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Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (12): 90-103.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023046

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Real-time monitoring and analysis algorithm for key biophysical indicators of cultivated alfalfa in a grassland intelligent perception system

Chun-li MIAO1(), Zhong-xian LI2, Zhi-cheng ZHAO3, Shuai FU1, Jin-long GAO1, Jie LIU1, Qi-sheng FENG1, Tian-gang LIANG1()   

  1. 1.College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology,Lanzhou University,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Innovation,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou 730020,China
    2.Network Security and Informatization Office,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
    3.Ningxia Pengyang County Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Service Center,Pengyang 756500,China
  • Received:2023-02-13 Revised:2023-05-04 Online:2023-12-20 Published:2023-10-18
  • Contact: Tian-gang LIANG

Abstract:

Alfalfa, as an important high-quality forage, plays a vital role in the development of grassland animal husbandry. Traditional ground surveys and satellite remote sensing to evaluate large-scale alfalfa cover and yield are easily affected by weather, manpower, and financial factors, and have certain limitations when used in spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring. In recent years, with the rapid development of sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) and their widespread application in crop monitoring and analysis, new methods have been developed for accurate and real-time estimation of alfalfa cover and yield. In this study, alfalfa cover and yield estimation models were established using deep learning (DL) and multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) methods combined with ground-measured data for alfalfa cultivated in four northern provinces of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Ningxia. The accuracy of all the models was evaluated. It was found that: 1) In general, cultivated alfalfa in northern Xinjiang, Hexi in Gansu, and other regions is mainly irrigated, with concentrated and contiguous plots and flat terrain, and is harvested three to four times a year, with an average yield and vegetation cover of 5362.81 kg·ha-1 and 96.29%, respectively, at the peak growth period. Alfalfa in Eastern Gansu, southern Ningxia, and other regions is mainly cultivated using a dryland production system, is mostly grown on horizontal terraces in mountainous areas, and is harvested two to three times a year, with an average yield and cover of 3987.57 kg·ha-1 and 91.55%, respectively, at the peak growth period. 2) For the alfalfa cover deep learning model using unmanned aerial vehicle visible light remote sensing data as inputs, the R2 was 0.99, the root mean squared error was 1.44%, and the model accuracy was 92%, indicative of good ability to dynamically monitor cultivated alfalfa cover. 3) Compared with the MLR model, the RF model based on longitude, latitude, altitude, and key biophysical indicators of alfalfa height, cover, and their product provided more accurate estimates of alfalfa yield. The R2 of the optimal estimation model test set was 0.69, and the RMSE was 1151.24 kg·ha-1. In summary, we have established an intelligent perception system based on an algorithm for the rapid evaluation of key biophysical indicators of cultivated alfalfa. These findings provide technical support for the application of networked, automated, and intelligent alfalfa growth data acquisition and dynamic analysis systems in multiple locations and with a high frequency.

Key words: intelligent sensing system, alfalfa coverage, alfalfa yield, machine learning, deep learning, UAV