草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 131-144.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025289
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
田吉鹏1,2(
), 王欣1,2, Mudasir Nazar1,2, 刘蓓一1,2(
), 王思然1,2, 丁成龙1,2(
), 程云辉1,2, 李捷3
收稿日期:2025-07-09
修回日期:2025-09-25
出版日期:2026-06-20
发布日期:2026-04-13
通讯作者:
刘蓓一,丁成龙
作者简介:dingcl@jaas.ac.cn基金资助:
Ji-peng TIAN1,2(
), Xin WANG1,2, Mudasir NAZAR1,2, Bei-yi LIU1,2(
), Si-ran WANG1,2, Cheng-long DING1,2(
), Yun-hui CHENG1,2, Jie LI3
Received:2025-07-09
Revised:2025-09-25
Online:2026-06-20
Published:2026-04-13
Contact:
Bei-yi LIU,Cheng-long DING
摘要:
为研究水稻秸秆青贮前后非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)组分的变化及不同添加剂对于水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质、营养品质、细菌和真菌多样性、霉菌和霉菌毒素污染情况的影响,设置对照组(CK),乳酸菌组(HLAB,植物乳杆菌和副干酪乳杆菌复合添加)、丙酸钙组(PACA)和复合添加组(HLAB_PACA),每个处理3个重复,其中乳酸菌和丙酸钙的添加量分别为鲜草的5×105 CFU·g-1和4 g·kg-1。在经过90 d的发酵后,水稻秸秆NSC中的葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉均显著下降(P<0.05)。添加剂的使用能够部分提升残余葡萄糖含量(P<0.05)。HLAB、PACA以及HLAB_PACA显著降低了水稻秸秆青贮饲料的pH、乙酸、丁酸和氨态氮含量(P<0.05),提升了乳酸含量(P<0.05),显著降低了水稻秸秆中的NDF和ADF含量(P<0.05)。丙酸钙(PACA和HLAB_PACA)的使用提升了水稻秸秆细菌群落的Ace指数和Chao1指数(P<0.05),乳酸菌的添加(HLAB和HLAB_PACA)将乳杆菌科由自然发酵的联合乳杆菌属、乳植杆菌属和乳酪杆菌属的8种ZOTU转变成以乳酪杆菌属的ZOTU1和ZOTU318为主的细菌群落。所有添加剂的使用都降低了梭菌属的相对丰度。HLAB_PACA与HLAB和PACA相比真菌群落的香农指数显著降低而辛普森指数显著上升(P<0.05)。所有添加剂的使用增加了曲霉科真菌的相对丰度并且增加了霉菌数量(P<0.05),但是黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮等霉菌毒素含量极低且并没有随着添加剂的使用而明显增加。因此,乳酸菌及丙酸钙添加剂的使用对于改善水稻秸秆青贮饲料NSC结构、发酵品质和微生物群落结构具有重要作用,这为水稻秸秆青贮生产实践提供了理论支撑。
田吉鹏, 王欣, Mudasir Nazar, 刘蓓一, 王思然, 丁成龙, 程云辉, 李捷. 青贮前后水稻秸秆非结构性碳水化合物的变化及添加剂对发酵和微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(6): 131-144.
Ji-peng TIAN, Xin WANG, Mudasir NAZAR, Bei-yi LIU, Si-ran WANG, Cheng-long DING, Yun-hui CHENG, Jie LI. Changes in non-structural carbohydrates of rice straw between before and after ensiling and additive effects on ensilage fermentation and microbial community structure[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(6): 131-144.
项目 Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y | CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||
| 蔗糖Sucrose | 3.35±1.290a | 1.16±0.338a | 1.05±0.061a | 0.91±0.037a | 1.14±0.121a | 0.33 | NS |
| 葡萄糖Glucose | 24.70±1.690a | 1.52±0.425d | 4.80±0.438cd | 10.70±0.901b | 6.65±0.681c | 2.19 | *** |
| 果糖Fructose | 31.80±1.750a | 4.04±0.196b | 3.87±0.190b | 5.24±0.577b | 5.08±0.372b | 2.94 | *** |
| 淀粉Starch | 88.9±7.62a | 51.8±8.76b | 73.9±8.44ab | 48.2±4.83b | 50.3±3.28b | 5.03 | ** |
| 非结构性碳水化合物NSC | 149.0±10.40a | 58.6±8.51b | 83.6±8.10b | 65.1±4.85b | 63.2±4.11b | 9.41 | *** |
表1 青贮前后水稻秸秆中非结构性碳水化合物组成的变化
Table 1 Changes in non-structural carbohydrate composition in rice straw before and after ensiling (g·kg-1 DM)
项目 Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y | CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||
| 蔗糖Sucrose | 3.35±1.290a | 1.16±0.338a | 1.05±0.061a | 0.91±0.037a | 1.14±0.121a | 0.33 | NS |
| 葡萄糖Glucose | 24.70±1.690a | 1.52±0.425d | 4.80±0.438cd | 10.70±0.901b | 6.65±0.681c | 2.19 | *** |
| 果糖Fructose | 31.80±1.750a | 4.04±0.196b | 3.87±0.190b | 5.24±0.577b | 5.08±0.372b | 2.94 | *** |
| 淀粉Starch | 88.9±7.62a | 51.8±8.76b | 73.9±8.44ab | 48.2±4.83b | 50.3±3.28b | 5.03 | ** |
| 非结构性碳水化合物NSC | 149.0±10.40a | 58.6±8.51b | 83.6±8.10b | 65.1±4.85b | 63.2±4.11b | 9.41 | *** |
项目 Item | 处理组Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||
| pH | 4.96±0.0260a | 4.04±0.0029bc | 4.07±0.0058b | 4.01±0.0058c | 0.12 | *** |
| 乳酸Lactic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 7.66±0.78c | 44.20±2.19b | 61.70±1.79a | 65.90±2.94a | 6.98 | *** |
| 乙酸Acetic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 6.10±0.635a | 2.13±0.433c | 3.63±0.267bc | 4.07±0.088b | 0.46 | ** |
| 丙酸Propionic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 0.185±0.185b | ND | 10.300±0.514a | 8.170±1.190a | 1.43 | *** |
| 丁酸Butyric acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 21.80±1.20a | 3.99±2.31b | ND | ND | 2.77 | *** |
| 氨态氮Ammonia Nitrogen (g·kg-1 TN) | 208.0±9.020a | 51.5±0.373b | 55.1±1.540b | 54.3±0.472b | 20.30 | *** |
| 1,2-丙二醇1,2-Propanediol (g·kg-1 DM) | ND | 0.358±0.0348 | ND | ND | 0.05 | NS |
| 乙醇Ethanol (g·kg-1 DM) | 18.0±4.22a | 11.8±1.75a | 8.22±0.82a | 8.01±1.39a | 1.59 | NS |
表2 水稻秸秆90 d青贮后添加剂对发酵品质的影响
Table 2 Effects of additives on fermentation quality in rice straw after 90 d of ensiling
项目 Item | 处理组Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||
| pH | 4.96±0.0260a | 4.04±0.0029bc | 4.07±0.0058b | 4.01±0.0058c | 0.12 | *** |
| 乳酸Lactic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 7.66±0.78c | 44.20±2.19b | 61.70±1.79a | 65.90±2.94a | 6.98 | *** |
| 乙酸Acetic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 6.10±0.635a | 2.13±0.433c | 3.63±0.267bc | 4.07±0.088b | 0.46 | ** |
| 丙酸Propionic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 0.185±0.185b | ND | 10.300±0.514a | 8.170±1.190a | 1.43 | *** |
| 丁酸Butyric acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 21.80±1.20a | 3.99±2.31b | ND | ND | 2.77 | *** |
| 氨态氮Ammonia Nitrogen (g·kg-1 TN) | 208.0±9.020a | 51.5±0.373b | 55.1±1.540b | 54.3±0.472b | 20.30 | *** |
| 1,2-丙二醇1,2-Propanediol (g·kg-1 DM) | ND | 0.358±0.0348 | ND | ND | 0.05 | NS |
| 乙醇Ethanol (g·kg-1 DM) | 18.0±4.22a | 11.8±1.75a | 8.22±0.82a | 8.01±1.39a | 1.59 | NS |
| 项目Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||
| 干物质Dry matter (g·kg-1) | 295±3.23c | 311±0.33b | 327±1.84a | 328±3.74a | 4.18 | *** |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (g·kg-1 DM) | 69.5±0.159a | 71.5±0.506a | 72.2±0.820a | 70.4±0.727a | 0.40 | NS |
| 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (g·kg-1 DM) | 636±5.04a | 601±4.54b | 561±1.33c | 571±5.87c | 9.06 | *** |
| 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (g·kg-1 DM) | 407±0.77a | 372±3.30b | 338±5.48c | 348±4.86c | 8.20 | *** |
表3 水稻秸秆90 d青贮后添加剂对蛋白和纤维组分的影响
Table 3 Effects of additives on protein and fiber composition in rice straw after 90 d of ensiling
| 项目Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||
| 干物质Dry matter (g·kg-1) | 295±3.23c | 311±0.33b | 327±1.84a | 328±3.74a | 4.18 | *** |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (g·kg-1 DM) | 69.5±0.159a | 71.5±0.506a | 72.2±0.820a | 70.4±0.727a | 0.40 | NS |
| 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (g·kg-1 DM) | 636±5.04a | 601±4.54b | 561±1.33c | 571±5.87c | 9.06 | *** |
| 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (g·kg-1 DM) | 407±0.77a | 372±3.30b | 338±5.48c | 348±4.86c | 8.20 | *** |
图1 水稻秸秆青贮中细菌群落和真菌群落的稀释曲线ZOTU,零半径操作分类单元 Zero-radius operational taxonomic unit. 下同 The same below.
Fig.1 Rarefaction curve of bacterial community and fungal community in rice straw silage
类别 Category | 项目 Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | ||||
细菌群落 Bacterial community | Sobs指数Sobs index | 218±6.5a | 240±45.3a | 336±13.3a | 274±62.4a | 21.500 | NS |
| 香农指数Shannon index | 3.54±0.073a | 2.06±0.276a | 2.52±0.116a | 2.08±0.683a | 0.241 | NS | |
| 辛普森指数Simpson index | 0.061±0.006a | 0.267±0.039a | 0.217±0.023a | 0.326±0.116a | 0.040 | NS | |
| Ace指数Ace index | 250±8.31c | 312±38.90bc | 379±5.66ab | 439±8.92a | 23.100 | ** | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 247±9.5b | 302±38.0ab | 386±10.4a | 363±34.8a | 19.900 | * | |
| 覆盖度Coverage (%) | 99.91±0.0045a | 99.83±0.0145ab | 99.84±0.0153ab | 99.81±0.0371b | 0.015 | * | |
真菌群落 Fungal community | Sobs指数Sobs index | 201±14.70a | 269±27.50a | 266±4.84a | 222±9.96a | 11.300 | * |
| 香农指数Shannon index | 2.14±0.048b | 3.22±0.151a | 3.10±0.167a | 2.16±0.139b | 0.163 | ** | |
| 辛普森指数Simpson index | 0.279±0.0246a | 0.110±0.0104b | 0.138±0.0300b | 0.300±0.0405a | 0.028 | ** | |
| Ace指数Ace index | 227±14.9a | 288±26.0a | 287±12.7a | 279±9.8a | 10.500 | NS | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 234±13.4a | 296±21.3a | 291±18.0a | 273±14.4a | 10.300 | NS | |
| 覆盖度Coverage (%) | 99.90±0.0103ab | 99.91±0.0067a | 99.91±0.0227a | 99.85±0.0062b | 0.010 | * | |
表4 水稻秸秆90 d青贮后添加剂对细菌和真菌群落的α多样性的影响
Table 4 Effects of additives on the α diversity of bacterial and fungal community in rice straw after 90 d of ensiling
类别 Category | 项目 Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | ||||
细菌群落 Bacterial community | Sobs指数Sobs index | 218±6.5a | 240±45.3a | 336±13.3a | 274±62.4a | 21.500 | NS |
| 香农指数Shannon index | 3.54±0.073a | 2.06±0.276a | 2.52±0.116a | 2.08±0.683a | 0.241 | NS | |
| 辛普森指数Simpson index | 0.061±0.006a | 0.267±0.039a | 0.217±0.023a | 0.326±0.116a | 0.040 | NS | |
| Ace指数Ace index | 250±8.31c | 312±38.90bc | 379±5.66ab | 439±8.92a | 23.100 | ** | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 247±9.5b | 302±38.0ab | 386±10.4a | 363±34.8a | 19.900 | * | |
| 覆盖度Coverage (%) | 99.91±0.0045a | 99.83±0.0145ab | 99.84±0.0153ab | 99.81±0.0371b | 0.015 | * | |
真菌群落 Fungal community | Sobs指数Sobs index | 201±14.70a | 269±27.50a | 266±4.84a | 222±9.96a | 11.300 | * |
| 香农指数Shannon index | 2.14±0.048b | 3.22±0.151a | 3.10±0.167a | 2.16±0.139b | 0.163 | ** | |
| 辛普森指数Simpson index | 0.279±0.0246a | 0.110±0.0104b | 0.138±0.0300b | 0.300±0.0405a | 0.028 | ** | |
| Ace指数Ace index | 227±14.9a | 288±26.0a | 287±12.7a | 279±9.8a | 10.500 | NS | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 234±13.4a | 296±21.3a | 291±18.0a | 273±14.4a | 10.300 | NS | |
| 覆盖度Coverage (%) | 99.90±0.0103ab | 99.91±0.0067a | 99.91±0.0227a | 99.85±0.0062b | 0.010 | * | |
图2 水稻秸秆青贮中细菌群落和真菌群落的主坐标分析和群落集合图
Fig.2 Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and upset analysis of bacterial community and fungal community in rice straw silage
方法 Method | 处理方式 Processing method | 项目 Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||||
真菌多样性 Fungal diversity | PCR扩增 PCR amplification | 曲霉科相对丰度Relative abundance of Aspergillaceae (%) | 2.8±1.93c | 66.7±3.28b | 69.4±3.75b | 89.0±3.95a | 9.880 | *** |
平板培养法 Plate count method | 梯度稀释和培养基 Gradient dilution and culture medium | 霉菌数Moulds count (log CFU·g-1) | NDb | 2.06±0.161a | 1.53±0.250a | 1.57±0.274a | 0.249 | *** |
霉菌毒素分析 Mycotoxin analysis | 甲醇萃取 Methanol extraction | 黄曲霉毒素B1含量Aflatoxin B1 count (μg·kg-1 DM) | 0.521±0.206a | 0.222±0.025a | 1.500±1.210a | 0.869±0.014a | 0.298 | NS |
| 玉米赤霉烯酮含量Zearalenone count (μg·kg-1 DM) | 95.8±0.126a | 97.8±0.667a | 96.0±0.970a | 95.7±0.571a | 0.387 | NS | ||
表5 90 d青贮后水稻秸秆中微生物和潜在霉菌毒素污染风险
Table 5 Potential mycotoxin risks of microorganisms in rice straw silage after 90 d of ensiling
方法 Method | 处理方式 Processing method | 项目 Item | 处理组 Treatment group | 标准误 SEM | 显著性 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | HLAB | PACA | HLAB_PACA | |||||
真菌多样性 Fungal diversity | PCR扩增 PCR amplification | 曲霉科相对丰度Relative abundance of Aspergillaceae (%) | 2.8±1.93c | 66.7±3.28b | 69.4±3.75b | 89.0±3.95a | 9.880 | *** |
平板培养法 Plate count method | 梯度稀释和培养基 Gradient dilution and culture medium | 霉菌数Moulds count (log CFU·g-1) | NDb | 2.06±0.161a | 1.53±0.250a | 1.57±0.274a | 0.249 | *** |
霉菌毒素分析 Mycotoxin analysis | 甲醇萃取 Methanol extraction | 黄曲霉毒素B1含量Aflatoxin B1 count (μg·kg-1 DM) | 0.521±0.206a | 0.222±0.025a | 1.500±1.210a | 0.869±0.014a | 0.298 | NS |
| 玉米赤霉烯酮含量Zearalenone count (μg·kg-1 DM) | 95.8±0.126a | 97.8±0.667a | 96.0±0.970a | 95.7±0.571a | 0.387 | NS | ||
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