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草业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (8): 171-185.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020293

• 综合评述 • 上一篇    

草原指数保险:评述与中国方案设计

林慧龙1(), 蒲彦妃1, 王丹妮1,2, 马海丽1   

  1. 1.兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室,兰州大学农业农村部草牧业创新重点实验室,兰州大学草地农业科技学院,甘肃 兰州 730020
    2.河西学院音乐学院,甘肃 张掖 734000
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-24 修回日期:2020-10-29 出版日期:2021-07-09 发布日期:2021-07-09
  • 通讯作者: 林慧龙
  • 作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: linhuilong@lzu.edu.cn
    林慧龙(1965-),男,甘肃兰州人,教授,博导。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31772666);中国工程院重点咨询项目(2020-XZ-29);国家林业和草原局软科学项目(201913021);兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(lzujbky-2021-kb13);甘肃省林业和草原局年度省级人才发展专项(lzujbky-2021-kb13)

Index insurances for grasslands: A review and the Chinese scheme design

Hui-long LIN1(), Yan-fei PU1, Dan-ni WANG1,2, Hai-li MA1   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730020,China
    2.College of Music,Hexi University,Zhangye 734000,China
  • Received:2020-06-24 Revised:2020-10-29 Online:2021-07-09 Published:2021-07-09
  • Contact: Hui-long LIN

摘要:

草原指数保险是农业保险中的一种新型类别,它有比传统赔偿保险更加科学的触发机制,包括指数变量和触发水平。它选取与草原生产紧密相关的指标作为指数变量,通过研究不同尺度上草原生产中产量/气象/NDVI和经济指标数据的关联机制,精密计算出核定尺度下指数变量的触发水平,可极大化地缩小基差风险,从而通过触发机制来衡量投保人是否能够获得赔偿。本研究探索了11个国家18种运营中的草原指数保险的触发机制,发现它们按照指数选取的不同标准可以分为区域产量指数保险、天气指数保险和卫星遥感指数保险。区域产量指数保险以选定区域的平均产量为基础,当该区域的实际平均产量低于指定水平时,所有投保人获得相同额度的补偿;天气指数保险选择气温、降水等气候条件作为指数,衡量它们对草原生产的损害程度;卫星遥感指数保险创新性地结合卫星、遥感技术,NDVI是它最常用的指数。然而,作为世界草原大国,我国对草原指数保险的研究十分匮乏,在试点或运营的相关产品屈指可数,这不利于草原的可持续发展。考虑到我国气象站点覆盖密度低导致数据源缺失,且草原区域幅员辽阔,照搬别国的现有产品不现实。因此,针对中国的方案设计亟待提出。本研究提出以草原综合顺序分类法为框架,遥感数据源提供宏观数据,以无人机技术补充中观数据,通过农牧户入户调查得到微观数据,实现宏观、中观、微观数据源全覆盖,通过系统分析该类型中多年产量/气象/NDVI和经济数据之间的关系,明确该类型草原的触发机制。最终实现只要投保人的生产性收入状况偏离了正常年份的平均水平,就能获得赔偿。

关键词: 草原, 草原指数保险, 区域产量指数保险, 天气指数保险, 卫星遥感指数保险

Abstract:

Index insurances for grasslands (IIGs) are a new kind of agricultural insurance, whose claim trigger mechanism, including the index to be used when assessing claims and the threshold level for payment, is more scientific than that of traditional indemnity insurances. IIGs choose indices closely relevant to grassland production and study the relationships between yield, climate, NDVI and economic data to precisely calculate the claim trigger level of the selected index. Through this procedure, the local norm is identified and the claim trigger mechanism is used to decide whether the insured will receive a payout. We have explored the trigger mechanisms of 18 operational IIGs from 11 countries and grouped them into 3 types based on different categories of index selection. They are area-yield index insurance (AI), weather index insurance (WI) and satellite/remote-sensing index insurance (SRI). AI is based on the selected area’s average yield. When the actual average output of the area is lower than the specified level, all insured persons receive the same amount of compensation; WI choose climatic indicators (temperature, rainfall, etc.) as indices and measure the extent to which they limit grassland production; SRI is innovatively designed with satellites and remote-sensing, and NDVI is the most widely used index. However, even though China is a country with very large areas of grassland, China has little research into IIGs, and few products of this type under development or available to farmers. This situation is not conducive to the sustainable development of grassland. Considering the limited availability of relevant data in China and the vast area of grasslands, it is not advisable to simply adopt products from other countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a China-oriented scheme. This paper proposes a novel scheme based on the comprehensive and sequential classification system of grasslands (CSCS) using remote sensing data sources (providing macro data), drone technology (providing supplementary meso data), and economic data collected from grassland producers through household surveys of farmers and herdsmen(as micro data). Through systematic analysis of relationships between yield, climate, NDVI and economic data over a number of years, a grassland category’s expected productivity can be determined. This will then make possible the establishment of indemnity whenever the productive capacity or income of the insured falls below the designated threshold relative to a normal year.

Key words: grassland, index insurance for grasslands, area-yield index insurance, weather index insurance, satellite/remote-sensing index insurance