秸秆与紫云英覆盖对土壤-微生物-甘薯植株生态化学计量特征的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024165

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对西南旱作农业区水土流失、耕地质量低下等问题，亟须探索农业可持续耕作措施，缓解养分限制。以西南地区“蚕豆/玉米/甘薯”旱三熟套作模式中的甘薯田为研究对象，作物前茬秸秆作为覆盖还田材料，设置4个处理：无覆盖（CK）、秸秆覆盖（S）、秸秆+紫云英覆盖（S+M）、紫云英覆盖（M），通过对土壤-微生物-甘薯植株碳、氮、磷含量、生态化学计量特征以及内稳性指数的研究，揭示秸秆和紫云英覆盖对土壤养分限制及生态化学计量特征的影响规律。结果表明：1）秸秆与紫云英覆盖处理显著提高土壤有机碳和全氮含量，从土壤化学计量比的变化发现覆盖处理能有效缓解当地土壤养分限制。2）秸秆与紫云英覆盖处理显著提高了土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷含量，不同生育时期微生物化学计量比有所差异，生育前期波动较大，中后期相对稳定。内稳性特征方面，除CK处理外，微生物与土壤化学计量比之间呈现出严格的内稳性特征。3）秸秆与紫云英覆盖处理显著提高了甘薯各器官氮含量，其中以秸秆与紫云英协同覆盖处理效果最佳。甘薯产量表现为S+M>S>M>CK。化学计量比方面，S+M处理有利于延长甘薯生长时间，有效缓解养分限制状况。甘薯植株各器官化学计量比在整个生育期内均表现为严格的稳态。综上所述，在西南旱作农业区通过进行秸秆与紫云英覆盖，可以提升甘薯产量，调节土壤养分限制，土壤与微生物化学计量比均保持严格的内稳态。

关键词: 秸秆覆盖, 紫云英覆盖, 甘薯, 化学计量特征, 内稳性

Abstract:

There is an urgent need to explore sustainable agricultural cultivation measures and alleviate nutrient limitations as a response to the problems of soil erosion and low quality of cultivated land in the dry-farming areas of southwest China. This study focused on sweet potato plantings within a “fava bean （Vicia faba）/corn （Zea mays）/sweet potato （Ipomoea batatas）” rain-fed three-crop rotation pattern in southwest China. Four treatments were set up： no mulching （CK）， straw mulching （S）， straw and milk vetch （Astragalus sinicus） mulching （S+M） and milk vetch mulching （M）. By studying the content of carbon， nitrogen and phosphorus， ecological stoichiometric characteristics and the homeostasis index of the soil-microbe-sweet potato plant stoichiometric data， the effects of straw and milk vetch mulching cover on soil nutrient restriction and ecological stoichiometric characteristics were explored. It was found that： 1） The straw and milk vetch mulching treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content， and from changes in the soil stoichiometric ratio， it was deduced that the mulching treatments effectively alleviated soil nutrient restriction. 2） The straw and milk vetch mulching treatments significantly increased the content of soil microbial biomass carbon， nitrogen and phosphorus， and showed differences in the C-N-P stoichiometric ratios of microorganisms at different crop growth stages， with large fluctuations in the early growth period， and relatively stable values in the middle and late growth period. In terms of homoeostasis characteristics， except for the CK treatment， the microbial and soil stoichiometric ratios showed strong homoeostasis. 3） The nitrogen content of sweet potato organs was significantly increased by straw and milk vetch mulching treatments， and the best effect was achieved in the S+M mulching treatment. The yields of sweet potato were ranked S+M>S>M>CK. In terms of stoichiometric ratio， S+M treatment was superior. This treatment prolonged the growth time of sweet potato， and effectively alleviated the nutrient restriction. The stoichiometric ratio of various organs of sweet potato plants showed strong homoeostasis during the whole crop growth period. In summary， in the dry-farming areas of southwest China， crop mulching with straw and milk vetch improved the yield of sweet potato， regulated soil nutrient limitations and resulted in a stable homoeostasis in the stoichiometric ratios of soil and microorganisms.

Key words: straw mulching, milk vetch mulching, sweet potato, stoichiometric characteristics, homoeostasis

李绍兴, 宋稳锋, 周玉玲, 宋李霞, 任可, 马群, 王龙昌. 秸秆与紫云英覆盖对土壤-微生物-甘薯植株生态化学计量特征的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(3): 56-70.

Shao-xing LI, Wen-feng SONG, Yu-ling ZHOU, Li-xia SONG, Ke REN, Qun MA, Long-chang WANG. Effects of straw and milk vetch mulching on the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of soil-microbe-sweet potato plants[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 56-70.

图/表 16

表1 不同生物覆盖处理及操作方法

Table 1 Treatment and operation methods of different biological coverage

处理Treatment	操作方法Method of operation
对照Control （CK）	地表无覆盖。Uncovered land.
秸秆覆盖Straw mulching （S）	当季作物播种或移栽后，将前茬作物秸秆用铡刀切成20 cm左右长度并均匀覆盖在整个小区内，蚕豆、玉米秸秆覆盖量为7500 kg·hm^-2（风干重），甘薯秸秆覆盖量为4500 kg·hm^-2（风干重）。After planting or transplantation of crops in the current season， straw of the previous crops were cut into a length of about 20 cm by fodder chopper and evenly covered in the whole plot. The straw cover amount of fava bean and corn were 7500 kg·ha^-1 （air-dry weight）， and the straw cover amount of sweet potato was 4500 kg?ha^-1 （air-dry weight）.
紫云英覆盖Milk vetch mulching （M）	在蚕豆生育期内间作紫云英，紫云英于盛花期收获并切碎，在玉米移栽后均匀覆盖在整个小区内，覆盖量为2500 kg·hm^-2（风干重）。During the growth period of fava bean， harvest and chop the milk vetch in full-blossom period， evenly covered in the whole plot after corn was transplanted， and the cover amount is 2500 kg·ha^-1 （air-dry weight）.
秸秆+紫云英覆盖Straw and milk vetch mulching （S+M）	秸秆覆盖量和覆盖方法同S，紫云英覆盖量和覆盖方法同M。The mulching amount and mulching method of straw and milk vetch are the same as S and M.

图1 田间种植安排

Fig.1 Field planting arrangements

图2 土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量的动态变化不同小写字母表示同一时期的不同处理之间在P<0.05水平差异显著，CK为无覆盖，S为秸秆覆盖，S+M为秸秆+紫云英覆盖，M为紫云英覆盖，下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in the same period at the P<0.05 level. CK is no mulching， S is straw mulching， S+M is straw and milk vetch mulching， M is milk vetch mulching， the same below.

Fig.2 Dynamic changes of soil organic carbon， total nitrogen and total phosphorus content

表2 土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P的变化

Table 2 Changes in C∶N， C∶P and N∶P in soil

计量比Stoichiometric ratio	土区Soil area	处理Treatment	30 d	60 d	90 d	120 d	150 d
C∶N	根际Rhizosphere	CK	16.43±0.18a	15.83±0.43a	15.15±0.11a	15.98±0.14a	17.64±0.38a
		S	17.17±0.37a	15.79±0.56a	14.68±0.15a	14.80±0.28a	17.26±0.20a
		S+M	17.11±0.19a	14.26±0.18b	14.41±0.30a	15.11±0.50a	16.77±0.37ab
		M	16.40±0.62a	14.80±0.33ab	14.85±0.42a	15.20±0.42a	15.78±0.55b
	非根际Non-rhizosphere	CK	18.91±0.67a	15.80±0.39a	15.64±0.32a	16.34±0.92a	15.43±0.18a
		S	15.26±0.93b	14.86±0.75a	15.83±0.31a	14.57±0.61a	14.42±0.26a
		S+M	14.43±0.47b	16.24±0.58a	15.23±0.68a	15.85±0.51a	14.85±0.66a
		M	15.22±1.03b	15.73±0.46a	15.30±0.60a	14.29±0.26a	15.62±0.31a
C∶P	根际Rhizosphere	CK	42.03±0.41ab	35.82±0.72c	35.15±0.62b	36.94±0.64a	39.85±0.52a
		S	43.72±1.11ab	40.12±1.12ab	39.44±0.61a	40.38±1.05a	42.30±1.23a
		S+M	45.49±1.84a	39.06±0.34b	39.68±0.70a	39.19±0.97a	41.87±1.25a
		M	41.47±0.71b	41.77±0.69a	38.82±1.13a	40.32±1.38a	39.77±1.45a
	非根际Non-rhizosphere	CK	41.01±0.74b	36.26±0.96b	36.37±1.26c	37.65±0.73b	39.65±0.16b
		S	42.90±0.43ab	44.49±0.79a	43.46±0.57ab	40.01±1.05b	40.57±1.22ab
		S+M	45.25±0.58a	46.18±0.67a	44.41±1.35a	44.41±1.46a	43.55±1.44a
		M	42.34±1.54ab	44.25±0.83a	40.70±0.89b	38.44±0.80b	39.81±1.02b
N∶P	根际Rhizosphere	CK	2.56±0.01a	2.27±0.06c	2.32±0.04b	2.31±0.06b	2.26±0.04b
		S	2.55±0.08a	2.54±0.08b	2.69±0.03a	2.73±0.06a	2.45±0.07a
		S+M	2.66±0.08a	2.74±0.06ab	2.76±0.09a	2.60±0.08a	2.50±0.04a
		M	2.53±0.06a	2.82±0.04a	2.61±0.04a	2.65±0.06a	2.52±0.01a
	非根际Non-rhizosphere	CK	2.17±0.08b	2.30±0.05b	2.33±0.10c	2.32±0.17b	2.57±0.03b
		S	2.83±0.16a	3.00±0.10a	2.75±0.04ab	2.75±0.04a	2.82±0.12a
		S+M	3.14±0.06a	2.85±0.10a	2.92±0.08a	2.80±0.03a	2.94±0.08a
		M	2.79±0.08a	2.82±0.07a	2.66±0.05b	2.69±0.07a	2.55±0.02b

图3 土壤碳、氮、磷含量的三元图图中紫色参考点与紫色参照线参考Tian等［19］的研究结果，图中箭头方向表示C限制和N限制作用增强，a、b分别表示根际与非根际土区。The purple reference point and purple reference line referred to the results of Tian， et al［19］， and the arrow direction indicates the enhancement of C restriction and N restriction， a and b represent rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil areas respectively.

Fig.3 Ternary diagram of C， N and P content in the soil

图4 土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和微生物量磷含量的动态变化

Fig.4 Dynamic changes of soil microbial biomass carbon （MBC）， microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN） and microbial biomass phosphorus （MBP） content

图5 根际土壤和非根际土壤微生物量化学计量比的变化图中红色虚线表示微生物量化学计量比的参照值60∶7∶1［20］，MBC∶MBN、MBC∶MBP和MBN∶MBP分别表示微生物量碳与微生物量氮、微生物量碳与微生物量磷和微生物量氮与微生物量磷的化学计量比。In the figure， the red dotted line represents the reference of microbial biomass stoichiometric ratio 60∶7∶1［20］. MBC∶MBN， MBC∶MBP and MBN∶MBP represent the stoichiometric ratios of microbial biomass carbon with microbial biomass nitrogen， microbial biomass carbon with microbial biomass phosphorus and microbial biomass nitrogen with microbial biomass phosphorus， respectively.

Fig.5 Changes of microbial biomass stoichiometric ratio in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil

图6 微生物量碳∶微生物量氮和土壤C∶N的线性拟合图中a为根际土区，b为非根际土区，横坐标为土壤化学计量比的自然对数值，纵坐标为土壤微生物化学计量比的自然对数值，下同。In the figure， a is the rhizosphere soil area， b is the non-rhizosphere soil area， and the horizontal coordinate is the natural logarithm of the stoichiometric ratio of soil， and the vertical coordinate is the natural logarithm of the stoichiometric ratio of soil microbial quantification， the same below.

Fig.6 Linear fit of microbial biomass carbon∶microbial biomass nitrogen （MBC∶MBN） and soil C∶N

图7 微生物量碳∶微生物量磷和土壤C∶P的线性拟合

Fig.7 Linear fit of microbial biomass carbon∶microbial biomass phosphorus （MBC∶MBP） and soil C∶P

图8 微生物量氮∶微生物量磷和土壤N∶P的线性拟合

Fig.8 Linear fit of microbial biomass nitrogen∶microbial biomass phosphorus （MBN∶MBP） and soil N∶P

图9 甘薯植株碳、氮和磷含量的变化a、b、c、d分别表示甘薯根、茎、叶、叶柄。In the figure， a， b， c， and d represent sweet potato root， stem， leave， and petiole， respectively.

Fig.9 Changes of C， N and P content in sweet potato plants

图10 甘薯产量

Fig.10 Yield of sweet potato

图11 全生育期内甘薯各器官碳∶氮（C∶N）、碳∶磷（C∶P）和氮∶磷（N∶P）图中箱体上下底分别表示数据的上四分位数和下四分位数，实线和方框分别表示数据的中位数和平均数，n=15；“*”表示处理之间差异显著（P<0.05）。In the figure， the top and bottom of the box-plot represent the upper and lower quartile of the data， respectively； The solid line and the box represent the median and average of the data， respectively， n=15； “*” indicates significant difference among treatments （P<0.05）.

Fig.11 C∶N， C∶P and N∶P of various organs of sweet potato during the whole growth period

图12 甘薯各器官C∶N与土壤C∶N的线性拟合图中a、b、c、d分别为甘薯根、茎、叶、叶柄与根际土壤之间的线性回归方程，e、f、g、h分别为甘薯根、茎、叶、叶柄与非根际土壤之间的线性回归方程，横坐标为土壤化学计量比的自然对数值，纵坐标为植株各器官化学计量比的自然对数值，下同。In the figure， a， b， c and d represent the linear regression equation between sweet potato roots， stems， leaves and petioles with rhizosphere soil，e， f， g and h represent the linear regression equation between sweet potato roots， stems， leaves and petioles with non-rhizosphere. The horizontal coordinate is the natural logarithm of the stoichiometric ratio of soil， and the vertical coordinate is the natural logarithm of the stoichiometric ratio of plant organs. The same below.

Fig.12 Linear fit of sweet potato organs C∶N and soil C∶N

图13 甘薯各器官C∶P与土壤C∶P的线性拟合

Fig.13 Linear fit of sweet potato organs C∶P and soil C∶P

图14 甘薯各器官N∶P与土壤N∶P的线性拟合

Fig.14 Linear fit of sweet potato organs N∶P and soil N∶P

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