东祁连山高寒草甸山生柳灌木扩张对草本植物群落特征的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025113

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

明晰东祁连山高寒草甸灌木扩张对草本植物群落特征的影响，对当地生态平衡和畜牧业发展具有重要意义。本研究在甘肃省天祝藏族自治县境内，以山生柳为优势灌木的高寒灌丛草甸为对象，运用空间演替代替时间演替的方法，在不同灌丛化程度（轻度、中度和重度）的灌丛斑块和草地斑块中，探究了不同功能群草本植物的高度、盖度和地上生物量以及群落物种多样性指数的变化规律。结果表明，随着灌丛化程度的增加，灌丛斑块和草地斑块中各功能群草本植物的高度均呈上升趋势，莎草科植物的盖度呈下降趋势，禾本科植物的生物量无显著变化；灌木扩张对杂类草的物种组成影响较大，在重度灌丛化处理下，灌丛斑块和草地斑块中均形成了以问荆为优势种的草本层。灌木扩张降低了灌丛斑块中草本群落的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数。相关性分析得出，灌丛斑块内山生柳灌木的高度和冠幅面积与草本植物物种多样性指数均呈显著负相关。综上，以山生柳为优势灌木的高寒灌丛草甸灌木扩张对草本群落既有竞争作用，又有一定的庇护作用，这种作用的大小因灌丛化程度和草本植物种类的不同而有所差异。

关键词: 高寒灌丛草甸, 灌丛化, 草本植物功能群, 物种多样性

Abstract:

Exploring the impacts of shrub encroachment on the characteristics of herbaceous plant communities in the alpine meadows of the Eastern Qilian Mountains is important both for understanding local ecological equilibrium and for the development of animal husbandry. This study was carried out in alpine meadows dominated by Salix oritrepha in Tianzhu， Gansu Province. Using a space-for-time substitution method， we assessed differences in plant height， coverage， and aboveground biomass across various functional groups， and species diversity indexes， under light， moderate， and heavy levels of shrub encroachment in both shrub and grass patches. As shrub encroachment intensified， herbaceous plant height increased in both patch types， whereas the cover of sedges declined and the aboveground biomass of grasses remained stable. The composition of forbs shifted significantly， with Equisetum arvense becoming dominant under severe shrub encroachment. Species richness， Shannon-Wiener diversity， Simpson’s dominance， and Pielou’s evenness indexes all decreased in shrub patches as shrub encroachment intensified. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between herbaceous species diversity and the plant height and canopy size of S. oritrepha. Overall， the results of this study show that S. oritrepha expansion has both suppressive and facilitative effects on herbaceous communities， with the extent of these effects varying depending on the plant functional group and the degree of shrub encroachment.

Key words: alpine shrub meadow, shrub encroachment, herbaceous plant functional groups, species diversity

刘阳, 肖红, 徐长林, 邓明月, 魏文强, 韩奥, 马凯, 王昀. 东祁连山高寒草甸山生柳灌木扩张对草本植物群落特征的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(3): 13-25.

Yang LIU, Hong XIAO, Chang-lin XU, Ming-yue DENG, Wen-qiang WEI, Ao HAN, Kai MA, Yun WANG. Impact of Salix oritrepha shrub encroachment on characteristics of herbaceous plant communities in the alpine meadows of the Eastern Qilian Mountains[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(3): 13-25.

图/表 10

图1 研究区地理位置、样地景观及灌丛斑块与草地斑块相对位置基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS（2024）0650号标准地图制作，底图边界无修改。插图分别代表：（a）研究区位置、（b）灌丛斑块和草地斑块相对位置示意图、（c）轻度灌丛化草甸、（d）中度灌丛化草甸和（e）重度灌丛化草甸。Based on the standard map service website of the Ministry of Natural Resources with the drawing number： GS （2024） 0650， the boundary of the base map was not modified. Each illustration represents：（a） Location of the study area，（b） A schematic diagram of the relative positions of shrub patches and grass patches，（c） Lightly shrub-encroached meadow，（d） Moderately shrub-encroached meadow， and （e） Heavily shrub-encroached meadow.

Fig.1 Geographical location of the study area， sample plot landscape images， and relative positions of shrub patches and grass patches

表1 不同灌丛化程度下山生柳灌木的生长特征

Table 1 Growth characteristics of S. oritrepha shrub under varying degrees of shrub encroachment

灌丛特征Shrub characteristics	灌丛化程度Degree of shrub encroachment
灌丛特征Shrub characteristics	轻度Light	中度Moderate	重度Heavy
高度Height （cm）	45.67±1.20c	71.67±1.20b	127.67±1.45a
冠幅面积Crown area （m²）	0.19±0.05c	0.48±0.10b	1.44±0.41a
地上生物量Aboveground biomass （g·clump^-1）	194.61±22.69c	587.28±85.84b	2395.89±101.44a
茎粗Stem diameter （mm）	5.12±0.81c	6.75±0.33b	12.38±0.14a
分蘖株数Tillering number （No.）	24.00±1.15c	45.00±2.31a	29.67±0.67b

图2 不同灌丛化程度下灌丛斑块和草地斑块中各功能群物种数的变化独有物种、共有物种和其他物种分别指：相同斑块内某一灌丛化程度中独有的物种、3种灌丛化程度中共有的物种和斑块中除去独有和共有物种的剩余物种。Within a patch， “unique species” refer to species that are exclusive to a particular level of shrub encroachment. “Shared species” are those present across all levels of shrub encroachment. “Other species” are the remaining species in the patch after excluding both unique and shared species.

Fig.2 Changes in species richness of herbaceous plant functional groups in shrub and grass patches across different degrees of shrub encroachment

表2 不同灌丛化程度下灌丛斑块和草地斑块中主要杂类草的盖度

Table 2 Coverage of dominant forbs in shrub and grass patches across different intensities of shrub encroachment （%）

物种名 Species name	科 Family	灌丛斑块Shrub patch			草地斑块Grass patch
物种名 Species name	科 Family	轻度Light	中度Moderate	重度Heavy	轻度Light	中度Moderate	重度Heavy
铃铃香青A. hancockii	菊科Asteraceae	4.00	1.67	1.33	15.67	9.67	—
钝苞雪莲Saussurea nigrescens	菊科Asteraceae	—	20.33	4.00	—	—	—
球花蒿A. smithii	菊科Asteraceae	1.00	—	—	12.00	—	—
黄帚橐吾Ligularia virgaurea	菊科Asteraceae	—	—	—	—	—	12.33
翻白草P. discolor	蔷薇科Rosaceae	9.67	8.33	—	13.00	18.33	0.67
鹅绒委陵菜Potentilla anserina	蔷薇科Rosaceae	—	—	—	—	24.00	8.33
北方獐牙菜S. diluta	龙胆科Gentianaceae	4.00	0.67	—	6.33	—	—
珠芽蓼B. vivipara	蓼科Polygonaceae	18.00	7.00	11.67	46.33	51.33	17.67
银莲花Anemone cathayensis	毛茛科Ranunculaceae	5.33	6.67	8.67	13.00	13.33	9.00
肉果草L. tibetica	通泉草科Primulaceae	1.33	3.33	—	—	0.33	1.67
问荆E. arvense	木贼科Equisetaceae	—	2.33	40.67	—	5.67	57.00
小米草Euphrasia pectinata	玄参科Scrophulariaceae	—	—	—	1.67	8.67	15.00

图3 不同灌丛化程度下灌丛斑块和草地斑块中草本植物不同功能群高度、盖度及生物量的变化不同小写字母代表灌丛斑块内不同灌丛化程度间存在显著差异（P<0.05），不同大写字母代表草地斑块内不同灌丛化程度间存在显著差异（P<0.05），星号代表同一灌丛化程度下灌丛斑块和草地斑块间存在显著差异，*P<0.05、**P<0.01、***P<0.001，下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in the intensity of shrub encroachment within shrub patches （P<0.05）. Different uppercase letters denote significant differences in the intensity of shrub encroachment within grass patches （P<0.05）. Asterisks signify significant difference between shrub patches and grass patches at the same shrub encroachment level， *P<0.05， **P<0.01， and ***P<0.001， respectively. The same below.

Fig.3 Variations in height， coverage， and biomass of herbaceous plant functional groups in shrub patches and grass patches across different intensities of shrub encroachment

图4 草本植物不同功能群特征的相对作用强度（RII）虚线代表零线；RII正值（零线右侧）表示灌木扩张后变量值的增加，RII负值（零线左侧）表示变量值下降，下同。The dotted line represents the zero line. Positive RII values （right of the zero line） indicate an increase in trait value following shrub encroachment， while negative values （left） indicate a decrease. The same below.

Fig.4 Relative interaction intensity （RII） of different herbaceous plant functional groups in response to shrub encroachment

图5 不同灌丛化程度下灌丛斑块和草地斑块中草本植物群落物种多样性指数的变化

Fig.5 Changes in species diversity index of herbaceous communities in shrub patches and grass patches across different intensities of shrub encroachment

图6 不同灌丛化程度下草本植物群落物种多样性指数的相对作用强度（RII）

Fig.6 Relative interaction intensity （RII） of species diversity index of herbaceous communities across different intensities of shrub encroachment

图7 山生柳灌木生长特征与各功能群草本植物高度、盖度、地上生物量和群落物种多样性指数的相关分析

Fig.7 Relationship among the growth characteristics of S. oritrepha and the height， coverage， aboveground biomass， and community species diversity indexes of herbaceous plant functional groups

图8 山生柳灌丛盖度与灌丛斑块和草地斑块中不同功能群草本高度、盖度和生物量的线性关系

Fig.8 Linear relationships between coverage of S. oritrepha and the height， coverage， and biomass of herbaceous plant functional groups in shrub patches and grass patches

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