of causality. The solid and dotted lines represent positive and negative pathways， respectively. The thickness of the line reflects the extent of the effect. ***： P<0.001.

Fig.6 The structural equation model analysis （SEM） and standardized total effect for the effects of precipitation change on the carbon pool management index

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