两种粒色燕麦籽粒色素与光合特性动态变化

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025028

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确两种粒色燕麦光合特性与色素含量变化在籽粒发育过程中的差异，本研究对黑色和黄色籽粒燕麦抽穗至成熟阶段的光合特性、光合色素、花色苷、黑色素及花色苷合成相关酶的动态变化进行研究和分析。结果表明，两种粒色燕麦稃片颜色显著分化，抽穗后20 d起，黄色籽粒燕麦稃片逐渐转为黄色，而黑色籽粒燕麦稃片则转为黑色，其表型变化与花色苷和黑色素积累规律高度吻合；黄色籽粒燕麦在发育中期（抽穗后20~30 d），光合色素含量及净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）均极显著高于黑色籽粒（P<0.01），但开花期和乳熟期P_n日变化呈双峰型，存在明显“光合午休”现象；而黑色籽粒燕麦自抽穗后15 d起花色苷与黑色素含量持续积累，至成熟期分别较黄色籽粒燕麦高83.96%和39.8倍，且其P_n日变化呈单峰型，无光抑制现象。结构方程模型显示，籽粒颜色对净光合速率综合影响最大，光合色素正向影响光合速率，花色苷和黑色素负向影响光合速率。本研究可为培育适应性强、光合效率高的燕麦新品种提供科学依据。

关键词: 燕麦, 稃片, 光合特性, 色素, 光抑制, 光保护

Abstract:

The aim of this work was to analyze and compare the changes in photosynthetic characteristics and pigment contents in grains between black-grained and yellow-grained oat （Avena sativa） during grain development. We monitored the dynamic changes in photosynthetic traits and the contents of photosynthetic pigments， anthocyanins， and melanin， as well as the activities of anthocyanin-synthesizing enzymes， in grains of black-grained and yellow-grained oat from heading to maturity. The results show that the lemma colors of the two oat types significantly diverged during development. Starting from 20 days after heading， the lemma of yellow-grained oats gradually turned yellow， while that of black-grained oats turned black. These patterns of color development were highly consistent with the accumulation patterns of anthocyanins and melanin. During the mid-development stage （20-30 days after heading）， compared with black-grained oats， the yellow-grained oats had significantly higher （P<0.01） contents of photosynthetic pigments and higher net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， stomatal conductance， and transpiration rate. However， at the flowering and milky ripening stages， the daily P_n of yellow-grained oats showed a bimodal pattern with a distinct “midday depression” phenomenon. In contrast， black-grained oat grains began to accumulate anthocyanins and melanin continuously from 15 days after heading. By maturity， the anthocyanin and melanin contents of black-grained oats were 83.96% higher and 39.8-times higher， respectively， than those of yellow-grained oats. In black-grained oats， the daily pattern of P_n was unimodal without photoinhibition. Structural equation modeling indicated that grain color had the greatest comprehensive impact on P_n， with photosynthetic pigments positively affecting the photosynthetic rate and anthocyanins and melanin negatively affecting it. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for breeding new oat varieties with strong adaptability and high photosynthetic efficiency.

Key words: oat, palea, photosynthetic characteristics, pigment, photoinhibition, photoprotection

胡泽龙, 梁国玲, 刘文辉, 王文虎. 两种粒色燕麦籽粒色素与光合特性动态变化[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(12): 145-156.

Ze-long HU, Guo-ling LIANG, Wen-hui LIU, Wen-hu WANG. Dynamic changes in pigment contents and photosynthetic characteristics of grains of black-grained and yellow-grained oat （Avena sativa）[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(12): 145-156.

图/表 9

图1 不同粒色燕麦籽粒发育过程中稃片的颜色动态变化图中依次为4个品种从抽穗期到完熟期籽粒颜色动态变化，每隔5 d取样拍摄The Figure shows the dynamic changes in grain color of four varieties from the heading stage to the fully ripe stage， with samples taken and photographed every five days.

Fig.1 Dynamic changes in lemma color during the development of different colored oat kernels

图2 不同粒色燕麦籽粒发育过程中稃片光合色素变化ns：两种粒色间不存在显著差异（P>0.05）No significant difference between the two grain colors （P>0.05）； *： P<0.05； **： P<0.01；下同The same below.

Fig.2 Photosynthetic pigment changes in lemma during the development of different colored oat kernels

图3 不同粒色燕麦籽粒发育过程中稃片花色苷和黑色素含量变化

Fig.3 Change in the content of anthocyanin and melanin in the lemma during the development of different colored oat kernels

图4 不同粒色燕麦籽粒发育过程中稃片花色苷合成相关酶活性变化

Fig.4 Changes in the activity of enzymes related to the synthesis of anthocyanin in the lemma during the development of different colored oat kernels

图5 不同粒色燕麦籽粒发育过程中稃片光合特性动态变化

Fig.5 Dynamic changes in photosynthetic parameters in the lemma during the development of different colored oat kernels

图6 不同粒色燕麦籽粒抽穗期稃片光合特性日变化

Fig.6 Daily variation in photosynthetic parameters in the lemma of different colored oat kernels during heading stage

图7 不同粒色燕麦籽粒开花期稃片光合特性日变化

Fig.7 Daily variation in photosynthetic parameters in the lemma of different colored oat kernels during flowering stage

图8 不同粒色燕麦籽粒乳熟期稃片光合特性日变化

Fig.8 Daily variation in photosynthetic parameters in the lemma of different colored oat kernels during milk stage

图9 燕麦稃片净光合速率影响因素分析a：燕麦稃片净光合速率主要影响因素排序The sequence of main factors affecting the net photosynthetic rate of oat glume； b：分段式结构模型分析燕麦稃片色素对净光合速率的影响过程及其路径The process and path the segmented structure model analysis of the effect of oat glume pigment on the net photosynthetic rate； c：各影响因子的标准化效应值The standardized effect value of each influencing； TC：总叶绿素Total chlorophyll； Car：类胡萝卜素Carotenoid； Chl a：叶绿素a Chlorophyll a； Chl b：叶绿素b Chlorophyll b； ANT：花色苷Anthocyanins； Mel：黑色素Melanin； PAL：苯丙氨酸解氨酶Phenylalanine ammonia lyase； F3′H：类黄酮3-羟化酶Flavonoid 3-hydroxylase； ANS：花青素合成酶Anthocidin synthase； UFGT：类黄酮糖基转移酶Flavonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase； GC：籽粒颜色Grain color； V：品种Variety； GC×V：籽粒颜色与品种交互作用The interaction between grain color and variety.

Fig.9 Analysis of factors affecting net photosynthetic rate in oat lemma

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