降水水平对荒漠草原生物土壤结皮碳、氮和微生物的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2020516

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物土壤结皮是荒漠化地区地表景观的基本组成部分和土壤养分的主要供给来源，降水格局影响该区域生态系统的稳定性。以自然降水为对照，通过使用遮雨棚和喷灌系统控制降水输入，探究降水量对生物土壤结皮及下层土壤碳、氮和微生物的影响，为气候变化对荒漠草原生态系统稳定性的影响提供基础数据。结果表明：1）-50%降水处理有利于土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤微生物生物量碳（SMB-C）和土壤真菌的积累，并提高了结皮层及中间土层全氮（TN）含量和真菌数量，+50%降水处理提高了各土层土壤细菌数量、结皮层以及中间层土壤微生物生物量氮（SMB-N）含量，并显著降低了各土层土壤C∶N、SMB-C∶SMB-N和真菌数量∶细菌数量，不同降水处理下土壤SOC、SMB-C、SMB-N含量、细菌和真菌数量均随土层深度显著下降；2）细菌对降水减少更为敏感，而真菌比细菌更能抵御干旱气候，土壤细菌和真菌对降水变化具有不同的适应策略；3）-50%降水处理有利于土壤养分的恢复，对结皮层以下土层土壤养分的恢复尤为明显，+50%降水处理导致结皮层和深层土壤养分略有退化。

关键词: 碳, 氮, 微生物, 生物土壤结皮, 降水, 荒漠草原

Abstract:

Biological soil crusts are fundamental components and surface landscape in arid regions， and the main source of soil nutrients also depends on them. However， the rainfall pattern affects the stability of the regional ecosystem in the desert region of Northern China. This paper aims to investigate the effects of precipitation on soil organic carbon， total nitrogen and microbial characteristics of biological soil crusts in a desert steppe. The precipitation was regulated by the measurement of artificial rain using rainwater shed and sprinkler irrigation technologies， in order to evaluate precipitation effects on the biological soil crusts in desert steppe compared with natural precipitation. 12 precipitation treatments （6 m×6 m） were set up at the test station in early March 2018， where 3 m wide buffer zone was designed between each time. Control conditions of precipitation were designed via the rainwater shed and sprinkler irrigation system， comprising 3 precipitation treatments， natural precipitation （CK）， -50% （50% reduction in precipitation）， and +50% （50% increase in precipitation）. Each treatment had 4 replicates for statistical evaluation of the reproducible. In the same period， small weather stations were set up in the test area. We collected soil samples from each site stratified into three soil depths： the crust layer （0-0.5 cm）， a middle layer （0.5-3.0 cm） and deep layers （3-10 cm）. There were three main findings： 1） The -50% was conducive to the accumulation of soil organic carbon （C） and soil microbial carbon （SMB-C） and increased the presence of soil fungi， while also increasing the soil total nitrogen （TN） content and presence of fungi in the crust layer and middle layer. +50% increased the number of soil bacteria in each soil layer， the crust layer and the soil microbial biomass nitrogen （SMB-N） content in the middle layer， and significantly reduced the soil C∶N， SMB-C∶SMB-N in each soil layer and number of fungi： ratio of number of bacteria， the contents of SOC， SMB-C， SMB-N， and the number of bacteria and fungi under different precipitation treatments all decreased significantly with soil depth； 2） Bacteria were more sensitive to precipitation reduction， while fungi were more resistant to aridity than bacteria. Soil bacteria and fungi had different adaptation strategies to changes in precipitation. 3） The -50% treatment was beneficial to the restoration of soil nutrients， especially to the restoration of soil nutrients in the middle layer underlying the crust layer， while the +50% treatment resulted in slight degradation of the crust layer and decreased deep layer soil nutrients.

Key words: carbon, nitrogen, microbial characteristics, biological soil crusts, precipitation, desert steppe

吴旭东, 蒋齐, 任小玢, 俞鸿千, 王占军, 何建龙, 季波, 杜建民. 降水水平对荒漠草原生物土壤结皮碳、氮和微生物的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(7): 34-43.

Xu-dong WU, Qi JIANG, Xiao-bin REN, Hong-qian YU, Zhan-jun WANG, Jian-long HE, Bo JI, Jian-min DU. Effects of precipitation on carbon， nitrogen and microbial characteristics of biological soil crusts in a desert steppe of Northern China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(7): 34-43.

图/表 9

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降水水平Precipitation levels	土层Soil layer	有机碳SOC (g·kg^-1)	全氮TN (g·kg^-1)	碳氮比C∶N
+50%	CL	5.20±0.03Ca	0.40±0.01Ba	13.00±0.27Ba
	ML	4.48±0.08Cb	0.39±0.01Ba	11.58±0.09Cb
	DL	4.07±0.08Cc	0.36±0.02Ab	11.33±0.55Cb
CK	CL	5.77±0.09Ba	0.41±0.01Ba	14.20±0.46Aa
	ML	4.99±0.08Bb	0.36±0.00Cb	13.87±0.22Aa
	DL	4.57±0.00Bc	0.36±0.01Ab	12.70±0.36Bb
-50%	CL	8.05±0.09Aa	0.54±0.02Aa	15.02±0.59Aa
	ML	6.38±0.08Ab	0.50±0.02Ab	12.68±0.52Bb
	DL	5.65±0.03Ac	0.37±0.01Ac	15.27±0.48Aa

降水水平Precipitation levels	土层Soil layer	有机碳SOC (g·kg^-1)	全氮TN (g·kg^-1)	碳氮比C∶N
+50%	CL	5.20±0.03Ca	0.40±0.01Ba	13.00±0.27Ba
	ML	4.48±0.08Cb	0.39±0.01Ba	11.58±0.09Cb
	DL	4.07±0.08Cc	0.36±0.02Ab	11.33±0.55Cb
CK	CL	5.77±0.09Ba	0.41±0.01Ba	14.20±0.46Aa
	ML	4.99±0.08Bb	0.36±0.00Cb	13.87±0.22Aa
	DL	4.57±0.00Bc	0.36±0.01Ab	12.70±0.36Bb
-50%	CL	8.05±0.09Aa	0.54±0.02Aa	15.02±0.59Aa
	ML	6.38±0.08Ab	0.50±0.02Ab	12.68±0.52Bb
	DL	5.65±0.03Ac	0.37±0.01Ac	15.27±0.48Aa

项目Item	因素 Factor	F	偏 η² Partial η²	R²
有机碳SOC	降水水平Precipitation level	2444.785	0.996	0.998
	土层Soil depth	1309.664	0.993
	降水水平×土层Precipitation level×soil depth	94.629	0.955
全氮TN	降水水平Precipitation level	168.775	0.949	0.975
	土层Soil depth	110.800	0.925
	降水水平×土层Precipitation level×soil depth	34.900	0.886
碳氮比C∶N	降水水平Precipitation level	72.639	0.890	0.935
	土层Soil depth	24.582	0.732
	降水水平×土层Precipitation level×soil depth	16.657	0.787

项目Item	因素 Factor	F	偏 η² Partial η²	R²
有机碳SOC	降水水平Precipitation level	2444.785	0.996	0.998
	土层Soil depth	1309.664	0.993
	降水水平×土层Precipitation level×soil depth	94.629	0.955
全氮TN	降水水平Precipitation level	168.775	0.949	0.975
	土层Soil depth	110.800	0.925
	降水水平×土层Precipitation level×soil depth	34.900	0.886
碳氮比C∶N	降水水平Precipitation level	72.639	0.890	0.935
	土层Soil depth	24.582	0.732
	降水水平×土层Precipitation level×soil depth	16.657	0.787

降水水平 Precipitation levels	土层 Soil layer	土壤微生物生物量碳 SMB-C (mg·kg^-1)	土壤微生物生物量氮 SMB-N (mg·kg^-1)	微生物量碳氮比 SMB-C∶SMB-N
+50%	CL	886.07±113.69Ca	93.13±1.10Ba	9.51±1.21Ca
	ML	683.29±0.01Cb	86.89±0.81Bb	7.86±0.07Cb
	DL	327.32±0.08Cc	64.74±0.40Ac	5.06±0.03Cc
CK	CL	2532.44±107.77Ba	81.58±1.02Ca	31.35±1.37Aa
	ML	1055.19±143.92Bb	76.32±2.14Cb	13.86±2.22Bb
	DL	807.96±46.87Bc	57.50±1.08Bc	14.06±1.07Bb
-50%	CL	2799.79±151.34Aa	98.86±0.51Aa	28.32±1.39Ba
	ML	1609.68±103.85Ab	92.57±0.82Ab	17.39±1.09Ab
	DL	1347.04±107.77Ac	47.28±0.69Cc	28.51±2.57Aa