草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 117-134.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025302
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
收稿日期:2025-07-17
修回日期:2025-09-22
出版日期:2026-07-20
发布日期:2026-05-21
通讯作者:
张金青
作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: 18893816768@163.com基金资助:
Fen-qi CHEN1,2(
), Jin-qing ZHANG1(
), Yi-jian YU1, Zhen-yu LI1
Received:2025-07-17
Revised:2025-09-22
Online:2026-07-20
Published:2026-05-21
Contact:
Jin-qing ZHANG
摘要:
AP2亚家族转录因子属于AP2/ERF超家族,参与调节植物生长发育的各种生物学过程。然而,对紫花苜蓿AP2亚家族及BBM的研究未见报道。本研究基于紫花苜蓿全基因组数据,采用HMMER鉴定了10个AP2基因,其中仅有一个BBM基因,对10个AP2成员进行生信和表达分析。结果发现,AP2成员均属于不稳定、亲水的非分泌蛋白,理化性质多样,二、三级结构特异;基序分析显示,AP2基因具有保守性,含有特定的结构域,如仅BBM含有bbm-1结构域,同时含有生长发育、植物激素响应及生物和非生物胁迫响应的顺式调控元件,表明MsAP2成员具有调控植物生长发育和应对逆境胁迫的作用;表达模式分析表明,MsAP2在不同器官的表达具有多样性和特异性,具有调节紫花苜蓿生长发育的潜在功能。进一步克隆MsBBM基因,明确其编码蛋白定位于细胞核。研究结果为后续探究AP2亚家族基因在紫花苜蓿生长发育中的作用提供了参考依据,也为揭示MsBBM基因的功能提供了研究基础。
陈奋奇, 张金青, 禹一箭, 李振宇. 紫花苜蓿AP2亚家族基因鉴定、生信分析及MsBBM基因克隆[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(7): 117-134.
Fen-qi CHEN, Jin-qing ZHANG, Yi-jian YU, Zhen-yu LI. Identification, bioinformatics analysis of AP2 subfamily genes and MsBBM gene cloning in alfalfa[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(7): 117-134.
引物名称 Primer name | 基因ID Gene ID | 正向引物 Forward primer (5′-3′) | 反向引物 Reverse primer (5′-3′) | 试验类别 Experiment category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MsBBM | MsG0780039855.01 | ATGAACAACAACAACCAACAAGC | TTCATGCAACAAAGTGAAAGGAG | 基因克隆Gene cloning |
| P-MsBBM | MsG0780039855.01 | AGAAGACGTTCCAACCACGT | CGGTAAGGATCTGAGCTACACA | 阳性克隆鉴定Positive clone identification |
| pCEGFP-BBM | MsG0780039855.01 | ATGAACAACAACAACCAACAAGC | TTCATGCAACAAAGTGAAAGGAGG | 亚细胞定位Subcellular localization |
| qMsBBM | MsG0780039855.01 | GGCAGCGGAGGCATATGA | CGTTTTGCAGCACCACCA | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-1 | MsG0280011046.01 | TGGTGAACATGCAGCGGA | AAGCATCTGCACCCGACC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-2 | MsG0380017239.01 | GTGGAGCTGGTGGTGGTT | CCAGGGCTCATTGAAAGGC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-3 | MsG0480021078.01 | CAGAGGACTCAACGCCGT | TGCAGCTCCTCCTCCGAT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-4 | MsG0680030730.01 | TGCAAGGCACCACCACAA | GCACGAGCAGCTTCCTCT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-5 | MsG0880042725.01 | TTCTCAGCCGCCTCCTCT | TGCTTGGTGAACCGTGCT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-6 | MsG0880043914.01 | CGTGGGGTTGCTAGGCAT | TGCCATTGCTGCCTCCTC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-7 | MsG0880043916.01 | AACATCCCTTGGCCGTGG | AGCTAACAGTGCCGGCTG | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-8 | MsG0880046012.01 | TGGAAGATGGCAAGCTCGA | GGCTTCAGCTGCTTCCTCT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-9 | MsG0880047564.01 | GCATCACACTCGCTCGGA | CTCCGCATGCAAGCAACC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| Actin | MsG0780037052.01 | CAAAAGATGGCAGATGCTGAGGAT | CATGACACCAGTATGACGAGGTCG | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
表1 MsBBM基因克隆、亚细胞定位及MsAP2家族成员的qRT-PCR引物
Table 1 MsBBM gene cloning, subcellular localization and qRT-PCR primers for MsAP2 family members
引物名称 Primer name | 基因ID Gene ID | 正向引物 Forward primer (5′-3′) | 反向引物 Reverse primer (5′-3′) | 试验类别 Experiment category |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MsBBM | MsG0780039855.01 | ATGAACAACAACAACCAACAAGC | TTCATGCAACAAAGTGAAAGGAG | 基因克隆Gene cloning |
| P-MsBBM | MsG0780039855.01 | AGAAGACGTTCCAACCACGT | CGGTAAGGATCTGAGCTACACA | 阳性克隆鉴定Positive clone identification |
| pCEGFP-BBM | MsG0780039855.01 | ATGAACAACAACAACCAACAAGC | TTCATGCAACAAAGTGAAAGGAGG | 亚细胞定位Subcellular localization |
| qMsBBM | MsG0780039855.01 | GGCAGCGGAGGCATATGA | CGTTTTGCAGCACCACCA | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-1 | MsG0280011046.01 | TGGTGAACATGCAGCGGA | AAGCATCTGCACCCGACC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-2 | MsG0380017239.01 | GTGGAGCTGGTGGTGGTT | CCAGGGCTCATTGAAAGGC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-3 | MsG0480021078.01 | CAGAGGACTCAACGCCGT | TGCAGCTCCTCCTCCGAT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-4 | MsG0680030730.01 | TGCAAGGCACCACCACAA | GCACGAGCAGCTTCCTCT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-5 | MsG0880042725.01 | TTCTCAGCCGCCTCCTCT | TGCTTGGTGAACCGTGCT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-6 | MsG0880043914.01 | CGTGGGGTTGCTAGGCAT | TGCCATTGCTGCCTCCTC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-7 | MsG0880043916.01 | AACATCCCTTGGCCGTGG | AGCTAACAGTGCCGGCTG | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-8 | MsG0880046012.01 | TGGAAGATGGCAAGCTCGA | GGCTTCAGCTGCTTCCTCT | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| qMsAP2-9 | MsG0880047564.01 | GCATCACACTCGCTCGGA | CTCCGCATGCAAGCAACC | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
| Actin | MsG0780037052.01 | CAAAAGATGGCAGATGCTGAGGAT | CATGACACCAGTATGACGAGGTCG | 定量实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR |
图2 蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿中MsAP2/ERF蛋白的系统发育分析蓝色五角星代表蒺藜苜蓿的AP2/ERF蛋白The blue five-pointed star represents the AP2/ERF protein of M. truncatula; 红色三角代表本研究鉴定的紫花苜蓿MsAP2/ERF蛋白The red triangle represents the MsAP2/ERF protein of alfalfa identified in this study.
Fig.2 Phylogenetic analysis of MsAP2/ERF protein in M. truncatula and M. sativa
图3 紫花苜蓿AP2基因的系统进化树(A)、基因保守基序(B)、基序所对应的蛋白序列(C)及蛋白质结构域(D)分析
Fig.3 Phylogenetic tree (A), conserved motif analysis (B), protein sequences corresponding to motifs (C), and protein domain analysis (D) of AP2 genes in alfalfa
图4 拟南芥、蒺藜苜蓿、大豆和紫花苜蓿BBM蛋白序列比对AtBBM: 拟南芥BBM蛋白BBM proteins in A. thaliana; MtBBM: 蒺藜苜蓿BBM蛋白BBM proteins in M. truncatula; GmBBM: 大豆BBM蛋白BBM proteins in G. max; MsBBM: 紫花苜蓿BBM蛋白BBM proteins in M. sativa. 红色线段代表BBM蛋白的保守域The red line represents the conserved domain of BBM protein; 蓝色线段代表BBM蛋白的2个AP2结构域The blue line represents the two AP2 domains of BBM protein.
Fig.4 Sequence alignment of BBM proteins in A. thaliana, M. truncatula, G. max and M. sativa
基因名 Gene name | 氨基酸数目 Number of amino acid | 分子量 Molecular weight (Da) | 理论等电点 Theoretical isoelectric point | 不稳定性指数 Instability index | 脂肪指数 Aliphatic index | 疏水性系数 Grand average of hydropathicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MsBBM | 590 | 65160.04 | 6.43 | 42.72 | 56.75 | -0.840 |
| MsAP2-1 | 517 | 57501.91 | 5.60 | 44.77 | 60.06 | -0.759 |
| MsAP2-2 | 664 | 73121.27 | 6.65 | 51.20 | 56.14 | -0.747 |
| MsAP2-3 | 526 | 58996.41 | 5.66 | 43.41 | 52.32 | -0.881 |
| MsAP2-4 | 370 | 42048.77 | 8.69 | 51.89 | 57.03 | -0.858 |
| MsAP2-5 | 579 | 64194.62 | 6.58 | 45.54 | 57.60 | -0.780 |
| MsAP2-6 | 388 | 44099.97 | 5.63 | 58.60 | 61.62 | -0.889 |
| MsAP2-7 | 892 | 99767.58 | 5.37 | 53.23 | 69.54 | -0.641 |
| MsAP2-8 | 655 | 73416.14 | 6.54 | 56.94 | 59.15 | -0.770 |
| MsAP2-9 | 610 | 68181.84 | 7.14 | 42.76 | 79.61 | -0.312 |
表2 MsAP2蛋白的理化性质分析
Table 2 Physicochemical properties analysis of MsAP2 proteins
基因名 Gene name | 氨基酸数目 Number of amino acid | 分子量 Molecular weight (Da) | 理论等电点 Theoretical isoelectric point | 不稳定性指数 Instability index | 脂肪指数 Aliphatic index | 疏水性系数 Grand average of hydropathicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MsBBM | 590 | 65160.04 | 6.43 | 42.72 | 56.75 | -0.840 |
| MsAP2-1 | 517 | 57501.91 | 5.60 | 44.77 | 60.06 | -0.759 |
| MsAP2-2 | 664 | 73121.27 | 6.65 | 51.20 | 56.14 | -0.747 |
| MsAP2-3 | 526 | 58996.41 | 5.66 | 43.41 | 52.32 | -0.881 |
| MsAP2-4 | 370 | 42048.77 | 8.69 | 51.89 | 57.03 | -0.858 |
| MsAP2-5 | 579 | 64194.62 | 6.58 | 45.54 | 57.60 | -0.780 |
| MsAP2-6 | 388 | 44099.97 | 5.63 | 58.60 | 61.62 | -0.889 |
| MsAP2-7 | 892 | 99767.58 | 5.37 | 53.23 | 69.54 | -0.641 |
| MsAP2-8 | 655 | 73416.14 | 6.54 | 56.94 | 59.15 | -0.770 |
| MsAP2-9 | 610 | 68181.84 | 7.14 | 42.76 | 79.61 | -0.312 |
基因名 Gene name | 亚细胞定位 Subcellular localization | 蛋白磷酸化位点Protein phosphorylation sites | 二级结构Secondary structure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
丝氨酸 Serine | 苏氨酸 Threonine | 酪氨酸 Tyrosine | α螺旋 Alpha helix (%) | 延伸链 Extended strand (%) | 无规则卷曲 Random coil (%) | ||
| MsBBM | 细胞核Nucleus | 39 | 23 | 11 | 15.93 | 4.92 | 79.15 |
| MsAP2-1 | 细胞核Nucleus | 28 | 17 | 13 | 14.89 | 3.68 | 81.43 |
| MsAP2-2 | 细胞核Nucleus | 66 | 24 | 10 | 14.16 | 5.42 | 80.42 |
| MsAP2-3 | 细胞核Nucleus | 40 | 16 | 11 | 15.78 | 5.13 | 79.09 |
| MsAP2-4 | 细胞核Nucleus | 28 | 18 | 8 | 29.73 | 5.59 | 64.32 |
| MsAP2-5 | 叶绿体Chloroplastic | 49 | 27 | 4 | 15.72 | 8.29 | 75.99 |
| MsAP2-6 | 细胞核Nucleus | 35 | 10 | 6 | 25.52 | 5.67 | 68.81 |
| MsAP2-7 | 细胞核Nucleus | 66 | 31 | 7 | 21.75 | 10.20 | 68.05 |
| MsAP2-8 | 细胞核Nucleus | 65 | 19 | 8 | 13.28 | 3.82 | 82.90 |
| MsAP2-9 | 叶绿体Chloroplastic | 45 | 21 | 9 | 30.66 | 11.64 | 57.70 |
表3 MsAP2蛋白的亚细胞定位、蛋白磷酸化位点及结构分析
Table 3 Subcellular localization, protein phosphorylation sites and structural analysis of MsAP2 protein
基因名 Gene name | 亚细胞定位 Subcellular localization | 蛋白磷酸化位点Protein phosphorylation sites | 二级结构Secondary structure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
丝氨酸 Serine | 苏氨酸 Threonine | 酪氨酸 Tyrosine | α螺旋 Alpha helix (%) | 延伸链 Extended strand (%) | 无规则卷曲 Random coil (%) | ||
| MsBBM | 细胞核Nucleus | 39 | 23 | 11 | 15.93 | 4.92 | 79.15 |
| MsAP2-1 | 细胞核Nucleus | 28 | 17 | 13 | 14.89 | 3.68 | 81.43 |
| MsAP2-2 | 细胞核Nucleus | 66 | 24 | 10 | 14.16 | 5.42 | 80.42 |
| MsAP2-3 | 细胞核Nucleus | 40 | 16 | 11 | 15.78 | 5.13 | 79.09 |
| MsAP2-4 | 细胞核Nucleus | 28 | 18 | 8 | 29.73 | 5.59 | 64.32 |
| MsAP2-5 | 叶绿体Chloroplastic | 49 | 27 | 4 | 15.72 | 8.29 | 75.99 |
| MsAP2-6 | 细胞核Nucleus | 35 | 10 | 6 | 25.52 | 5.67 | 68.81 |
| MsAP2-7 | 细胞核Nucleus | 66 | 31 | 7 | 21.75 | 10.20 | 68.05 |
| MsAP2-8 | 细胞核Nucleus | 65 | 19 | 8 | 13.28 | 3.82 | 82.90 |
| MsAP2-9 | 叶绿体Chloroplastic | 45 | 21 | 9 | 30.66 | 11.64 | 57.70 |
图6 MsAP2基因的染色体定位(A)及种内共线性分析(B)红色线条代表MsAP2基因中的片段重复基因The red lines represent fragment repeat genes in the MsAP2 gene.
Fig.6 Chromosomal localization (A) and intra-species collinearity analysis (B) of MsAP2 genes
基因对 Gene pairs | 重复类型 Duplication type | 非同义替换率 Nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) | 同义替换率Synonymous substitution rate (Ks) | Ka/Ks | 选择压力 Selection pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MsAP2-1, MsAP2-3 | 片段重复Segmental duplication | 0.23 | 0.71 | 0.32 | 纯化选择Purifying selection |
| MsAP2-2, MsAP2-8 | 片段重复Segmental duplication | 0.35 | 1.05 | 0.33 | 纯化选择Purifying selection |
表4 MsAP2基因对的非同义替换率和同义替换率
Table 4 Nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) and synonymous substitution rate (Ks) of MsAP2 gene pairs
基因对 Gene pairs | 重复类型 Duplication type | 非同义替换率 Nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) | 同义替换率Synonymous substitution rate (Ks) | Ka/Ks | 选择压力 Selection pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MsAP2-1, MsAP2-3 | 片段重复Segmental duplication | 0.23 | 0.71 | 0.32 | 纯化选择Purifying selection |
| MsAP2-2, MsAP2-8 | 片段重复Segmental duplication | 0.35 | 1.05 | 0.33 | 纯化选择Purifying selection |
图11 MsBBM基因的扩增(A)、鉴定(B)及其编码蛋白的亚细胞定位(C)(标尺=25 μm)
Fig.11 Amplification (A) and verification (B) of the MsBBM gene, and the subcellular localization of its encoded proteins (C) (bar=25 μm)
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