Effects of oat （Avena sativa） planting density on the growth and rhizosphere fungal community structure of Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crusgalli

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024483

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study， we investigated the effects of different planting densities of oat （Avena sativa） on the growth of weeds， namely Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crusgalli， as well as on the structure and functions of their rhizosphere fungal communities. The overall aim of this research was to provide a scientific basis for integrated weed management. Based on the results of previous field studies， a controlled pot experiment was conducted to test different oat planting densities ［240， 360 （recommended planting density in the field）， and 480 plants·m^-2］ in combination with one or two weed grasses （D. sanguinalis and/or E. crusgalli）. Plant growth traits and photosynthetic characteristics were determined， and soil physicochemical properties were measured. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the community structure， diversity， and functional groups of fungi in the rhizosphere. The results demonstrated that increasing the oat planting density from 240 to 480 plants·m^-2 significantly enhanced the suppression of D. sanguinalis and E. crusgalli growth in terms of plant height， tiller number， biomass， net photosynthetic rate， and stomatal conductance， with the strongest suppression effect observed with a planting density of 480 plants·m^-2 （P<0.05）. Analyses of rhizosphere fungi revealed that， compared with D. sanguinalis+E. crusgalli， mixed cropping of A. sativa+D. sanguinalis+E. crusgalli significantly reduced Shannon’s index of fungal diversity in the E. crusgalli rhizosphere and the Chao1 index in the D. sanguinalis rhizosphere （P<0.05）. Meanwhile， with oat planting densities of 360 and 480 plants·m^-2， the rhizospheres of the weeds showed significant enrichment of fungal taxa such as Mortierellaceae， Filobasidiaceae， and Microascaceae， alongside significant decreases in the relative abundance of Aspergillaceae and Chaetosphaeriaceae （P<0.05）. A redundancy analysis revealed that soil nitrate-nitrogen， available phosphorus， total carbon， and pH were the primary environmental factors influencing the diversity and structural variations in fungal communities in the rhizospheres of weeds （P<0.05）. With respect to fungal nutritional mode， FUNGuild analysis revealed that in rhizosphere soil of E. crusgalli+D. sanguinalis， the presence of A. sativa， especially at higher planting densities （360 and 480 plants·m^-2） significantly （P<0.05） increased the relative abundance of symbiotroph fungi and significantly （P<0.05） reduced the relative abundance of pathotroph-saprotroph fungi. In the D. sanguinalis rhizosphere， the presence of A. sativa had little impact on the relative abundance of the majority of fungal trophic classes but did significantly （P<0.05） reduce abundance of pathotroph fungi. In summary， higher planting densities （360 and 480 plants·m^-2） of oat not only significantly suppressed the growth and photosynthesis of D. sanguinalis and E. crusgalli， but also weakened their competitiveness by affecting the structure and functional characteristics of their rhizosphere fungal communities. The results of this study provide scientific data of interest for integrated weed management and sustainable agriculture applications.

Key words: interspecific competition, fungal community, diversity, weed control

Wei TANG, Zi-guang LI, Qing-tian ZHAO, Juan SUN. Effects of oat （Avena sativa） planting density on the growth and rhizosphere fungal community structure of Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crusgalli[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(8): 149-164.

Figures/Tables 8

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物种 Species	处理 Treatment	株高Plant height （cm）	茎粗Stem diameter （mm）	分蘖数 Tiller	生物量Biomass （g·plant^-1）
物种 Species	处理 Treatment	株高Plant height （cm）	茎粗Stem diameter （mm）	分蘖数 Tiller	地上Aboveground	地下Belowground
燕麦 A. sativa	As₁	93.6±1.2bc	5.75±0.10a	5.6±0.2a	11.52±0.30a	0.819±0.011a
	As₁ _Ec_Ds	91.8±0.8c	5.58±0.04a	5.3±0.2a	9.70±0.24b	0.592±0.005b
	As₂	95.6±1.5ab	5.07±0.03b	4.5±0.2b	9.36±0.08b	0.540±0.016c
	As₂ _Ec_Ds	94.4±1.2bc	4.98±0.09bc	4.2±0.2bc	8.54±0.11c	0.443±0.026d
	As₃	98.2±1.2a	4.79±0.09c	3.8±0.1c	7.94±0.11d	0.357±0.005e
	As₃ _Ec_Ds	96.2±0.3ab	4.52±0.14d	3.7±0.1c	7.63±0.24d	0.336±0.011e
稗草 E. crusgalli	Ec	114.5±1.7a	5.41±0.20a	23.0±1.2a	40.37±1.99a	3.298±0.308a
	Ec_Ds	105.8±3.3b	5.25±0.18a	14.0±0.7b	22.26±0.99b	1.973±0.098b
	As₁_Ec_Ds	52.8±2.8c	3.29±0.17b	5.8±0.3c	4.98±0.25c	0.252±0.005c
	As₂_Ec_Ds	41.8±0.6d	1.86±0.04c	2.5±0.3d	1.06±0.07d	0.048±0.003d
	As₃_Ec_Ds	36.8±2.7d	1.65±0.09c	1.9±0.1d	0.43±0.02d	0.020±0.002e
马唐 D. sanguinalis	Ds	115.3±2.1a	2.60±0.03a	18.6±1.3a	30.71±1.01a	1.493±0.077a
	Ec_Ds	102.1±2.4b	2.44±0.06a	13.3±0.7b	17.94±0.66b	0.854±0.026b
	As₁_Ec_Ds	52.0±2.0c	1.81±0.09b	6.3±0.3c	3.99±0.02c	0.250±0.022c
	As₂_Ec_Ds	38.2±1.0d	1.53±0.05c	2.9±0.1d	1.06±0.06d	0.086±0.003d
	As₃_Ec_Ds	33.4±1.4d	1.22±0.01d	2.0±0.2d	0.31±0.02e	0.026±0.004e

物种 Species	处理 Treatment	株高Plant height （cm）	茎粗Stem diameter （mm）	分蘖数 Tiller	生物量Biomass （g·plant^-1）
物种 Species	处理 Treatment	株高Plant height （cm）	茎粗Stem diameter （mm）	分蘖数 Tiller	地上Aboveground	地下Belowground
燕麦 A. sativa	As₁	93.6±1.2bc	5.75±0.10a	5.6±0.2a	11.52±0.30a	0.819±0.011a
	As₁ _Ec_Ds	91.8±0.8c	5.58±0.04a	5.3±0.2a	9.70±0.24b	0.592±0.005b
	As₂	95.6±1.5ab	5.07±0.03b	4.5±0.2b	9.36±0.08b	0.540±0.016c
	As₂ _Ec_Ds	94.4±1.2bc	4.98±0.09bc	4.2±0.2bc	8.54±0.11c	0.443±0.026d
	As₃	98.2±1.2a	4.79±0.09c	3.8±0.1c	7.94±0.11d	0.357±0.005e
	As₃ _Ec_Ds	96.2±0.3ab	4.52±0.14d	3.7±0.1c	7.63±0.24d	0.336±0.011e
稗草 E. crusgalli	Ec	114.5±1.7a	5.41±0.20a	23.0±1.2a	40.37±1.99a	3.298±0.308a
	Ec_Ds	105.8±3.3b	5.25±0.18a	14.0±0.7b	22.26±0.99b	1.973±0.098b
	As₁_Ec_Ds	52.8±2.8c	3.29±0.17b	5.8±0.3c	4.98±0.25c	0.252±0.005c
	As₂_Ec_Ds	41.8±0.6d	1.86±0.04c	2.5±0.3d	1.06±0.07d	0.048±0.003d
	As₃_Ec_Ds	36.8±2.7d	1.65±0.09c	1.9±0.1d	0.43±0.02d	0.020±0.002e
马唐 D. sanguinalis	Ds	115.3±2.1a	2.60±0.03a	18.6±1.3a	30.71±1.01a	1.493±0.077a
	Ec_Ds	102.1±2.4b	2.44±0.06a	13.3±0.7b	17.94±0.66b	0.854±0.026b
	As₁_Ec_Ds	52.0±2.0c	1.81±0.09b	6.3±0.3c	3.99±0.02c	0.250±0.022c
	As₂_Ec_Ds	38.2±1.0d	1.53±0.05c	2.9±0.1d	1.06±0.06d	0.086±0.003d
	As₃_Ec_Ds	33.4±1.4d	1.22±0.01d	2.0±0.2d	0.31±0.02e	0.026±0.004e

杂草 Weed	处理 Treatment	速效磷AP （mg·kg^-1）	NO₃^--N （mg·kg^-1）	NH₄⁺-N （mg·kg^-1）	全磷TP （g·kg^-1）	全碳TC （g·kg^-1）	全氮TN （g·kg^-1）	pH
稗草 E. crusgalli	Ec	7.09±0.10a	7.93±0.24a	10.97±0.21b	0.617±0.007a	13.97±0.11a	1.28±0.01ab	6.52±0.06ab
	Ec_Ds	6.97±0.06a	7.62±0.15a	9.86±0.27c	0.606±0.003a	13.43±0.02b	1.25±0.01b	6.62±0.03a
	As₁_Ec_Ds	6.40±0.08b	6.32±0.21b	9.77±0.17c	0.583±0.002b	14.05±0.17a	1.28±0.03ab	6.33±0.03b
	As₂_Ec_Ds	6.03±0.05c	5.49±0.04c	10.32±0.17bc	0.556±0.004c	14.08±0.10a	1.32±0.01a	6.46±0.10ab
	As₃_Ec_Ds	5.89±0.08c	4.45±0.09d	12.05±0.43a	0.560±0.003c	13.88±0.09a	1.32±0.01a	6.66±0.05a
马唐 D. sanguinalis	Ds	6.95±0.12a	9.74±0.35a	9.06±0.16c	0.598±0.003a	14.56±0.15a	1.32±0.01a	6.59±0.07b
	Ec_Ds	6.73±0.06a	6.65±0.21b	9.94±0.28b	0.589±0.002a	13.65±0.12b	1.31±0.02a	6.54±0.05bc
	As₁_Ec_Ds	6.49±0.04b	6.05±0.09b	10.04±0.11b	0.565±0.002b	14.42±0.09a	1.31±0.01a	6.37±0.03c
	As₂_Ec_Ds	6.18±0.05c	5.30±0.16c	11.36±0.25a	0.568±0.004b	13.94±0.09b	1.27±0.02a	6.53±0.03bc
	As₃_Ec_Ds	5.99±0.04c	4.45±0.13d	10.40±0.13b	0.569±0.002b	13.91±0.02b	1.27±0.01a	6.80±0.08a

杂草 Weed	处理 Treatment	速效磷AP （mg·kg^-1）	NO₃^--N （mg·kg^-1）	NH₄⁺-N （mg·kg^-1）	全磷TP （g·kg^-1）	全碳TC （g·kg^-1）	全氮TN （g·kg^-1）	pH
稗草 E. crusgalli	Ec	7.09±0.10a	7.93±0.24a	10.97±0.21b	0.617±0.007a	13.97±0.11a	1.28±0.01ab	6.52±0.06ab
	Ec_Ds	6.97±0.06a	7.62±0.15a	9.86±0.27c	0.606±0.003a	13.43±0.02b	1.25±0.01b	6.62±0.03a
	As₁_Ec_Ds	6.40±0.08b	6.32±0.21b	9.77±0.17c	0.583±0.002b	14.05±0.17a	1.28±0.03ab	6.33±0.03b
	As₂_Ec_Ds	6.03±0.05c	5.49±0.04c	10.32±0.17bc	0.556±0.004c	14.08±0.10a	1.32±0.01a	6.46±0.10ab
	As₃_Ec_Ds	5.89±0.08c	4.45±0.09d	12.05±0.43a	0.560±0.003c	13.88±0.09a	1.32±0.01a	6.66±0.05a
马唐 D. sanguinalis	Ds	6.95±0.12a	9.74±0.35a	9.06±0.16c	0.598±0.003a	14.56±0.15a	1.32±0.01a	6.59±0.07b
	Ec_Ds	6.73±0.06a	6.65±0.21b	9.94±0.28b	0.589±0.002a	13.65±0.12b	1.31±0.02a	6.54±0.05bc
	As₁_Ec_Ds	6.49±0.04b	6.05±0.09b	10.04±0.11b	0.565±0.002b	14.42±0.09a	1.31±0.01a	6.37±0.03c
	As₂_Ec_Ds	6.18±0.05c	5.30±0.16c	11.36±0.25a	0.568±0.004b	13.94±0.09b	1.27±0.02a	6.53±0.03bc
	As₃_Ec_Ds	5.99±0.04c	4.45±0.13d	10.40±0.13b	0.569±0.002b	13.91±0.02b	1.27±0.01a	6.80±0.08a

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