垄作稻田土壤无机氮变化及其对环境因子的响应

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025410

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究水稻不同生育时期土壤无机氮的变化规律以及与土壤环境条件的响应关系，选取垄作（RT）、平作（CT）两种水稻耕作模式，开展连续两年（2021-2022）的田间监测试验。结果表明：1）RT和CT土壤铵态氮含量峰值出现在分蘖期-拔节期（RT：89.7 mg?kg^-1，CT：52.1 mg?kg^-1），硝态氮含量峰值出现在成熟期（RT：42.7 mg?kg^-1，CT：58.4 mg?kg^-1）。在0~20 cm深度的稻田土层中，不同耕作模式的铵态氮含量为RT>CT，硝态氮含量为CT>RT。2）两种耕作模式下植物全株平均含氮量最高出现在分蘖时期，氮利用率最高也出现在分蘖期，在拔节期-抽穗期全株氮素吸收量较大，并伴随着土壤铵态氮含量的明显降低。3）土壤温度和电导率呈上升趋势，而土壤含水率在不同生育时期因灌溉和排水呈现波动。在拔节期，RT的铵态氮与土壤温度呈现显著相关关系，硝态氮与土壤温度在抽穗期和成熟期呈现显著相关关系，CT的铵态氮在分蘖期和抽穗期与土壤温度均呈现显著相关关系，硝态氮在抽穗期与土壤含水率呈现显著相关关系。4）根据非线性回归的模拟结果，RT和CT的铵态氮含量表现为先增加后降低的变化趋势，RT的硝态氮含量变化也为先增加后降低的趋势，CT的硝态氮含量变化呈现非线性增加的趋势。铵态氮、硝态氮在生育早期主要受作物吸收调控，其贡献最高（78.5%），在生育后期环境因子的影响增强，贡献率升至61.1%，相较于硝态氮，铵态氮对环境因子的响应更为敏感。综上，水稻分蘖期的土壤无机氮变化最剧烈，分蘖期和成熟时期土壤无机氮对于土壤环境温度的变化最为敏感。垄作能够增加稻田铵态氮含量，降低硝态氮的积累。研究结果可为区域性水稻种植养分资源优化管理提供科学依据。

关键词: 水稻, 垄作, 土壤温度, 土壤含水率, 土壤电导率

Abstract:

To investigate the dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen across rice （Oryza sativa） growth stages and the responses to soil environmental factors， a two-year （2021-2022） field monitoring experiment was conducted under ridge tillage （RT） and conventional tillage （CT）. It was found that： 1） The ammonium nitrogen （NH??-N） peaked at the tillering jointing stage （RT：89.7 mg?kg^-1； CT：52.1 mg?kg^-1）， whereas nitrate nitrogen （NO??-N） reached its maximum at maturity （RT：42.7 mg?kg^-1； CT：58.4 mg?kg^-1）. NH??-N concentrations in the 0-20 cm soil layer were consistently higher under RT， while NO??-N concentrations were higher under CT. 2） Whole-plant average nitrogen content and nitrogen use efficiency peaked at the tillering stage， and high nitrogen uptake during the jointing stage-heading stage coincided with a marked reduction in soil ammonium nitrogen. 3） Soil temperature and electrical conductivity showed overall increasing trends during the rice growth period， whereas soil moisture fluctuated among growth stages reflecting irrigation and drainage practices. Under RT， NH?⁺-N exhibited a significant correlation with soil temperature at the jointing stage， while NO?^--N showed significant correlations during the heading and maturity stages. Under CT， NH??-N was significantly correlated with soil temperature during the tillering and heading stages， whereas NO?^--N was significantly correlated with soil moisture content at the heading stage. 4） Simulation results based on nonlinear curve fitting indicated that NH?⁺-N contents under both RT and CT followed a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease. NO?^--N content under RT exhibited a similar trend， whereas NO?^--N content under CT showed a nonlinear increasing pattern. Crop uptake dominated the variations in both ammonium and nitrate nitrogen during the early growth stages （78.5%）， whereas environmental factors became increasingly important during the later stages， contributing up to 61.1% of the explained variation. Compared with nitrate nitrogen， ammonium nitrogen was more sensitive to environmental factors. In conclusion， the most pronounced changes in soil inorganic nitrogen occurred during the tillering stage of paddy rice. Variations in soil inorganic nitrogen during both the tillering and maturity stages were most sensitive to changes in soil temperature. Ridge tillage increased NH?⁺-N concentrations in paddy soil while reducing the accumulation of NO?^--N. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing nutrient management strategies in regional rice production systems.

Key words: paddy rice, ridge tillage, soil temperature, soil moisture content, soil electrical conductivity

陈雪姣, 马黎华, 王喜, 尹仲毅, 靳皓琛, 蒋先军. 垄作稻田土壤无机氮变化及其对环境因子的响应[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(9): 8-21.

Xue-jiao CHEN, Li-hua MA, Xi WANG, Zhong-yi YIN, Hao-chen JIN, Xian-jun JIANG. Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen and its response characteristic to environmental factors in paddy fields under ridge tillage[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(9): 8-21.

图/表 9

图1 垄作、平作田块土壤剖面结构及采样点分布

Fig. 1 The distribution of soil profile and sampling points under ridge tillage （RT） and conventional tillage （CT） in paddy fields

表1 不同耕作方式下耕作土壤的基本理化指标

Table 1 Basic physical and chemical properties of soil under different tillage practices

处理

Treatment

有机质

Organic matter

（g?kg^-1）

速效钾

Available potassium

（mg?kg^-1）

速效磷

Available phosphorus

（mg?kg^-1）

速效氮

Available nitrogen

（mg?kg^-1）

全钾

Total potassium

（g?kg^-1）

全磷

Total phosphorus

（g?kg^-1）

全氮

Total nitrogen

（g?kg^-1）

容重

Bulk density

（g?cm^-3）

孔隙度

Porosity

（%）

图2 2021-2022年日均降水量和气温Ⅰ：第1次施肥时间First fertilization time；Ⅱ：第2次施肥时间Second fertilization time. TS：分蘖期 Tillering stage；JS：拔节期 Jointing stage；HS：抽穗期 Heading stage；MS：成熟期 Maturation stage.下同The same below.

Fig.2 Daily mean precipitation and temperature during 2021-2022

图3 耕作模式与生育时期对0~20 cm土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量的影响*表示P<0.05，**表示P<0.01，NS表示没有显著相关性，下同。* indicates P<0.05，** indicates P<0.01，NS indicates no significant correlation， the same below.

Fig. 3 Effets of tillage mode and growth stage on the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer

表2 两种耕作模式下水稻在不同生育时期的含氮量、生物量和氮利用率

Table 2 The nitrogen content， biomass and nitrogen use efficiency of paddy rice under two tillage modes at different growth stages

生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	含氮量Nitrogen content （g?kg^-1）		生物量Biomass （g?m^-2）		氮利用率Nitrogen use efficiency （%）
生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	2021	2022	2021	2022	2021	2022
分蘖期 Tillering stage	RT	45.45	42.78	202.12	256.78	21.86	20.58
	CT	38.64	41.48	208.88	198.45	18.59	19.95
	P值 P value	0.024	0.456	0.104	0.036	0.009	0.553
拔节期 Jointing stage	RT	42.88	42.33	404.53	492.89	20.63	20.36
	CT	38.59	39.12	392.41	423.67	18.56	18.82
	P值 P value	0.057	0.043	0.098	0.100	0.204	0.040
抽穗期 Heading stage	RT	41.93	41.21	974.36	1086.56	20.17	19.82
	CT	36.91	38.45	896.60	981.23	17.75	18.49
	P值 P value	0.061	0.067	0.126	0.021	0.131	0.219
成熟期 Maturation stage	RT	41.15	42.56	1497.44	1659.78	19.79	20.47
	CT	36.03	37.80	1334.52	1517.89	17.33	18.18
	P值 P value	0.459	0.491	0.031	0.044	0.191	0.201

图4 不同生育时期水稻氮吸收总量与土壤无机氮浓度的变化

Fig. 4 Changes in total nitrogen uptake of paddy rice and concentration of soil inorganic nitrogen during different growth stages

图5 两种耕作模式和生育时期下土壤温度、含水率、电导率特征及其与无机氮含量的相关性土壤温度、含水率和电导率均为0~20 cm土层连续监测值，按生育期进行平均计算。The data in the soil temperature， moisture content， and electrical conductivity were continuously monitored at 0-20 cm depth and averaged by growth stage.

Fig.5 Soil temperature， moisture content and electrical conductivity characteristics and their relationships with inorganic nitrogen content under different tillage practices and growth stages

图6 土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量随水稻移栽后种植天数的变化模拟RMSE：均方根误差 Root mean square error；MAE：平均绝对误差 Mean absolute error.

Fig.6 Changes simulated in soil NH4+-N and NO3--N content with days after transplanting of paddy rice

图7 环境因子与作物吸收对无机氮变化的贡献比例

Fig.7 Contribution proportions of environmental factors and crop uptake to inorganic nitrogen variation

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