Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 187-202.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023259
Wen-wen QI1,2(), Hong-yuan MA1(), Ya-xiao LI1, Yan DU3, Meng-dan SUN1, Hai-tao WU1
Received:
2023-07-24
Revised:
2023-09-22
Online:
2024-06-20
Published:
2024-03-20
Contact:
Hong-yuan MA
Wen-wen QI, Hong-yuan MA, Ya-xiao LI, Yan DU, Meng-dan SUN, Hai-tao WU. Progress in research on breeding methods to produce new, high-quality forage varieties[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(6): 187-202.
类别 Type | 数量(占比) Quantity (proportion) | 物种 Species | 数量(占比)Quantity (proportion) |
---|---|---|---|
育成品种 Improved variety | 251(37.58%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 121(48.2%) 95(37.8%) 35(14.0%) |
野生栽培品种 Wild culture variety | 159(23.81%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 82(51.6%) 37(23.3%) 40(25.1%) |
引进品种 Introduced variety | 191(28.59%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 99(51.8%) 71(37.2%) 21(11.0%) |
地方品种 Local variety | 67(10.03%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 16(23.9%) 39(58.2%) 12(17.9%) |
Table 1 Forage varieties approved by the National Grass Variety Approval Committee from 1987 to 2022 in China
类别 Type | 数量(占比) Quantity (proportion) | 物种 Species | 数量(占比)Quantity (proportion) |
---|---|---|---|
育成品种 Improved variety | 251(37.58%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 121(48.2%) 95(37.8%) 35(14.0%) |
野生栽培品种 Wild culture variety | 159(23.81%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 82(51.6%) 37(23.3%) 40(25.1%) |
引进品种 Introduced variety | 191(28.59%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 99(51.8%) 71(37.2%) 21(11.0%) |
地方品种 Local variety | 67(10.03%) | 禾本科Poaceae 豆科Fabaceae 其他科Other families | 16(23.9%) 39(58.2%) 12(17.9%) |
杂交方式 | 亲本组合 Parental combination | 优势 Advantage | 育成品种/品系 Cultivated varieties/ strains |
---|---|---|---|
正反交 Reciprocal cross | 两个亲本互为父母本杂交。The two varieties/materials were crossed with each other. | 能够明确不同亲本个体和杂交组合的配合力。To clarify the combining ability of different parent individuals and hybrid combinations[ | 黄花苜蓿与驯鹿苜蓿杂交组合。Medicago falcata cv. Hulunbeier & M. sativa cv. AC Caribou[ |
多父本杂交 Multi-parent crossover | 多个父本与同一母本杂交。Multiple male parents crossed with the same female parent. | 同时可获得多个单交组合的混合后代,分离种类较单交丰富,益于挑选。The mixed progenies of multiple single cross combinations can be obtained, and the separated species are more abundant than single crossing, which is beneficial to selection at the same time. | 图牧2号紫花苜蓿。M. sativa cv. Tumu No.2[ |
多元杂交 Polycross | 两个以上亲本混合杂交。Mixed crossing of more than two parents. | 一次性获得多杂交组合的配合力及配合力的遗传特点,将多个亲本的优良性状集成到一个后代。The combining ability and genetic characteristics of multi-hybrid combinations were obtained at one time, and the excellent characters of multiple parents were integrated into one progeny[ | 甘农系列,中兰系列,中苜系列等苜蓿品种。Gannong series, Zhonglan series, Zhongmu series and other alfalfa varieties[ |
远缘杂交 Distant hybridization | 不同种、属或亲缘关系更远的物种作为杂交亲本互交。Different species, genera or more closely related species interbreed as hybrid parents. | 打破种族隔离,表现出较强的杂种优势,尤其是在抗逆性方面。Break apartheid and show strong heterosis, especially in stress resistance. | 南农1号羊茅黑麦草、龙牧系列3个苜蓿品种。Nannong No.1 fescue ryegrass[ |
回交 Backcross | 杂交后代与其两个亲本之一再次杂交。The hybrid offspring crossed again with one of its two parents. | 在纯合品种选育进程方面要优于自交,并且因其核置换理论其后代基本拥有轮回亲本的全部核基因组成。It is better than self-crossing in the breeding process of homozygous varieties, and because of its nuclear replacement theory, its offspring basically have all the nuclear gene composition of recurrent parents. | Caliyerde、Saranac、Iroguois和Apalacheem抗性苜蓿品种。Resistant alfalfa varieties of Caliyerde, Saranac, Iroguois and Apalacheem[ |
雄性不育系杂交 Male sterile line hybridization | 以可遗传的雄性不育系作为母本与具有恢复育性基因的正常父本杂交。Heritable male sterile lines as female parents crossed with normal male parents with restoring fertility genes. | 适用于异花授粉植物大田杂交制种,充分利用杂种优势,弥补去雄困难、杂交种获得效率低的缺点,成本低。Suitable for field hybrid seed production of cross-pollinated plants, making full use of heterosis, making up for the difficulties of castration and low efficiency of hybrid seed acquisition, low cost. | Hybriforce-620苜蓿品种;蜀草1号高丹草等。Hybriforce-620 alfalfa [ |
Table 2 Hybrid breeding techniques and varieties of forage at home and abroad
杂交方式 | 亲本组合 Parental combination | 优势 Advantage | 育成品种/品系 Cultivated varieties/ strains |
---|---|---|---|
正反交 Reciprocal cross | 两个亲本互为父母本杂交。The two varieties/materials were crossed with each other. | 能够明确不同亲本个体和杂交组合的配合力。To clarify the combining ability of different parent individuals and hybrid combinations[ | 黄花苜蓿与驯鹿苜蓿杂交组合。Medicago falcata cv. Hulunbeier & M. sativa cv. AC Caribou[ |
多父本杂交 Multi-parent crossover | 多个父本与同一母本杂交。Multiple male parents crossed with the same female parent. | 同时可获得多个单交组合的混合后代,分离种类较单交丰富,益于挑选。The mixed progenies of multiple single cross combinations can be obtained, and the separated species are more abundant than single crossing, which is beneficial to selection at the same time. | 图牧2号紫花苜蓿。M. sativa cv. Tumu No.2[ |
多元杂交 Polycross | 两个以上亲本混合杂交。Mixed crossing of more than two parents. | 一次性获得多杂交组合的配合力及配合力的遗传特点,将多个亲本的优良性状集成到一个后代。The combining ability and genetic characteristics of multi-hybrid combinations were obtained at one time, and the excellent characters of multiple parents were integrated into one progeny[ | 甘农系列,中兰系列,中苜系列等苜蓿品种。Gannong series, Zhonglan series, Zhongmu series and other alfalfa varieties[ |
远缘杂交 Distant hybridization | 不同种、属或亲缘关系更远的物种作为杂交亲本互交。Different species, genera or more closely related species interbreed as hybrid parents. | 打破种族隔离,表现出较强的杂种优势,尤其是在抗逆性方面。Break apartheid and show strong heterosis, especially in stress resistance. | 南农1号羊茅黑麦草、龙牧系列3个苜蓿品种。Nannong No.1 fescue ryegrass[ |
回交 Backcross | 杂交后代与其两个亲本之一再次杂交。The hybrid offspring crossed again with one of its two parents. | 在纯合品种选育进程方面要优于自交,并且因其核置换理论其后代基本拥有轮回亲本的全部核基因组成。It is better than self-crossing in the breeding process of homozygous varieties, and because of its nuclear replacement theory, its offspring basically have all the nuclear gene composition of recurrent parents. | Caliyerde、Saranac、Iroguois和Apalacheem抗性苜蓿品种。Resistant alfalfa varieties of Caliyerde, Saranac, Iroguois and Apalacheem[ |
雄性不育系杂交 Male sterile line hybridization | 以可遗传的雄性不育系作为母本与具有恢复育性基因的正常父本杂交。Heritable male sterile lines as female parents crossed with normal male parents with restoring fertility genes. | 适用于异花授粉植物大田杂交制种,充分利用杂种优势,弥补去雄困难、杂交种获得效率低的缺点,成本低。Suitable for field hybrid seed production of cross-pollinated plants, making full use of heterosis, making up for the difficulties of castration and low efficiency of hybrid seed acquisition, low cost. | Hybriforce-620苜蓿品种;蜀草1号高丹草等。Hybriforce-620 alfalfa [ |
诱变技术 Mutagenic technology | 诱变源 Mutagenic source | 应用 Application | 特点 Characteristic |
---|---|---|---|
物理诱变 Physical mutagenesis | 60Co-γ射线60Co-γ-rays | 紫花苜蓿,羊草等 M. sativa[ | 突变谱广,方向不定,可有效改良单一性状,提高抗逆性,打破远缘杂交不亲和性。The mutation spectrum is wide and the direction is uncertain, which can effectively improve the single character, improve the stress resistance and break the distant cross incompatibility. |
快中子Fast neutrons | 羊草L. chinensis[ | ||
离子束注入Ion beam implantation | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | ||
宇宙的辐射Cosmic radiation | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | ||
化学诱变 Chemical mutagenesis | 甲基磺酸乙酯Ethyl methylsulfone(EMS) | 缘毛雀麦,扁蓿豆,羊草Bromus ciliates, Melilotoides ruthenicus[ | 诱发DNA点突变,效率高,易操作,但高效低毒诱变剂较少。DNA point mutation can be induced with high efficiency and easy operation, but there are few mutagens with high efficiency and low toxicity. |
硫酸二乙酯Diethyl sulfate(DES) | 大麦H. vulgare[ | ||
叠氮化钠Sodium azide(NaN3) | 黑麦草 Secale cereale[ | ||
复合诱变 Compound mutagenesis | 盐胁迫+组织培养Salt stress+plant tissue culture | 高羊茅 Festuca elata[ | 提高突变率,改变分离纯化速度和缩短育种周期。Increase the mutation rate, change the separation and purification speed and shorten the breeding cycle. |
NaN3+盐胁迫+组织培养NaN3+salt stress+plant tissue culture | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | ||
60Co-γ射线+甲基磺酸乙酯60Co-γ-rays+EMS | 山黧豆Lathyrus quinquenervius[ | ||
快中子+盐胁迫+组织培养Fast neutrons+salt stress+plant tissue culture | 红豆草Onobrychis viciifolia[ | ||
叠氮化钠+紫外线+盐/旱胁迫+组织培养NaN3+UV+salt/dry stress+plant tissue culture | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ |
Table 3 Application of mutagenesis technique in forage breeding
诱变技术 Mutagenic technology | 诱变源 Mutagenic source | 应用 Application | 特点 Characteristic |
---|---|---|---|
物理诱变 Physical mutagenesis | 60Co-γ射线60Co-γ-rays | 紫花苜蓿,羊草等 M. sativa[ | 突变谱广,方向不定,可有效改良单一性状,提高抗逆性,打破远缘杂交不亲和性。The mutation spectrum is wide and the direction is uncertain, which can effectively improve the single character, improve the stress resistance and break the distant cross incompatibility. |
快中子Fast neutrons | 羊草L. chinensis[ | ||
离子束注入Ion beam implantation | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | ||
宇宙的辐射Cosmic radiation | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | ||
化学诱变 Chemical mutagenesis | 甲基磺酸乙酯Ethyl methylsulfone(EMS) | 缘毛雀麦,扁蓿豆,羊草Bromus ciliates, Melilotoides ruthenicus[ | 诱发DNA点突变,效率高,易操作,但高效低毒诱变剂较少。DNA point mutation can be induced with high efficiency and easy operation, but there are few mutagens with high efficiency and low toxicity. |
硫酸二乙酯Diethyl sulfate(DES) | 大麦H. vulgare[ | ||
叠氮化钠Sodium azide(NaN3) | 黑麦草 Secale cereale[ | ||
复合诱变 Compound mutagenesis | 盐胁迫+组织培养Salt stress+plant tissue culture | 高羊茅 Festuca elata[ | 提高突变率,改变分离纯化速度和缩短育种周期。Increase the mutation rate, change the separation and purification speed and shorten the breeding cycle. |
NaN3+盐胁迫+组织培养NaN3+salt stress+plant tissue culture | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | ||
60Co-γ射线+甲基磺酸乙酯60Co-γ-rays+EMS | 山黧豆Lathyrus quinquenervius[ | ||
快中子+盐胁迫+组织培养Fast neutrons+salt stress+plant tissue culture | 红豆草Onobrychis viciifolia[ | ||
叠氮化钠+紫外线+盐/旱胁迫+组织培养NaN3+UV+salt/dry stress+plant tissue culture | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ |
基因工程技术 Genetic engineering technology | 应用 Application | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|
分子标记辅助选择育种Molecular mark assisted breeding | 野生牧草种质资源、品种区分鉴定Differentiation and identification of wild forage germplasm resources and varieties | 狗牙根,紫花苜蓿C. dactylon[ |
突变体性状、突变植株筛选鉴定Screening and identification of mutant characters and mutant plants | 黑麦草 S. cereale[ | |
与基因组学结合进行目的基因挖掘Target gene mining in combination with genomics | 黑麦草,紫花苜蓿S. cereale[ | |
转基因育种Transgenic breeding | 抗除草剂Herbicide resistance | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ |
抗病Disease resistance | 高羊茅F. elata[ | |
耐盐Salt resistance | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | |
抗旱Drought resistance | 百脉根Lotus corniculatus[ | |
低木质素Low lignin | 黑麦草S. cereale[ | |
基因编辑育种Gene editing breeding | 低木质素,抗旱Low lignin, drought resistance | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ |
Table 4 Application of genetic engineering breeding technology in forage breeding
基因工程技术 Genetic engineering technology | 应用 Application | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|
分子标记辅助选择育种Molecular mark assisted breeding | 野生牧草种质资源、品种区分鉴定Differentiation and identification of wild forage germplasm resources and varieties | 狗牙根,紫花苜蓿C. dactylon[ |
突变体性状、突变植株筛选鉴定Screening and identification of mutant characters and mutant plants | 黑麦草 S. cereale[ | |
与基因组学结合进行目的基因挖掘Target gene mining in combination with genomics | 黑麦草,紫花苜蓿S. cereale[ | |
转基因育种Transgenic breeding | 抗除草剂Herbicide resistance | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ |
抗病Disease resistance | 高羊茅F. elata[ | |
耐盐Salt resistance | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ | |
抗旱Drought resistance | 百脉根Lotus corniculatus[ | |
低木质素Low lignin | 黑麦草S. cereale[ | |
基因编辑育种Gene editing breeding | 低木质素,抗旱Low lignin, drought resistance | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa[ |
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