Response of aeolian activity to grazing intensities in the desert steppe， Northern China

doi:10.11686/cyxb2022310

Abstract

Abstract:

In this research we studied the effect of grazing intensity on aeolian sand movement in order to develop greater understanding the aeolian dynamic process and techniques for more accurately evaluating and preventing wind-blown sand disasters. The research was conducted at the Urat Desert-Grassland Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the desert grassland of Inner Mongolia was the subject of our investigation. Two grassland types were studied： Shrub dominated grassland （SDG） and grass dominated grassland （GDG） and there were three grazing intensities： Prohibiting grazing as control （CK）， moderate grazing intensity （MG） and heavy grazing intensity （HG）. The near-surface wind speed profile， particle size distribution， wind-sand flow structure and other related parameters were measured and analyzed. It was found that： 1） The surface aerodynamic roughness length of the two grassland types was significantly influenced by grazing intensity and the effect of grazing intensity on the aerodynamic roughness length of GDG was greater than that on SDG. 2） Grassland type and grazing intensity had significant effects on soil erodible particle content （P<0.05）. With increase in grazing intensity， the content of soil erodible particles progressively decreased and the soil texture became coarser. 3） The aeolian sand flow functions in grazing areas all followed power functions， and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.97. The horizontal sand fluxes in MG plots （6.468 g·m^-1·d^-1） and HG plots （9.294 g·m^-1·d^-1） were 7.13 and 10.25 times higher than those in CK plots （0.907 g·m^-1·d^-1）， respectively. The impacts of sand transport height and grazing intensity on sediment transport rate in SDG were less than in GDG. The above results showed that the influence of grazing disturbance on aeolian sand activity in GDG was much greater than that in SDG， and the horizontal sediment flux under grazing was much more than that of CK， even for MG. Therefore， decisions on grazing strategy based solely on vegetation carrying capacity are still seriously inadequate. In order to maintain the sustainable development of animal husbandry， the intensity of surface aeolian sand activity should be considered as an important index when developing grazing strategy.

Key words: grazing intensity, desert steppe, aeolian activity, soil particle size, aeolian sand structure

Xin-lei LIU, He-qiang DU, Xiu-fan LIU, Ya-wei FAN. Response of aeolian activity to grazing intensities in the desert steppe， Northern China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(7): 1-11.

Figures/Tables 8

References 33

1	Wu Z. Sand geomorphology and sand control engineering. Beijing： Science Press， 2003.
	吴正. 风沙地貌与治沙工程学. 北京：科学出版社， 2003.
2	Wu L L. Research on the mechanism of mutual feeding between desert wind-sand movement and solar power generation technology. Hohhot： Inner Mongolia University of Technology， 2021.
	吴丽玲. 沙漠风沙运动与太阳能发电技术的互馈机理研究. 呼和浩特：内蒙古工业大学， 2021.
3	Zheng X J， Zhou Y H. Some key problems in the research of wind-blown sands. Mechanics in Engineering， 2003， 25（2）： 1-6.
	郑晓静，周又和. 风沙运动研究中的若干关键力学问题. 力学与实践， 2003， 25（2）： 1-6.
4	National Forestry and Grassland Administration. China bulletin on desertification and desertification （Fifth national desertification and desertification monitoring results）. ［2015-12-29］（2022-08-02）. http：//www.forestry.gov.cn.
	国家林业和草原局. 中国荒漠化和沙化状况公报（第五次全国荒漠化和沙化监测结果）. ［2015-12-29］（2022-08-02）. http：//www.forestry.gov.cn.
5	Cheng X. Experimental research on sand incipience law in wind-blown-sand two phase flow. Beijing： Tsinghua University， 2003.
	程旭. 风沙两相流中沙粒起动规律的实验研究. 北京：清华大学， 2003.
6	Bagnold R A. The physics of blown sand and desert dunes. Berlin： Springer Netherlands， 1942.
7	Sun C L， Zhang Z D， Qiu Q Q， et al. AHP based wind erosion risk analysis of the Xilinguole grassland landscape system. Arid Land Geography， 2016， 39（5）： 1036-1042.
	孙传龙，张卓栋，邱倩倩，等. 基于层次分析法的锡林郭勒草地景观系统风蚀危险性分析. 干旱区地理， 2016， 39（5）： 1036-1042.
8	Webb N P， Strong C L. Soil erodibility dynamics and its representation for wind erosion and dust emission models. Aeolian Research， 2011， 3（2）： 165-179.
9	Dong Z B， Chen W N， Dong G R， et al. Influences of vegetation cover on the wind erosion of sandy soil. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae， 1996， 16（4）： 442-446.
	董治宝，陈渭南，董光荣，等. 植被对风沙土风蚀作用的影响. 环境科学学报， 1996， 16（4）： 442-446.
10	Chen Z， Ma S S， Zhao Y L， et al. Characteristics of drifting sand flux over conservation tillage field. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2010， 26（1）： 118-122.
	陈智，麻硕士，赵永来，等. 保护性耕作农田地表风沙流特性. 农业工程学报， 2010， 26（1）： 118-122.
11	Li Y Q， Li Z G， Dong Z， et al. Comparison on the anti erosion characterisitics under different grazing intensities on the desert steppe bases on the wind tunnel simulation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation， 2016， 30（3）： 103-106.
	李永强，李治国，董智，等. 基于风洞模拟的荒漠草原不同放牧强度抗蚀特征比较. 水土保持学报， 2016， 30（3）： 103-106.
12	Li Y Q， Li Z G， Dong Z， et al. Effects of grazing intensity on windblown sediment mass flux and particle size distribution in the desert steppe of Nei Mongol， China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology， 2016， 40（10）： 1003-1014.
	李永强，李治国，董智，等. 内蒙古荒漠草原放牧强度对风沙通量和沉积物粒径的影响. 植物生态学报， 2016， 40（10）： 1003-1014.
13	Li S， Harazono Y， Oikawa T， et al. Grassland desertification by grazing and resulting micrometeorological changes in Inner Mongolia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology， 2000， 102： 125-137.
14	Du H Q， Wang T， Xue X， et al. Estimation of soil organic carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus losses induced by wind erosion in Northern China. Land Degradation and Development， 2019， 30（8）： 1006-1022.
15	Munkhtsetseg E， Shinoda M， Ishizuka M， et al. Anthropogenic dust emissions due to livestock trampling in a Mongolian temperate grassland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics， 2017， 17： 11389-11401.
16	Belnap J， Reynold R， Reheis M C， et al. Sediment losses and gains across a gradient of livestock grazing and plant invasion in a cool， semi-arid grassland， Colorado Plateau， USA. Aeolian Research， 2009， 1（1）： 27-43.
17	Zuo X， Zhang J， Lv P， et al. Effects of plant functional diversity induced by grazing and soil properties on above and belowground biomass in a semiarid grassland. Ecological Indicators， 2018， 93： 555-561.
18	Ha B R. Research on human-land relationship and ecological restoration in Inner Mongolia desert grassland-Take pastoral area of Wulatehou Banner as an example. Hohhot： Inner Mongolia Normal University， 2021.
	哈布日. 内蒙古荒漠草原人地关系与生态恢复研究. 呼和浩特：内蒙古师范大学， 2021.
19	Du H Q， Zuo X A， Li S， et al. Wind erosion changes induced by different grazing intensities in the desert steppe， Northern China. Agriculture， Ecosystems and Environment， 2019， 274： 1-13.
20	Wentworth C K. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology， 1922， 30（5）： 377-392.
21	Mei F M， Jiang S S， Wang T. The inflected feature of wind profiles over several roughness beds and its implications. Journal of Desert Research， 2010， 30（2）： 217-227.
	梅凡民，江姗姗，王涛. 粗糙床面风廓线的转折特征及其物理意义. 中国沙漠， 2010， 30（2）： 217-227.
22	Priesley C H B. Turbulent transfer in the lower atmosphere. Chicago： The University of Chicago Press， 1959.
23	Du H Q， Xue X， Sun J H. Underlying surface characteristics and observation of blown-sand movement in Ulanbuh Desert along bank of Yellow River. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2012， 28（22）： 156-165.
	杜鹤强，薛娴，孙家欢. 乌兰布和沙漠沿黄河区域下垫面特征及风沙活动观测. 农业工程学报， 2012， 28（22）： 156-165.
24	Liu X P， Dong Z B. Review of aerodynamic roughness length. Journal of Desert Research， 2003， 23（4）： 337-346.
	刘小平，董治宝. 空气动力学粗糙度的物理与实践意义. 中国沙漠， 2003， 23（4）： 337-346.
25	Zhu Z D， Wu Z， Liu S. An introduction to China deserts. Beijing： Science Press， 1980： 93-105.
	朱震达，吴正，刘恕. 中国沙漠概论. 北京：科学出版社， 1980： 93-105.
26	Liu X W. Experimental sand physics and sand engineering. Beijing： Science Press， 1995： 68-72.
	刘贤万. 实验风沙物理与风沙工程学. 北京：科学出版社， 1995： 68-72.
27	Shao Y P. A model for mineral dust emission. Journal of Geophysical Research， 2001， 106（D17）： 20239-20254.
28	Zender C S， Bian H， Newman D. Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition （DEAD） model： description and 1990s dust climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research， 2003， 108（D14）： 4416.
29	Gillies J A， Nickling W G， Lancaster N. Vegetative roughness controls on wind erosion： a shear stress partitioning approach//Sustainable development in dryland-meeting the challenge of global climate change， Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Development of Drylands. Cairo： International Dryland Development Commission， 2010： 374-384.
30	Hoffmann C， Funk R， Wieland R， et al. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland， Inner Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments， 2008， 72： 792-807.
31	Aubault H， Webb N P， Strong C L， et al. Grazing impacts on the susceptibility of rangelands to wind erosion： The effects of stocking rate， stocking strategy and land condition. Aeolian Research， 2015， 17： 89-99.
32	Xuan C Z， Chen Z， Liu H Y， et al. Tests on anti-wind erosion in different restoration modes of desertification grassland at test zone in Siziwang Banner. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery， 2016， 47（8）： 164-170.
	宣传忠，陈智，刘海洋，等. 四子王旗草地修复试验区不同修复模式的抗风蚀试验. 农业机械学报， 2016， 47（8）： 164-170.
33	Sun S X， Ding Y， Li X Z， et al. Effects of seasonal regulation of grazing intensity on soil erosion in desert steppe grassland. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2020， 29（7）： 23-29.
	孙世贤，丁勇，李夏子，等. 放牧强度季节调控对荒漠草原土壤风蚀的影响.草业学报， 2020， 29（7）： 23-29.

项目	草本区Grass dominated grassland （GDG）			灌木区Shrub dominated grassland （SDG）
Item	对照区 Control area （CK）	中度放牧区 Moderate grazing area （MG）	重度放牧区 Heavy grazing area （HG）	对照区 Control area （CK）	中度放牧区 Moderate grazing area （MG）	重度放牧区 Heavy grazing area （HG）
植被盖度Vegetation cover （%）	56.56	31.44	25.89	49.20	33.40	30.20
植被密度Vegetation density （plant·m^-2）	26.980	25.264	25.534	104.300	75.810	64.390
地上生物量Aboveground biomass （g·m^-2）	85.192	33.152	24.774	130.616	80.112	75.128

项目	草本区Grass dominated grassland （GDG）			灌木区Shrub dominated grassland （SDG）
Item	对照区 Control area （CK）	中度放牧区 Moderate grazing area （MG）	重度放牧区 Heavy grazing area （HG）	对照区 Control area （CK）	中度放牧区 Moderate grazing area （MG）	重度放牧区 Heavy grazing area （HG）
植被盖度Vegetation cover （%）	56.56	31.44	25.89	49.20	33.40	30.20
植被密度Vegetation density （plant·m^-2）	26.980	25.264	25.534	104.300	75.810	64.390
地上生物量Aboveground biomass （g·m^-2）	85.192	33.152	24.774	130.616	80.112	75.128

草地类型 Grassland type	放牧强度 Grazing intensity	拟合系数b Fitting coefficient b	拟合系数a Fitting coefficient a	决定系数R² Decision coefficient R²	摩阻风速u_* Friction velocity u_* （m·s^-1）	空气动力学粗糙度z₀ Aerodynamic roughness length z₀ （m）
草本区Grass dominated grassland （GDG）	对照区Control area （CK）	9.602	3.231	0.974	1.293	0.051
	中度放牧区Moderate grazing area （MG）	8.226	2.682	0.991	1.073	0.046
	重度放牧区Heavy grazing area （HG）	6.303	1.363	0.874	0.545	0.010
灌木区Shrub dominated grassland （SDG）	中度放牧区Moderate grazing area （MG）	5.422	1.681	0.995	0.672	0.040
灌木区Shrub dominated grassland （SDG）	重度放牧区Heavy grazing area （HG）	6.128	1.694	0.984	0.678	0.027

草地类型 Grassland type	放牧强度 Grazing intensity	拟合系数b Fitting coefficient b	拟合系数a Fitting coefficient a	决定系数R² Decision coefficient R²	摩阻风速u_* Friction velocity u_* （m·s^-1）	空气动力学粗糙度z₀ Aerodynamic roughness length z₀ （m）
草本区Grass dominated grassland （GDG）	对照区Control area （CK）	9.602	3.231	0.974	1.293	0.051
	中度放牧区Moderate grazing area （MG）	8.226	2.682	0.991	1.073	0.046
	重度放牧区Heavy grazing area （HG）	6.303	1.363	0.874	0.545	0.010
灌木区Shrub dominated grassland （SDG）	中度放牧区Moderate grazing area （MG）	5.422	1.681	0.995	0.672	0.040
灌木区Shrub dominated grassland （SDG）	重度放牧区Heavy grazing area （HG）	6.128	1.694	0.984	0.678	0.027

主要影响Main effect	P值P value
草地类型Grassland type	<0.001
放牧强度Grazing intensity	<0.001
草地类型×放牧强度Grassland type×grazing intensity	0.135