草业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (8): 171-185.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020293
• 综合评述 • 上一篇
收稿日期:
2020-06-24
修回日期:
2020-10-29
出版日期:
2021-07-09
发布日期:
2021-07-09
通讯作者:
林慧龙
作者简介:
Corresponding author. E-mail: linhuilong@lzu.edu.cn基金资助:
Hui-long LIN1(), Yan-fei PU1, Dan-ni WANG1,2, Hai-li MA1
Received:
2020-06-24
Revised:
2020-10-29
Online:
2021-07-09
Published:
2021-07-09
Contact:
Hui-long LIN
摘要:
草原指数保险是农业保险中的一种新型类别,它有比传统赔偿保险更加科学的触发机制,包括指数变量和触发水平。它选取与草原生产紧密相关的指标作为指数变量,通过研究不同尺度上草原生产中产量/气象/NDVI和经济指标数据的关联机制,精密计算出核定尺度下指数变量的触发水平,可极大化地缩小基差风险,从而通过触发机制来衡量投保人是否能够获得赔偿。本研究探索了11个国家18种运营中的草原指数保险的触发机制,发现它们按照指数选取的不同标准可以分为区域产量指数保险、天气指数保险和卫星遥感指数保险。区域产量指数保险以选定区域的平均产量为基础,当该区域的实际平均产量低于指定水平时,所有投保人获得相同额度的补偿;天气指数保险选择气温、降水等气候条件作为指数,衡量它们对草原生产的损害程度;卫星遥感指数保险创新性地结合卫星、遥感技术,NDVI是它最常用的指数。然而,作为世界草原大国,我国对草原指数保险的研究十分匮乏,在试点或运营的相关产品屈指可数,这不利于草原的可持续发展。考虑到我国气象站点覆盖密度低导致数据源缺失,且草原区域幅员辽阔,照搬别国的现有产品不现实。因此,针对中国的方案设计亟待提出。本研究提出以草原综合顺序分类法为框架,遥感数据源提供宏观数据,以无人机技术补充中观数据,通过农牧户入户调查得到微观数据,实现宏观、中观、微观数据源全覆盖,通过系统分析该类型中多年产量/气象/NDVI和经济数据之间的关系,明确该类型草原的触发机制。最终实现只要投保人的生产性收入状况偏离了正常年份的平均水平,就能获得赔偿。
林慧龙, 蒲彦妃, 王丹妮, 马海丽. 草原指数保险:评述与中国方案设计[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(8): 171-185.
Hui-long LIN, Yan-fei PU, Dan-ni WANG, Hai-li MA. Index insurances for grasslands: A review and the Chinese scheme design[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(8): 171-185.
国家/地区Country/Region | 保险名称 Insurance name | 指数变量 Index | 触发条件 Trigger level | 起用年份 Offered since |
---|---|---|---|---|
美国USA | 地区风险保护险 (曾用名:地区风险计划)。Area Risk Protection Insurance (former Group Risk Plan). | 县级地产量 County yield | 偏离长期平均水平Deviation from long-time average:70%,75%,80%,85%, 90%. | 2007 |
蒙古Mongolia | 基于指数的牲畜保险。 Index-based Livestock Insurance. | 县级牲畜死亡率 County livestock mortality | 某类牲畜区域死亡率>6%。Regional mortality of a certain livestock >6%. | 2006 (试点pilot), 2009 |
表1 运营中的草原区域产量指数保险典型案例一览
Table 1 Overview of typical operational area yield index insurances for grasslands
国家/地区Country/Region | 保险名称 Insurance name | 指数变量 Index | 触发条件 Trigger level | 起用年份 Offered since |
---|---|---|---|---|
美国USA | 地区风险保护险 (曾用名:地区风险计划)。Area Risk Protection Insurance (former Group Risk Plan). | 县级地产量 County yield | 偏离长期平均水平Deviation from long-time average:70%,75%,80%,85%, 90%. | 2007 |
蒙古Mongolia | 基于指数的牲畜保险。 Index-based Livestock Insurance. | 县级牲畜死亡率 County livestock mortality | 某类牲畜区域死亡率>6%。Regional mortality of a certain livestock >6%. | 2006 (试点pilot), 2009 |
国家/地区 Country/ Region | 保险名称 Insurance name | 指数变量 Index | 指数时间分辨率 Index temporal resolution | 指数空间分辨率 Index spatial resolution | 触发条件(对长期平均水平的偏离度)Trigger level (deviation from long-time average) | 起用年份 Offered since |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
奥地利Austria | 草地指数Dürreindex Grünland | 降水量Rainfall | 5个月或42 d。5 months or 42 days. | 市Municipality | ≤36%(5个月)或≤70%(42 d)。≤36% (5 months) or ≤70% (42 d). | 2015 |
德国Germany | 天气计划Wetterversicherung | 天气变量(与单独界定的产量相联系)。Weather variables correlating with yield individually defined. | 投保人定制。Individually defined. | 一个气象站点。 One weather station. | 75%,80%,85%或90%(可能存在个体差异)。75%, 80%, 85% or 90% (individual differences may exist). | 2014 |
瑞士Switzerland | 草原保险Gras-Pauschalversicherung KLIMA | 降水和国家特定的蒸发系数。Rainfall and Country-specific evaporation coefficient. | 6个月。6 months. | 1 km×1 km | <75% | 2016 |
加拿大安大略省 Ontario, Canada | 饲草降雨计划Forage Rainfall Plan | 降水量Rainfall | 单月、双月或3个月。Monthly, bimonthly or three-month. | 3个气象站点。Clients choose up to three weather stations. | <85%(单月), >5或7 mm(10 d)。 <85% (month) , >5 or 7 mm (10 d). | 2000 |
加拿大阿尔伯塔省 Alberta, Canada | 水分不足保险Moisture Deficiency Insurance | 降水量Rainfall | 月Monthly | 3个气象站点。Clients choose up to three weather stations. | <70%,or <80% | 2002 |
加拿大萨斯喀彻温省Saskatchewan, Canada | 饲草降雨保险项目Forage Rainfall Insurance Program (FRIP) | 降水量 Rainfall | 4个月。4 months. | 3个气象站点。Clients choose up to three weather stations. | <80% | 2001 |
美国USA | 牧场饲草降雨指数Rainfall Index Pasture, Rangeland, Forage (RI-PRF) | 降水量Rainfall | 双月Bimonthly | 0.25°×0.25° | 75%,80%,85%,90% | 2007 |
美国USA | 降雨指数年度饲草计划Rainfall Index Annual Forage Program (RIAFP) | 降水量Rainfall | 双月Bimonthly | 0.25°×0.25° | 75%,80%,85%,90% | 2014 |
中国内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟、呼伦贝尔市Xilin Gol League and Hulunbeier City, Inner Mongolia, China | 草原牧区牛羊天气指数保险Weather Index Insurance for Cattle and Sheep in Grassland Pastures | 因旱灾、雪灾导致增加的饲养成本。Increased feeding costs from drought or snow disaster. | 以参保地区牧草生长期为基准分别确定(旱灾);11月1日-次年4月30日(雪灾)。Based on the forage growth period of the region (for drought); 01, Nov.- 30, Apr. (the next year) (for snow disaster). | - | - | 2015-2018(试点pilot) |
中国内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China | 地方财政性肉羊补贴保险Local Financial Subsidy Insurance for Mutton Sheep | 因旱灾、雪灾导致增加的饲养成本; 因特大自然灾害导致的肉羊死亡率。Increased feeding costs from drought or snow disaster; mutton sheep mortality caused by significant natural disasters. | 5月1日-10月31日(旱灾);11月1日-次年4月30日(雪灾)。01, May-31, Oct. (for drought); 01, Nov.- 30, Apr. (the next year) (for snow disaster). | - | -;死亡率>60%。 -; mortality>60%. | 2019(试点pilot) |
中国内蒙古自治区苏尼特左旗Sunite Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, China | 天气指数保险Weather Index Insurance | 蒸降差;降雪量。Evaporation-rainfall difference; snowfall. | 4月1日-10月20日(旱灾);11月1日-次年4月30日(雪灾)。01, Apr. -20, Oct. (for drought); 01, Nov.-30, Apr. (the next year) (for snow disaster). | 10个测量点。10 measurement points. | - | 2017(试点pilot) |
中国青海省 Qinghai, China | 藏系羊牦牛降雪量气象指数保险Snowfall Weather Index Insurance for Tibetan Sheep and Yaks | 降雪量Snowfall | 10月1日-次年5月1日。01, Oct.-01, May. (the next year). | 两个气象站点。2 weather stations. | 20 mm,20~40 mm,40~60 mm,>60 mm. | 2017(试点pilot) |
表2 运营中的草原天气指数保险典型案例[38-44]一览
Table 2 Overview of typical operational weather index insurances for grasslands
国家/地区 Country/ Region | 保险名称 Insurance name | 指数变量 Index | 指数时间分辨率 Index temporal resolution | 指数空间分辨率 Index spatial resolution | 触发条件(对长期平均水平的偏离度)Trigger level (deviation from long-time average) | 起用年份 Offered since |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
奥地利Austria | 草地指数Dürreindex Grünland | 降水量Rainfall | 5个月或42 d。5 months or 42 days. | 市Municipality | ≤36%(5个月)或≤70%(42 d)。≤36% (5 months) or ≤70% (42 d). | 2015 |
德国Germany | 天气计划Wetterversicherung | 天气变量(与单独界定的产量相联系)。Weather variables correlating with yield individually defined. | 投保人定制。Individually defined. | 一个气象站点。 One weather station. | 75%,80%,85%或90%(可能存在个体差异)。75%, 80%, 85% or 90% (individual differences may exist). | 2014 |
瑞士Switzerland | 草原保险Gras-Pauschalversicherung KLIMA | 降水和国家特定的蒸发系数。Rainfall and Country-specific evaporation coefficient. | 6个月。6 months. | 1 km×1 km | <75% | 2016 |
加拿大安大略省 Ontario, Canada | 饲草降雨计划Forage Rainfall Plan | 降水量Rainfall | 单月、双月或3个月。Monthly, bimonthly or three-month. | 3个气象站点。Clients choose up to three weather stations. | <85%(单月), >5或7 mm(10 d)。 <85% (month) , >5 or 7 mm (10 d). | 2000 |
加拿大阿尔伯塔省 Alberta, Canada | 水分不足保险Moisture Deficiency Insurance | 降水量Rainfall | 月Monthly | 3个气象站点。Clients choose up to three weather stations. | <70%,or <80% | 2002 |
加拿大萨斯喀彻温省Saskatchewan, Canada | 饲草降雨保险项目Forage Rainfall Insurance Program (FRIP) | 降水量 Rainfall | 4个月。4 months. | 3个气象站点。Clients choose up to three weather stations. | <80% | 2001 |
美国USA | 牧场饲草降雨指数Rainfall Index Pasture, Rangeland, Forage (RI-PRF) | 降水量Rainfall | 双月Bimonthly | 0.25°×0.25° | 75%,80%,85%,90% | 2007 |
美国USA | 降雨指数年度饲草计划Rainfall Index Annual Forage Program (RIAFP) | 降水量Rainfall | 双月Bimonthly | 0.25°×0.25° | 75%,80%,85%,90% | 2014 |
中国内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟、呼伦贝尔市Xilin Gol League and Hulunbeier City, Inner Mongolia, China | 草原牧区牛羊天气指数保险Weather Index Insurance for Cattle and Sheep in Grassland Pastures | 因旱灾、雪灾导致增加的饲养成本。Increased feeding costs from drought or snow disaster. | 以参保地区牧草生长期为基准分别确定(旱灾);11月1日-次年4月30日(雪灾)。Based on the forage growth period of the region (for drought); 01, Nov.- 30, Apr. (the next year) (for snow disaster). | - | - | 2015-2018(试点pilot) |
中国内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China | 地方财政性肉羊补贴保险Local Financial Subsidy Insurance for Mutton Sheep | 因旱灾、雪灾导致增加的饲养成本; 因特大自然灾害导致的肉羊死亡率。Increased feeding costs from drought or snow disaster; mutton sheep mortality caused by significant natural disasters. | 5月1日-10月31日(旱灾);11月1日-次年4月30日(雪灾)。01, May-31, Oct. (for drought); 01, Nov.- 30, Apr. (the next year) (for snow disaster). | - | -;死亡率>60%。 -; mortality>60%. | 2019(试点pilot) |
中国内蒙古自治区苏尼特左旗Sunite Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, China | 天气指数保险Weather Index Insurance | 蒸降差;降雪量。Evaporation-rainfall difference; snowfall. | 4月1日-10月20日(旱灾);11月1日-次年4月30日(雪灾)。01, Apr. -20, Oct. (for drought); 01, Nov.-30, Apr. (the next year) (for snow disaster). | 10个测量点。10 measurement points. | - | 2017(试点pilot) |
中国青海省 Qinghai, China | 藏系羊牦牛降雪量气象指数保险Snowfall Weather Index Insurance for Tibetan Sheep and Yaks | 降雪量Snowfall | 10月1日-次年5月1日。01, Oct.-01, May. (the next year). | 两个气象站点。2 weather stations. | 20 mm,20~40 mm,40~60 mm,>60 mm. | 2017(试点pilot) |
国家/地区 Country/Region | 保险名称 Insurance name | 指数变量 Index | 触发条件 Trigger level | 起用年份 Offered since |
---|---|---|---|---|
法国France | 草原保险Assurance des Prairies | FPI | 只有确定的赔偿额。Only absolute deductible. | 2015 |
西班牙Spain | 牧场损失赔偿保险Seguro de Compensación por Pérdidade Pastos | NDVI | 扣除SD后的0.5,0.7,1.2或1.5倍。0.5, 0.7, 1.2 or 1.5 times deducting the SD. | 2001 |
加拿大阿尔伯塔省Alberta, Canada | 卫星产量保险 Satellite Yield Insurance | NDVI | <85%(单季)或90%(整季)。<85% (split season) or 90% (full season). | 2001 |
肯尼亚Kenya | 基于指数的牲畜保险 Index-based Livestock Insurance | NDVI | <历史指数分布(自1981年起)的第15个百分位数。<the 15th percentile of the historical index distribution since 1981. | 2010 |
埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia | 基于指数的牲畜保险 Index-based Livestock Insurance | NDVI | <历史指数分布(自1981年起)的第15个百分位数。<the 15th percentile of the historical index distribution since 1981. | 2012 |
表3 运营中的草原卫星遥感指数保险典型案例[40]一览
Table 3 Overview of typical operational satellite/remote-sensing index insurances for grasslands
国家/地区 Country/Region | 保险名称 Insurance name | 指数变量 Index | 触发条件 Trigger level | 起用年份 Offered since |
---|---|---|---|---|
法国France | 草原保险Assurance des Prairies | FPI | 只有确定的赔偿额。Only absolute deductible. | 2015 |
西班牙Spain | 牧场损失赔偿保险Seguro de Compensación por Pérdidade Pastos | NDVI | 扣除SD后的0.5,0.7,1.2或1.5倍。0.5, 0.7, 1.2 or 1.5 times deducting the SD. | 2001 |
加拿大阿尔伯塔省Alberta, Canada | 卫星产量保险 Satellite Yield Insurance | NDVI | <85%(单季)或90%(整季)。<85% (split season) or 90% (full season). | 2001 |
肯尼亚Kenya | 基于指数的牲畜保险 Index-based Livestock Insurance | NDVI | <历史指数分布(自1981年起)的第15个百分位数。<the 15th percentile of the historical index distribution since 1981. | 2010 |
埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia | 基于指数的牲畜保险 Index-based Livestock Insurance | NDVI | <历史指数分布(自1981年起)的第15个百分位数。<the 15th percentile of the historical index distribution since 1981. | 2012 |
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