Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 213-226.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024295
Si-ran WANG1,2(
), Cheng-long DING1,2, Ji-peng TIAN1,2, Yun-hui CHENG1,2, Neng-xiang XU1,2, Wen-jie ZHANG1,2, Xin WANG1,2, Bei-yi LIU1,2(
)
Received:2024-07-23
Revised:2024-09-12
Online:2025-06-20
Published:2025-04-03
Contact:
Bei-yi LIU
Si-ran WANG, Cheng-long DING, Ji-peng TIAN, Yun-hui CHENG, Neng-xiang XU, Wen-jie ZHANG, Xin WANG, Bei-yi LIU. Effects of biological and antifungal additives on ensiling characteristics, in vitro digestibility, gas production, and aerobic stability of fermented total mixed ration including wet brewers’ grains[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(6): 213-226.
项目 Items | 湿啤酒糟 Wet brewers’ grain | 箭筈豌豆 Common vetch | 全株燕麦 Whole-crop oat | 青稞秸秆 Hulless barley straw | 精料* Mixed concentrate* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质Dry matter (g·kg-1 FW) | 231 | 281 | 514 | 969 | 911 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (g·kg-1 DM) | 284 | 181 | 93 | 43 | 151 |
| 中性洗涤纤维aNDFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 393 | 476 | 367 | 600 | 178 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 140 | 74 | 176 | 117 | 161 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (g·kg-1 DM) | 108 | 70 | 85 | 59 | 56 |
| 粗灰分Ash (g·kg-1 DM) | 139 | 71 | 51 | 65 | 107 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物Water soluble carbohydrates (g·kg-1 DM) | 68 | 81 | 150 | 42 | 105 |
| 缓冲能Buffering capacity (mEq·kg-1 DM) | 144 | 325 | 181 | 44 | 173 |
| 非纤维性碳水化合物Non-fibrous carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 76 | 202 | 404 | 234 | 508 |
Table 1 Chemical compositions of ingredients used in total mixed ration
项目 Items | 湿啤酒糟 Wet brewers’ grain | 箭筈豌豆 Common vetch | 全株燕麦 Whole-crop oat | 青稞秸秆 Hulless barley straw | 精料* Mixed concentrate* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质Dry matter (g·kg-1 FW) | 231 | 281 | 514 | 969 | 911 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (g·kg-1 DM) | 284 | 181 | 93 | 43 | 151 |
| 中性洗涤纤维aNDFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 393 | 476 | 367 | 600 | 178 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 140 | 74 | 176 | 117 | 161 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (g·kg-1 DM) | 108 | 70 | 85 | 59 | 56 |
| 粗灰分Ash (g·kg-1 DM) | 139 | 71 | 51 | 65 | 107 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物Water soluble carbohydrates (g·kg-1 DM) | 68 | 81 | 150 | 42 | 105 |
| 缓冲能Buffering capacity (mEq·kg-1 DM) | 144 | 325 | 181 | 44 | 173 |
| 非纤维性碳水化合物Non-fibrous carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 76 | 202 | 404 | 234 | 508 |
项目 Items | 全混合日粮 Total mixed ration |
|---|---|
| 原料构成Ingredient proportions | |
| 湿啤酒糟Wet brewers’ grain (g·kg-1 FW) | 100 |
| 箭筈豌豆Common vetch (g·kg-1 FW) | 350 |
| 全株燕麦Whole-crop oat (g·kg-1 FW) | 150 |
| 青稞秸秆Hulless barley straw (g·kg-1 FW) | 100 |
| 精料Mixed concentrate (g·kg-1 FW) | 300 |
| 化学成分Chemical compositions | |
| 干物质Dry matter (g·kg-1 FW) | 569 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (g·kg-1 DM) | 155 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物Water soluble carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 93.0 |
| 中性洗涤纤维aNDFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 374 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 126 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (g·kg-1 DM) | 70.7 |
| 粗灰分Ash (g·kg-1 DM) | 84.8 |
| 非纤维性碳水化合物Non-fibrous carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 315 |
| 缓冲能Buffering capacity (mEq·kg-1 DM) | 212 |
| 微生物数量Microbial populations | |
| 乳酸菌Lactic acid bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 4.83 |
| 好氧菌Aerobic bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 6.54 |
| 酵母菌Yeasts (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 6.28 |
| 霉菌Molds (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 5.15 |
Table 2 Ingredient proportions, chemical compositions and microbial populations of total mixed ration before ensiling
项目 Items | 全混合日粮 Total mixed ration |
|---|---|
| 原料构成Ingredient proportions | |
| 湿啤酒糟Wet brewers’ grain (g·kg-1 FW) | 100 |
| 箭筈豌豆Common vetch (g·kg-1 FW) | 350 |
| 全株燕麦Whole-crop oat (g·kg-1 FW) | 150 |
| 青稞秸秆Hulless barley straw (g·kg-1 FW) | 100 |
| 精料Mixed concentrate (g·kg-1 FW) | 300 |
| 化学成分Chemical compositions | |
| 干物质Dry matter (g·kg-1 FW) | 569 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (g·kg-1 DM) | 155 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物Water soluble carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 93.0 |
| 中性洗涤纤维aNDFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 374 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 126 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (g·kg-1 DM) | 70.7 |
| 粗灰分Ash (g·kg-1 DM) | 84.8 |
| 非纤维性碳水化合物Non-fibrous carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 315 |
| 缓冲能Buffering capacity (mEq·kg-1 DM) | 212 |
| 微生物数量Microbial populations | |
| 乳酸菌Lactic acid bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 4.83 |
| 好氧菌Aerobic bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 6.54 |
| 酵母菌Yeasts (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 6.28 |
| 霉菌Molds (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 5.15 |
项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | 标准误 SEM | P值 P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | LC | LB | POS | SOD | CAP | |||
| 发酵特性Fermentation characteristics | ||||||||
| pH | 4.47a | 4.32d | 4.34cd | 4.37c | 4.45a | 4.41b | 0.014 | <0.001 |
| 乳酸Lactic acid (LA, g·kg-1 DM) | 99.2b | 112.4a | 86.4e | 90.4d | 86.9de | 95.2c | 2.193 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 13.79b | 13.63b | 12.94b | 12.47b | 19.21a | 9.47c | 0.719 | <0.001 |
| 乳酸/乙酸Lactic acid/acetic acid | 7.22bc | 8.28b | 6.69c | 7.26bc | 4.53d | 10.10a | 0.418 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 2.95cd | 3.30bc | 3.44b | 2.46e | 2.51de | 8.32a | 0.496 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 0.837c | 1.716a | 1.748a | 1.612ab | 1.465b | 1.512ab | 0.076 | <0.001 |
| 挥发性脂肪酸VFAs (g·kg-1 DM) | 17.6bc | 18.6bc | 18.1bc | 16.5c | 23.2a | 19.3b | 0.536 | <0.001 |
| 乙醇Ethanol (g·kg-1 DM) | 11.14a | 1.24c | 2.06c | 3.48b | 3.32b | 3.14b | 0.794 | <0.001 |
| 乳酸∶发酵产物LA∶FP (%) | 77.6c | 85.0a | 81.1b | 81.9b | 76.6c | 80.9b | 0.682 | <0.001 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物Water soluble carbohydrates (g·kg-1 DM) | 35.8de | 34.4e | 41.8c | 45.9b | 38.6cd | 52.5a | 1.535 | <0.001 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N (g·kg-1 total nitrogen) | 86.3ab | 91.8a | 90.9a | 88.6ab | 76.7c | 83.5b | 1.298 | <0.001 |
| 化学成分Chemical compositions | ||||||||
| 干物质Dry matter (DM, g·kg-1 FW) | 546a | 519c | 514c | 548a | 550a | 540b | 3.476 | <0.001 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, g·kg-1 DM) | 144ab | 142ab | 146a | 140b | 142ab | 146a | 0.578 | 0.004 |
| 粗灰分Ash (g·kg-1 DM) | 66.4c | 75.2ab | 77.4a | 72.2b | 76.2a | 78.0a | 0.996 | <0.001 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (g·kg-1 DM) | 72.2b | 69.6b | 76.0a | 71.6b | 77.0a | 78.6a | 0.819 | <0.001 |
| 中性洗涤纤维aNDFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 484b | 499a | 446c | 495ab | 494ab | 494ab | 4.474 | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 128.0a | 97.0c | 117.7ab | 118.3ab | 108.7bc | 110.7bc | 2.576 | <0.001 |
| 非纤维性碳水化合物Non-fibrous carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 167a | 139bc | 177a | 150b | 135c | 126c | 4.510 | <0.001 |
| 微生物数量Microbial populations | ||||||||
| 乳酸菌Lactic acid bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 7.42c | 7.77a | 7.66ab | 7.52bc | 7.69ab | 7.69ab | 0.033 | 0.002 |
| 好氧菌Aerobic bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 5.30c | 7.09a | 6.71b | 6.79ab | 6.77ab | 6.79ab | 0.144 | <0.001 |
| 酵母菌Yeasts (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 5.79a | 5.28b | 5.31b | 5.28b | 5.86a | 5.81a | 0.065 | <0.001 |
| 霉菌Molds (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 4.75a | 4.51b | 4.53b | 4.55b | 4.77a | 4.78a | 0.057 | <0.001 |
Table 3 Fermentation quality, chemical compositions and microbial populations of fermented total mixed ration after 100 days of fermentation
项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | 标准误 SEM | P值 P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | LC | LB | POS | SOD | CAP | |||
| 发酵特性Fermentation characteristics | ||||||||
| pH | 4.47a | 4.32d | 4.34cd | 4.37c | 4.45a | 4.41b | 0.014 | <0.001 |
| 乳酸Lactic acid (LA, g·kg-1 DM) | 99.2b | 112.4a | 86.4e | 90.4d | 86.9de | 95.2c | 2.193 | <0.001 |
| 乙酸Acetic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 13.79b | 13.63b | 12.94b | 12.47b | 19.21a | 9.47c | 0.719 | <0.001 |
| 乳酸/乙酸Lactic acid/acetic acid | 7.22bc | 8.28b | 6.69c | 7.26bc | 4.53d | 10.10a | 0.418 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸Propionic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 2.95cd | 3.30bc | 3.44b | 2.46e | 2.51de | 8.32a | 0.496 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸Butyric acid (g·kg-1 DM) | 0.837c | 1.716a | 1.748a | 1.612ab | 1.465b | 1.512ab | 0.076 | <0.001 |
| 挥发性脂肪酸VFAs (g·kg-1 DM) | 17.6bc | 18.6bc | 18.1bc | 16.5c | 23.2a | 19.3b | 0.536 | <0.001 |
| 乙醇Ethanol (g·kg-1 DM) | 11.14a | 1.24c | 2.06c | 3.48b | 3.32b | 3.14b | 0.794 | <0.001 |
| 乳酸∶发酵产物LA∶FP (%) | 77.6c | 85.0a | 81.1b | 81.9b | 76.6c | 80.9b | 0.682 | <0.001 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物Water soluble carbohydrates (g·kg-1 DM) | 35.8de | 34.4e | 41.8c | 45.9b | 38.6cd | 52.5a | 1.535 | <0.001 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N (g·kg-1 total nitrogen) | 86.3ab | 91.8a | 90.9a | 88.6ab | 76.7c | 83.5b | 1.298 | <0.001 |
| 化学成分Chemical compositions | ||||||||
| 干物质Dry matter (DM, g·kg-1 FW) | 546a | 519c | 514c | 548a | 550a | 540b | 3.476 | <0.001 |
| 粗蛋白Crude protein (CP, g·kg-1 DM) | 144ab | 142ab | 146a | 140b | 142ab | 146a | 0.578 | 0.004 |
| 粗灰分Ash (g·kg-1 DM) | 66.4c | 75.2ab | 77.4a | 72.2b | 76.2a | 78.0a | 0.996 | <0.001 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (g·kg-1 DM) | 72.2b | 69.6b | 76.0a | 71.6b | 77.0a | 78.6a | 0.819 | <0.001 |
| 中性洗涤纤维aNDFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 484b | 499a | 446c | 495ab | 494ab | 494ab | 4.474 | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADFom (g·kg-1 DM) | 128.0a | 97.0c | 117.7ab | 118.3ab | 108.7bc | 110.7bc | 2.576 | <0.001 |
| 非纤维性碳水化合物Non-fibrous carbohydrate (g·kg-1 DM) | 167a | 139bc | 177a | 150b | 135c | 126c | 4.510 | <0.001 |
| 微生物数量Microbial populations | ||||||||
| 乳酸菌Lactic acid bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 7.42c | 7.77a | 7.66ab | 7.52bc | 7.69ab | 7.69ab | 0.033 | 0.002 |
| 好氧菌Aerobic bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 5.30c | 7.09a | 6.71b | 6.79ab | 6.77ab | 6.79ab | 0.144 | <0.001 |
| 酵母菌Yeasts (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 5.79a | 5.28b | 5.31b | 5.28b | 5.86a | 5.81a | 0.065 | <0.001 |
| 霉菌Molds (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | 4.75a | 4.51b | 4.53b | 4.55b | 4.77a | 4.78a | 0.057 | <0.001 |
项目 Items | 处理 Treatments (T) | 有氧暴露天数Days of air exposure | 标准误 SEM | P值P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 d | 6 d | 9 d | 14 d | T | L | Q | T×D | |||
| pH | Control | 4.47Ba | 4.47Bb | 4.51ABa | 4.54Ac | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.164 | <0.001 |
| LC | 4.32Bd | 4.33Bc | 4.37Bc | 5.00Ab | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 4.34Bcd | 4.36Bc | 4.44Ab | 4.36Bc | 0.010 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 4.37Cc | 4.42Bb | 4.50Aab | 4.46ABc | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||
| SOD | 4.45Aa | 4.46Ab | 4.46Aab | 4.44Ac | 0.688 | 0.334 | ||||
| CAP | 4.41Bb | 4.55Ba | 4.46Bab | 6.69Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
乳酸 Lactic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 99.2Ab | 93.4Bc | 86.9Cbc | 84.1Cc | 0.208 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.444 | <0.001 |
| LC | 112.4Aa | 103.0Bb | 84.8Cc | 74.9Dd | <0.001 | 0.209 | ||||
| LB | 86.4Ce | 108.3Aa | 102.7Ba | 103.7Ba | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 90.4Bd | 92.6ABc | 89.7Bbc | 95.6Ab | 0.004 | 0.047 | ||||
| SOD | 86.9Dde | 101.3Ab | 90.9Cb | 95.2Bb | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 95.2Ac | 95.9Ac | 74.1Bd | 52.7Ce | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
乙酸 Acetic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 13.8Ab | 13.7Ab | 13.2Aab | 5.3Bc | 0.112 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 13.6Ab | 12.4Ab | 12.0Ab | 3.2Bcd | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 12.9Bb | 14.2ABb | 15.8Aa | 15.5ABa | 0.008 | 0.263 | ||||
| POS | 12.5Ab | 12.1Ab | 10.7Ab | 8.3Bb | <0.001 | 0.041 | ||||
| SOD | 19.2Aa | 17.7ABa | 15.8Ba | 16.4Ba | 0.003 | 0.129 | ||||
| CAP | 9.5Ac | 6.3Bc | 5.5Bc | 2.8Cd | <0.001 | 0.977 | ||||
丙酸 Propionic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 2.95Ccd | 3.35BCb | 3.66ABc | 4.11Ab | 0.034 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.576 | <0.001 |
| LC | 3.30Bbc | 3.56Bb | 3.38Bcd | 4.14Ab | 0.001 | 0.035 | ||||
| LB | 3.44Bb | 3.64Bb | 4.59Ab | 4.05ABb | 0.007 | 0.086 | ||||
| POS | 2.46Ce | 2.53BCb | 2.85Bd | 3.33Ac | <0.001 | 0.016 | ||||
| SOD | 2.51Bde | 3.50Ab | 3.24Acd | 3.61Abc | 0.001 | 0.086 | ||||
| CAP | 8.32Aa | 8.47Aa | 7.78Aa | 5.52Ba | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
丁酸 Butyric acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 0.84Bc | 1.45Aa | 0.92Ba | 0.89Bb | 0.012 | <0.001 | 0.739 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 1.72Aa | 1.39Ba | 0.61Db | 0.96Cab | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| LB | 1.75Aa | 1.63Aa | 0.97Ba | 1.06Bab | <0.001 | 0.465 | ||||
| POS | 1.61Aab | 1.56Aa | 0.69Cb | 1.14Bab | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| SOD | 1.47Ab | 1.44Aa | 0.49Cb | 1.05Bab | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| CAP | 1.51Aab | 1.33ABa | 0.69Cb | 1.18Ba | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
乙醇 Ethanol (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 11.14Aa | 1.19Cc | 2.35Bcd | 2.53Bc | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 1.24Dc | 2.56Cb | 4.64Aa | 3.77Bb | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| LB | 2.06Ac | 1.65Ac | 2.21Ad | 1.52Ad | 0.127 | 0.443 | ||||
| POS | 3.48Cb | 3.80BCa | 4.06Bb | 4.73Aa | <0.001 | 0.085 | ||||
| SOD | 3.32Bb | 2.67Cb | 2.80Cc | 4.50Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 3.14Bb | 3.83Aa | 3.72ABb | 4.33Aab | <0.001 | 0.945 | ||||
Table 4 Changes in pH and fermentation products of fermented total mixed ration after exposure to air
项目 Items | 处理 Treatments (T) | 有氧暴露天数Days of air exposure | 标准误 SEM | P值P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 d | 6 d | 9 d | 14 d | T | L | Q | T×D | |||
| pH | Control | 4.47Ba | 4.47Bb | 4.51ABa | 4.54Ac | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.164 | <0.001 |
| LC | 4.32Bd | 4.33Bc | 4.37Bc | 5.00Ab | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 4.34Bcd | 4.36Bc | 4.44Ab | 4.36Bc | 0.010 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 4.37Cc | 4.42Bb | 4.50Aab | 4.46ABc | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||
| SOD | 4.45Aa | 4.46Ab | 4.46Aab | 4.44Ac | 0.688 | 0.334 | ||||
| CAP | 4.41Bb | 4.55Ba | 4.46Bab | 6.69Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
乳酸 Lactic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 99.2Ab | 93.4Bc | 86.9Cbc | 84.1Cc | 0.208 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.444 | <0.001 |
| LC | 112.4Aa | 103.0Bb | 84.8Cc | 74.9Dd | <0.001 | 0.209 | ||||
| LB | 86.4Ce | 108.3Aa | 102.7Ba | 103.7Ba | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 90.4Bd | 92.6ABc | 89.7Bbc | 95.6Ab | 0.004 | 0.047 | ||||
| SOD | 86.9Dde | 101.3Ab | 90.9Cb | 95.2Bb | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 95.2Ac | 95.9Ac | 74.1Bd | 52.7Ce | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
乙酸 Acetic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 13.8Ab | 13.7Ab | 13.2Aab | 5.3Bc | 0.112 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 13.6Ab | 12.4Ab | 12.0Ab | 3.2Bcd | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 12.9Bb | 14.2ABb | 15.8Aa | 15.5ABa | 0.008 | 0.263 | ||||
| POS | 12.5Ab | 12.1Ab | 10.7Ab | 8.3Bb | <0.001 | 0.041 | ||||
| SOD | 19.2Aa | 17.7ABa | 15.8Ba | 16.4Ba | 0.003 | 0.129 | ||||
| CAP | 9.5Ac | 6.3Bc | 5.5Bc | 2.8Cd | <0.001 | 0.977 | ||||
丙酸 Propionic acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 2.95Ccd | 3.35BCb | 3.66ABc | 4.11Ab | 0.034 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.576 | <0.001 |
| LC | 3.30Bbc | 3.56Bb | 3.38Bcd | 4.14Ab | 0.001 | 0.035 | ||||
| LB | 3.44Bb | 3.64Bb | 4.59Ab | 4.05ABb | 0.007 | 0.086 | ||||
| POS | 2.46Ce | 2.53BCb | 2.85Bd | 3.33Ac | <0.001 | 0.016 | ||||
| SOD | 2.51Bde | 3.50Ab | 3.24Acd | 3.61Abc | 0.001 | 0.086 | ||||
| CAP | 8.32Aa | 8.47Aa | 7.78Aa | 5.52Ba | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
丁酸 Butyric acid (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 0.84Bc | 1.45Aa | 0.92Ba | 0.89Bb | 0.012 | <0.001 | 0.739 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 1.72Aa | 1.39Ba | 0.61Db | 0.96Cab | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| LB | 1.75Aa | 1.63Aa | 0.97Ba | 1.06Bab | <0.001 | 0.465 | ||||
| POS | 1.61Aab | 1.56Aa | 0.69Cb | 1.14Bab | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| SOD | 1.47Ab | 1.44Aa | 0.49Cb | 1.05Bab | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| CAP | 1.51Aab | 1.33ABa | 0.69Cb | 1.18Ba | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
乙醇 Ethanol (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 11.14Aa | 1.19Cc | 2.35Bcd | 2.53Bc | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 1.24Dc | 2.56Cb | 4.64Aa | 3.77Bb | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| LB | 2.06Ac | 1.65Ac | 2.21Ad | 1.52Ad | 0.127 | 0.443 | ||||
| POS | 3.48Cb | 3.80BCa | 4.06Bb | 4.73Aa | <0.001 | 0.085 | ||||
| SOD | 3.32Bb | 2.67Cb | 2.80Cc | 4.50Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 3.14Bb | 3.83Aa | 3.72ABb | 4.33Aab | <0.001 | 0.945 | ||||
项目 Items | 处理 Treatments (T) | 有氧暴露天数Days of air exposure | 标准误 SEM | P值P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 d | 6 d | 9 d | 14 d | T | L | Q | T×D | |||
水溶性碳水化合物 Water soluble carbohydrates (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 35.8Ade | 18.4Cc | 18.4Ca | 21.8Ba | 0.178 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 34.4Ae | 21.5Bbc | 14.4Cb | 16.8Cbc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 41.8Ac | 30.3Ba | 13.9Cb | 15.3Cbc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 45.9Ab | 18.2BCc | 21.4Ba | 17.1Cbc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| SOD | 38.6Acd | 23.4Bb | 13.6Cb | 13.6Cc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 52.5Aa | 23.8Bb | 14.1Cb | 17.6Cb | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
氨态氮 Ammonia nitrogen (g·kg-1 total nitrogen) | Control | 86.3ABab | 82.3Bc | 80.6Bc | 88.9Ab | 0.248 | <0.001 | 0.399 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| LC | 91.8Aa | 91.6Aab | 85.7Bb | 78.7Ccd | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| LB | 90.9Ba | 92.7Ba | 105.0Aa | 108.0Aa | <0.001 | 0.192 | ||||
| POS | 88.6Aab | 84.5ABbc | 80.0Bc | 82.5Bc | 0.002 | 0.028 | ||||
| SOD | 76.7Bc | 87.0Aabc | 82.9Abc | 76.3Bd | 0.726 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 83.5ABb | 84.7Abc | 65.7Cd | 76.6Bd | 0.002 | 0.047 | ||||
乳酸菌 Lactic acid bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 7.42BCc | 6.99Ccd | 8.59Aa | 8.00ABbc | 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.987 | <0.001 |
| LC | 7.77Ba | 7.55Bab | 8.73Aa | 8.58Aab | <0.001 | 0.108 | ||||
| LB | 7.66Bab | 6.90Ccd | 8.29Aa | 7.71Bcd | 0.051 | 0.202 | ||||
| POS | 7.52Bbc | 7.22Bbc | 8.47Aa | 7.23Bd | 0.935 | 0.002 | ||||
| SOD | 7.69Bab | 6.71Cd | 8.57Aa | 8.62Aab | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 7.69Bab | 7.73Ba | 8.56Aa | 8.81Aa | <0.001 | 0.087 | ||||
好氧菌 Aerobic bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 5.30Cc | 8.33Aa | 6.82Ba | 6.56Bb | 0.023 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 7.09ABa | 7.29Ab | 6.79Ba | 7.38Aa | 0.173 | 0.047 | ||||
| LB | 6.71Bb | 6.49Bc | 6.66Bab | 7.34Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 6.79Aab | 6.36Bc | 5.49Cc | 5.50Cc | <0.001 | 0.132 | ||||
| SOD | 6.77ABab | 6.23Bc | 6.46Bab | 7.40Aa | 0.019 | 0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 6.79Bab | 7.56Ab | 6.13Cb | 7.66Aa | 0.007 | 0.010 | ||||
酵母菌 Yeasts (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 5.79Ca | 6.96Aa | 6.31Ba | 5.70Cb | 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.100 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 5.28Cb | 6.81Aa | 6.39Ba | 6.82Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 5.31Ab | 5.70Ab | 6.07Aa | 5.91Aab | 0.094 | 0.361 | ||||
| POS | 5.28Bb | 5.61ABb | 5.38ABb | 5.90Aab | 0.010 | 0.382 | ||||
| SOD | 5.86Ba | 5.86Bb | 6.21Ba | 6.70Aa | <0.001 | 0.022 | ||||
| CAP | 5.81Ba | 6.55Aa | 6.46Aa | 6.62Aab | 0.001 | 0.044 | ||||
霉菌Molds (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 4.75Ca | 5.89Aa | 5.27Ba | 5.61Ab | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.090 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 4.51Cb | 5.75Aa | 5.23Ba | 5.91Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 4.53Bb | 4.81Ac | 5.02Ab | 4.96Ac | 0.083 | 0.342 | ||||
| POS | 4.55Bb | 4.52Bd | 4.16Cc | 4.93Ac | 0.012 | 0.405 | ||||
| SOD | 4.77Ba | 4.89Bc | 5.39Aa | 5.68Ab | <0.001 | 0.010 | ||||
| CAP | 4.78Ba | 5.48Ab | 5.39Aa | 5.58Ab | <0.001 | 0.032 | ||||
Table 5 Changes in chemical compositions and microbial populations of fermented total mixed ration after exposure to air
项目 Items | 处理 Treatments (T) | 有氧暴露天数Days of air exposure | 标准误 SEM | P值P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 d | 6 d | 9 d | 14 d | T | L | Q | T×D | |||
水溶性碳水化合物 Water soluble carbohydrates (g·kg-1 DM) | Control | 35.8Ade | 18.4Cc | 18.4Ca | 21.8Ba | 0.178 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 34.4Ae | 21.5Bbc | 14.4Cb | 16.8Cbc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 41.8Ac | 30.3Ba | 13.9Cb | 15.3Cbc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 45.9Ab | 18.2BCc | 21.4Ba | 17.1Cbc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| SOD | 38.6Acd | 23.4Bb | 13.6Cb | 13.6Cc | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 52.5Aa | 23.8Bb | 14.1Cb | 17.6Cb | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
氨态氮 Ammonia nitrogen (g·kg-1 total nitrogen) | Control | 86.3ABab | 82.3Bc | 80.6Bc | 88.9Ab | 0.248 | <0.001 | 0.399 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| LC | 91.8Aa | 91.6Aab | 85.7Bb | 78.7Ccd | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| LB | 90.9Ba | 92.7Ba | 105.0Aa | 108.0Aa | <0.001 | 0.192 | ||||
| POS | 88.6Aab | 84.5ABbc | 80.0Bc | 82.5Bc | 0.002 | 0.028 | ||||
| SOD | 76.7Bc | 87.0Aabc | 82.9Abc | 76.3Bd | 0.726 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 83.5ABb | 84.7Abc | 65.7Cd | 76.6Bd | 0.002 | 0.047 | ||||
乳酸菌 Lactic acid bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 7.42BCc | 6.99Ccd | 8.59Aa | 8.00ABbc | 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.987 | <0.001 |
| LC | 7.77Ba | 7.55Bab | 8.73Aa | 8.58Aab | <0.001 | 0.108 | ||||
| LB | 7.66Bab | 6.90Ccd | 8.29Aa | 7.71Bcd | 0.051 | 0.202 | ||||
| POS | 7.52Bbc | 7.22Bbc | 8.47Aa | 7.23Bd | 0.935 | 0.002 | ||||
| SOD | 7.69Bab | 6.71Cd | 8.57Aa | 8.62Aab | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 7.69Bab | 7.73Ba | 8.56Aa | 8.81Aa | <0.001 | 0.087 | ||||
好氧菌 Aerobic bacteria (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 5.30Cc | 8.33Aa | 6.82Ba | 6.56Bb | 0.023 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 7.09ABa | 7.29Ab | 6.79Ba | 7.38Aa | 0.173 | 0.047 | ||||
| LB | 6.71Bb | 6.49Bc | 6.66Bab | 7.34Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| POS | 6.79Aab | 6.36Bc | 5.49Cc | 5.50Cc | <0.001 | 0.132 | ||||
| SOD | 6.77ABab | 6.23Bc | 6.46Bab | 7.40Aa | 0.019 | 0.001 | ||||
| CAP | 6.79Bab | 7.56Ab | 6.13Cb | 7.66Aa | 0.007 | 0.010 | ||||
酵母菌 Yeasts (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 5.79Ca | 6.96Aa | 6.31Ba | 5.70Cb | 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.100 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 5.28Cb | 6.81Aa | 6.39Ba | 6.82Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 5.31Ab | 5.70Ab | 6.07Aa | 5.91Aab | 0.094 | 0.361 | ||||
| POS | 5.28Bb | 5.61ABb | 5.38ABb | 5.90Aab | 0.010 | 0.382 | ||||
| SOD | 5.86Ba | 5.86Bb | 6.21Ba | 6.70Aa | <0.001 | 0.022 | ||||
| CAP | 5.81Ba | 6.55Aa | 6.46Aa | 6.62Aab | 0.001 | 0.044 | ||||
霉菌Molds (Log10 cfu·g-1 FW) | Control | 4.75Ca | 5.89Aa | 5.27Ba | 5.61Ab | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.090 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LC | 4.51Cb | 5.75Aa | 5.23Ba | 5.91Aa | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| LB | 4.53Bb | 4.81Ac | 5.02Ab | 4.96Ac | 0.083 | 0.342 | ||||
| POS | 4.55Bb | 4.52Bd | 4.16Cc | 4.93Ac | 0.012 | 0.405 | ||||
| SOD | 4.77Ba | 4.89Bc | 5.39Aa | 5.68Ab | <0.001 | 0.010 | ||||
| CAP | 4.78Ba | 5.48Ab | 5.39Aa | 5.58Ab | <0.001 | 0.032 | ||||
项目 Items | 处理Treatments | 标准误SEM | P值 P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | LC | LB | POS | SOD | CAP | |||
| 体外消化率In vitro digestibility | ||||||||
| 体外干物质消化率IVDMD (%) | 55.3c | 57.9bc | 59.2bc | 62.5ab | 56.2c | 65.4a | 0.9182 | <0.001 |
| 体外中性洗涤纤维消化率IVNDFD (%) | 48.2d | 51.7bcd | 53.2bc | 56.3ab | 50.3cd | 59.1a | 0.9652 | <0.001 |
| 体外产气动力学指标Gas production kinetics | ||||||||
| 体外培养72 h累积产气量GP72 (mL) | 164c | 195ab | 186b | 167c | 167c | 203a | 3.8216 | <0.001 |
| 潜在产气量Potential gas production (mL) | 170c | 195b | 192b | 173c | 172c | 209a | 1.3100 | 0.006 |
| 产气速率Gas production rate constant (mL·h-1) | 0.042c | 0.053a | 0.041c | 0.042c | 0.045b | 0.046b | 0.0012 | 0.036 |
Table 6 In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility of fermented total mixed ration after 100 days of fermentation
项目 Items | 处理Treatments | 标准误SEM | P值 P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | LC | LB | POS | SOD | CAP | |||
| 体外消化率In vitro digestibility | ||||||||
| 体外干物质消化率IVDMD (%) | 55.3c | 57.9bc | 59.2bc | 62.5ab | 56.2c | 65.4a | 0.9182 | <0.001 |
| 体外中性洗涤纤维消化率IVNDFD (%) | 48.2d | 51.7bcd | 53.2bc | 56.3ab | 50.3cd | 59.1a | 0.9652 | <0.001 |
| 体外产气动力学指标Gas production kinetics | ||||||||
| 体外培养72 h累积产气量GP72 (mL) | 164c | 195ab | 186b | 167c | 167c | 203a | 3.8216 | <0.001 |
| 潜在产气量Potential gas production (mL) | 170c | 195b | 192b | 173c | 172c | 209a | 1.3100 | 0.006 |
| 产气速率Gas production rate constant (mL·h-1) | 0.042c | 0.053a | 0.041c | 0.042c | 0.045b | 0.046b | 0.0012 | 0.036 |
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