覆膜对高寒阴湿区土壤水热与当归根系生长的调控效应

doi:10.11686/cyxb2022052

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在当归道地产区设起垄覆膜穴栽（LS）、膜侧开沟斜栽（MC）和露地开沟斜栽（LD）3种种植方式，研究不同种植方式对当归田根系层土壤含水量、温度及根系生长动态的调控效应，以期从土壤水热环境角度揭示覆膜种植的增产提效机制，为进一步全面评估当归覆膜技术体系及应用提供理论依据。结果表明：覆膜显著提高了当归返青期0~20 cm耕层土壤含水量，其中LS和MC分别较LD增加22.94%和14.57%，后期由于降水，各处理含水量间差异不显著；覆膜显著提高了0~15 cm耕层土壤日均温度，其中LS和MC较LD分别增加1.04和0.61 ℃，生育期内各处理土壤温度随土层加深而逐渐降低，温度日变化呈“S”型负正弦曲线，且随土壤深度增加土壤温度变化幅度减小，土层每加深5 cm，日变化曲线相位依次推移1 h，同时覆膜还缓解了温度下降幅度，缩短了昼夜温差。0~15 cm耕层土壤地温大于14 ℃时，覆膜后当归根系生长提前进入快速时期，其单根鲜重显著高于LD方式，采收时覆膜处理当归药材芦头茎粗和单根鲜重均较LD方式显著增加，根系长度间差异不显著。0~20 cm耕层土壤含水量与当归根长、芦头茎粗和单根鲜重均呈显著正相关，对药材产量构成起着决定性的作用。综上所述，覆膜种植改善了当归根系层土壤水热环境，具有明显的增温保墒效应，能缓解春季低温干旱和季节性水分亏缺所导致的当归生长发育缓慢的问题，可作为高寒阴湿区当归种植的高效模式。

关键词: 当归, 覆膜栽培, 土壤水分, 土壤温度, 根系生长

Abstract:

This research investigated Angelica sinensis production systems with the objective of identifying opportunities for yield increase and improved mulching practice for management of the soil water and soil thermal environment， and to provide direction for further detailed study of technology and its application in A. sinensis production. The experiment included three planting systems： Hole seeding under ridging with plastic-film mulching （LS）， trenching and slant planting under film-side cultivation （MC） and trenching and slant planting in open field （LD） and studied vertical soil moisture and temperature profiles and root development in each case. It was found that in the leaf development growth stage film mulching increased soil water content in the 0-20 cm soil horizon， compared with LD， by 22.94% in LS and 14.57% in MD （P<0.05）. However， due to rainfall， there was no significant difference in soil water content among different treatments in later growth stages. Mulching also significantly increased the average daily temperature in the 0-15 cm soil horizon， with LS and MC resulting in mean increases of 1.04 and 0.61 ℃， respectively， compared with LD. During the growth period， the daily variation in soil temperature had a sinusoidal pattern with the amplitude of the diurnal variation decreasing with increasing soil depth and the maxima and minima delayed by 1 h for every 5 cm increase in soil depth. Mulching also alleviated the temperature drop overnight and reduced the temperature difference between day and night. When soil temperatures in the 0-15 cm horizon were greater than 14 ℃， the root growth of A. sinensis in the mulching treatments was rapid， and the fresh weight of single roots was significantly higher than that of LD mode. The stem diameter and single root fresh weight were therefore significantly increased in film mulching treatments compared with LD treatment， but there was no significant difference in root length. The soil water content of 0-20 cm horizon was significantly positively correlated with the root length， stem diameter and fresh weight of single roots， which played a homogenizing role in the composition of crude drug yield. In conclusion， film mulching resulted in obvious retention of soil moisture and temperature increase and thus an improved growth environment in the root zone of A. sinensis. Mulching alleviated the slow growth of A. sinensis caused by low temperature and water deficit in spring and would also alleviate water deficit later in the season. Mulching can be recommended as a cultivation system for A. sinensis production in cold and humid areas.

Key words: Angelica sinensis, film mulching cultivation, soil water, soil temperature, root growth

米永伟, 龚成文, 邵武平, 彭云霞. 覆膜对高寒阴湿区土壤水热与当归根系生长的调控效应[J]. 草业学报, 2022, 31(12): 66-75.

Yong-wei MI, Cheng-wen GONG, Wu-ping SHAO, Yun-xia PENG. Effects of plastic film mulching on soil moisture， soil temperature and root growth of Angelica sinensis in cold and humid areas[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(12): 66-75.

图/表 9

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处理Treatment	种植方式Planting methods
起垄覆膜穴栽Hole seeding under ridging with plastic film mulching （LS）	采用100 cm宽幅的黑膜，起垄高15 cm，垄面宽80 cm，垄沟宽35 cm，按株距20 cm，行距35 cm在膜面上开穴单株直栽。Black film with a width of 100 cm was used， ridge height was 15 cm， ridge surface width was 80 cm， ridge furrow width was 35 cm， plant spacing was 20 cm， row spacing was 35 cm， hole was cut on the film surface and single plant was planted straight.
膜侧开沟斜栽Trenching and slant planting under film-side cultivation （MC）	不起垄。采用35 cm宽幅的黑膜按膜间距5 cm平铺，株距15 cm单株斜栽。No ridges， black film of 35 cm width was used to spread tiled with film spacing of 5 cm， and single plant was sloped with plant spacing of 15 cm.
露地开沟斜栽Trenching and slant planting in open field （LD）	不起垄，不覆膜。按行距35 cm开沟，株距20 cm单株斜栽。No ridges， no film mulching， furrow according to the row spacing of 35 cm， plant spacing of 20 cm single slope planting.

处理Treatment	种植方式Planting methods
起垄覆膜穴栽Hole seeding under ridging with plastic film mulching （LS）	采用100 cm宽幅的黑膜，起垄高15 cm，垄面宽80 cm，垄沟宽35 cm，按株距20 cm，行距35 cm在膜面上开穴单株直栽。Black film with a width of 100 cm was used， ridge height was 15 cm， ridge surface width was 80 cm， ridge furrow width was 35 cm， plant spacing was 20 cm， row spacing was 35 cm， hole was cut on the film surface and single plant was planted straight.
膜侧开沟斜栽Trenching and slant planting under film-side cultivation （MC）	不起垄。采用35 cm宽幅的黑膜按膜间距5 cm平铺，株距15 cm单株斜栽。No ridges， black film of 35 cm width was used to spread tiled with film spacing of 5 cm， and single plant was sloped with plant spacing of 15 cm.
露地开沟斜栽Trenching and slant planting in open field （LD）	不起垄，不覆膜。按行距35 cm开沟，株距20 cm单株斜栽。No ridges， no film mulching， furrow according to the row spacing of 35 cm， plant spacing of 20 cm single slope planting.

处理Treatment	0~5 cm	5~10 cm	10~15 cm	0~15 cm
LS	15.61±0.12a	15.48±0.15a	15.27±0.06a	15.46±0.11a
MC	15.36±0.10a	14.93±0.09b	14.79±0.12b	15.03±0.04b
LD	14.78±0.16b	14.38±0.08c	14.11±0.11c	14.42±0.08c

处理Treatment	0~5 cm	5~10 cm	10~15 cm	0~15 cm
LS	15.61±0.12a	15.48±0.15a	15.27±0.06a	15.46±0.11a
MC	15.36±0.10a	14.93±0.09b	14.79±0.12b	15.03±0.04b
LD	14.78±0.16b	14.38±0.08c	14.11±0.11c	14.42±0.08c

指标 Index	处理 Treatment	移栽后天数Days after transplant （d）
指标 Index	处理 Treatment	30	60	90	120	150	180
根长 Root length （cm）	LS	12.6±1.0a	14.9±1.8a	16.1±2.6a	17.8±1.6a	18.1±0.7b	23.1±3.5a
	MC	12.1±1.2a	14.2±1.3a	18.8±1.4a	19.1±1.7a	24.3±2.4a	25.8±1.6a
	LD	12.4±1.4a	15.1±2.0a	15.8±1.0a	16.7±2.2a	19.6±0.8b	22.7±2.9a
芦头茎粗 Reed head thick stems （mm）	LS	4.53±1.21a	7.26±1.88a	9.85±2.92a	20.51±0.38a	24.61±2.50a	27.86±2.36a
	MC	5.23±0.58a	6.29±1.06a	12.13±1.65a	20.38±1.67a	23.04±1.01a	25.83±1.73ab
	LD	4.27±0.63a	6.95±1.29a	9.43±1.13a	15.59±0.92b	17.02±2.42b	23.83±1.38b
单根鲜重 Fresh weight of single （g）	LS	0.98±0.16ab	2.95±0.14a	13.75±1.40a	30.40±1.56a	31.67±3.01a	81.13±5.05a
	MC	1.13±0.19a	3.28±0.46a	14.12±1.56a	28.39±4.37a	29.44±3.63ab	61.69±4.61b
	LD	0.68±0.26b	1.62±0.76b	6.61±1.21b	16.91±2.66b	22.81±4.08b	51.23±5.23c