草业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 110-120.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020340
潘发明1(), 常生华2(), 王国栋1, 郝生燕1, 刘佳1, 张辉元3, 徐银萍4
收稿日期:
2020-07-15
修回日期:
2020-10-26
出版日期:
2021-03-20
发布日期:
2021-03-09
通讯作者:
常生华
作者简介:
Corresponding author. E-mail: cychangsh@lzu.edu.cn基金资助:
Fa-ming PAN1(), Sheng-hua CHANG2(), Guo-dong WANG1, Sheng-yan HAO1, Jia LIU1, Hui-yuan ZHANG3, Yin-ping XU4
Received:
2020-07-15
Revised:
2020-10-26
Online:
2021-03-20
Published:
2021-03-09
Contact:
Sheng-hua CHANG
摘要:
为研究牧草物候期对其脂肪酸组成和放牧牦牛乳中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响及其相关关系,本研究在甘肃省甘南牧区选取平均体重为(234.9±10.5) kg的10头带犊甘南牦牛作为研究对象(自然放牧),分别于牧草返青期、盛草期、枯草期采集试验牦牛采食牧草、乳和瘤胃液,分别测定瘤胃液、牧草中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成,并分析其相关关系,以期探明牧草物候期对牦牛瘤胃液和牧草中脂肪酸组成与放牧牦牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量的影响及其变化规律。结果表明:物候期显著影响了牧草中月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、总脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸/总脂肪酸(P<0.05),盛草期牧草中月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、总脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量/总脂肪酸均显著高于返青期和枯草期(P<0.05);物候期显著影响了牦牛乳中共轭亚油酸异构体c9t11、共轭亚油酸异构体t10c12和共轭亚油酸总含量(P<0.05),盛草期放牧牦牛乳中共轭亚油酸异构体c9t11、共轭亚油酸异构体t10c12和共轭亚油酸总含量显著高于返青期和枯草期(P<0.05);物候期显著影响了牦牛瘤胃pH值、乙酸、丙酸、乙酸/丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、总挥发酸和反式11-油酸含量(P<0.05),盛草期牦牛瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸总挥发酸和反式11-油酸含量显著高于返青期和枯黄期(P<0.05);牧草粗蛋白、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、单宁酸、总脂肪酸和瘤胃液pH值与放牧牦牛乳中CLA含量显著正相关(P<0.05),粗纤维和粗灰分与放牧牦牛乳中CLA含量显著负相关(P<0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)和瘤胃总挥发酸(TVFA)与放牧牦牛乳中CLA含量无显著相关关系(P>0.05)。
潘发明, 常生华, 王国栋, 郝生燕, 刘佳, 张辉元, 徐银萍. 物候期对放牧牦牛瘤胃液、牧草中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响及其相关性分析[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(3): 110-120.
Fa-ming PAN, Sheng-hua CHANG, Guo-dong WANG, Sheng-yan HAO, Jia LIU, Hui-yuan ZHANG, Yin-ping XU. Effects of phenological period on the composition of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in rumen fluid, forage and milk fat of grazing yak and their correlation analysis[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(3): 110-120.
项目Item | 返青期Regreen stage | 盛草期Grassy stage | 枯草期Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
干物质Dry matter (DM,%) | 90.59±0.28c | 91.87±0.63b | 93.38±0.58a | 0.33 | <0.01 |
粗蛋白Crude protein (CP,%) | 6.97±1.22b | 10.76±1.51a | 3.60±0.49c | 2.59 | 0.01 |
粗脂肪Ether extract (EE,%) | 1.51±0.69b | 2.70±0.37a | 0.91±0.35b | 3.14 | 0.02 |
粗纤维Crude fibre (CF,%) | 22.34±3.93b | 22.96±1.20b | 29.21±0.88a | 1.55 | <0.01 |
粗灰分Ash (Ash,%) | 9.06±1.48a | 8.37±1.35a | 6.32±1.56b | 0.94 | 0.01 |
无氮浸出物Nitrogen free extract (NFE,%) | 50.26±3.81b | 47.07±2.32b | 52.34±2.52a | 1.12 | 0.03 |
总钙Calcium (Ca,%) | 0.39±0.04a | 0.42±0.05a | 0.24±0.06b | 0.26 | <0.01 |
总磷Phosphorus (P,%) | 0.14±0.01b | 0.18±0.01a | 0.10±0.01c | 0.00 | 0.01 |
钙磷比Calcium-phosphorus ratio (Ca/P) | 2.79±0.04a | 2.33±0.05b | 2.40±0.06b | 0.11 | 0.03 |
单宁酸Tannic acid (TD,%) | 1.57±0.10a | 1.66±1.15a | 0.65±0.13b | 1.31 | <0.01 |
表1 物候期对牧草养分及单宁酸含量的影响
Table 1 Effects of phenological period on forage nutritional value and tannic acid (Dry matter basis)
项目Item | 返青期Regreen stage | 盛草期Grassy stage | 枯草期Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
干物质Dry matter (DM,%) | 90.59±0.28c | 91.87±0.63b | 93.38±0.58a | 0.33 | <0.01 |
粗蛋白Crude protein (CP,%) | 6.97±1.22b | 10.76±1.51a | 3.60±0.49c | 2.59 | 0.01 |
粗脂肪Ether extract (EE,%) | 1.51±0.69b | 2.70±0.37a | 0.91±0.35b | 3.14 | 0.02 |
粗纤维Crude fibre (CF,%) | 22.34±3.93b | 22.96±1.20b | 29.21±0.88a | 1.55 | <0.01 |
粗灰分Ash (Ash,%) | 9.06±1.48a | 8.37±1.35a | 6.32±1.56b | 0.94 | 0.01 |
无氮浸出物Nitrogen free extract (NFE,%) | 50.26±3.81b | 47.07±2.32b | 52.34±2.52a | 1.12 | 0.03 |
总钙Calcium (Ca,%) | 0.39±0.04a | 0.42±0.05a | 0.24±0.06b | 0.26 | <0.01 |
总磷Phosphorus (P,%) | 0.14±0.01b | 0.18±0.01a | 0.10±0.01c | 0.00 | 0.01 |
钙磷比Calcium-phosphorus ratio (Ca/P) | 2.79±0.04a | 2.33±0.05b | 2.40±0.06b | 0.11 | 0.03 |
单宁酸Tannic acid (TD,%) | 1.57±0.10a | 1.66±1.15a | 0.65±0.13b | 1.31 | <0.01 |
项目 Item | 返青期 Regreen stage | 盛草期 Grassy stage | 枯草期 Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
月桂酸Lauric acid (C12:0,%) | 0.40±0.02b | 1.03±0.13a | 0.00±0.00c | 0.24 | <0.01 |
肉豆蔻酸Tetradecanoic acid (C14:0,%) | 0.94±0.05b | 1.32±0.08a | 0.00±0.00c | 1.59 | <0.01 |
棕榈酸 Cetylic acid (C16:0,%) | 18.74±0.70a | 18.79±0.81a | 16.15±1.22b | 0.68 | 0.03 |
硬脂酸Octadecanoic acid (C18:0,%) | 3.86±0.21c | 4.88±0.25b | 6.33±0.33a | 0.22 | <0.01 |
亚油酸Linoleic acid (C18:2,%) | 4.39±0.72b | 6.52±0.62a | 4.26±0.87c | 0.14 | <0.01 |
亚麻酸Linolenic acid (C18:3,%) | 15.84±1.09b | 21.14±1.81a | 10.72±1.58c | 3.54 | <0.01 |
总脂肪酸Total fatty acids (TFA,%) | 44.17±1.06b | 53.68±2.51a | 37.45±3.12c | 6.18 | <0.01 |
多不饱和脂肪酸Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs,%) | 24.09±1.26b | 32.54±1.89a | 21.31±2.29c | 4.26 | 0.02 |
多不饱和脂肪酸/总脂肪酸PUFAs/TFA | 0.55±0.02c | 0.61±0.01a | 0.57±0.02b | 0.67 | 0.02 |
表2 物候期对牧草多不饱和脂肪酸组成及含量的影响
Table 2 Effects of forage phenological period on composition and content of polyunsaturated fatty acid
项目 Item | 返青期 Regreen stage | 盛草期 Grassy stage | 枯草期 Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
月桂酸Lauric acid (C12:0,%) | 0.40±0.02b | 1.03±0.13a | 0.00±0.00c | 0.24 | <0.01 |
肉豆蔻酸Tetradecanoic acid (C14:0,%) | 0.94±0.05b | 1.32±0.08a | 0.00±0.00c | 1.59 | <0.01 |
棕榈酸 Cetylic acid (C16:0,%) | 18.74±0.70a | 18.79±0.81a | 16.15±1.22b | 0.68 | 0.03 |
硬脂酸Octadecanoic acid (C18:0,%) | 3.86±0.21c | 4.88±0.25b | 6.33±0.33a | 0.22 | <0.01 |
亚油酸Linoleic acid (C18:2,%) | 4.39±0.72b | 6.52±0.62a | 4.26±0.87c | 0.14 | <0.01 |
亚麻酸Linolenic acid (C18:3,%) | 15.84±1.09b | 21.14±1.81a | 10.72±1.58c | 3.54 | <0.01 |
总脂肪酸Total fatty acids (TFA,%) | 44.17±1.06b | 53.68±2.51a | 37.45±3.12c | 6.18 | <0.01 |
多不饱和脂肪酸Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs,%) | 24.09±1.26b | 32.54±1.89a | 21.31±2.29c | 4.26 | 0.02 |
多不饱和脂肪酸/总脂肪酸PUFAs/TFA | 0.55±0.02c | 0.61±0.01a | 0.57±0.02b | 0.67 | 0.02 |
项目 Item | 返青期Regreen stage | 盛草期Grassy stage | 枯草期Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
乳蛋白 Protein (%) | 5.88±0.96a | 5.60±0.62a | 4.21±0.48b | 1.28 | <0.01 |
乳脂率 Fat (%) | 6.68±2.05a | 6.95±1.89a | 4.44±1.52b | 0.37 | 0.02 |
全乳固体 Total solid (%) | 17.71±2.64a | 18.00±1.64a | 14.32±1.39b | 0.22 | <0.01 |
非脂乳固体 Solids non-fat (%) | 11.63±1.33a | 11.53±1.13a | 9.62±0.70b | 1.59 | 0.01 |
乳糖 Lactose (%) | 5.53±0.82a | 5.53±0.74a | 4.20±0.41b | 2.33 | <0.01 |
络蛋白 Casein (%) | 4.85±0.80a | 4.63±0.48a | 3.93±0.54b | 0.41 | 0.01 |
游离脂肪酸 Free fat acid (%) | 3.12±1.95a | 1.50±1.10b | 1.36±0.76b | 3.47 | <0.01 |
柠檬酸 Citric Acid (%) | 0.23±0.03b | 0.22±0.04b | 0.39±0.58a | 0.64 | 0.03 |
尿素 Urea (%) | 0.03±0.01a | 0.01±0.01a | 0.03±0.02a | 0.85 | 0.54 |
密度 Density (g·cm-3) | 1036.50±1.48a | 1032.80±1.66b | 1029.90±1.73c | 0.05 | 0.04 |
酸度 Acidity (° T) | 12.75±2.72a | 13.59±1.30a | 10.38±1.29b | 1.32 | 0.01 |
冰点 Freezing point (-℃) | 0.71±0.06a | 0.76±0.08a | 0.71±0.06a | 1.63 | 0.67 |
表3 物候期对放牧牦牛乳成分的影响
Table 3 Effects of forage phenological period on composition of grazing yak
项目 Item | 返青期Regreen stage | 盛草期Grassy stage | 枯草期Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
乳蛋白 Protein (%) | 5.88±0.96a | 5.60±0.62a | 4.21±0.48b | 1.28 | <0.01 |
乳脂率 Fat (%) | 6.68±2.05a | 6.95±1.89a | 4.44±1.52b | 0.37 | 0.02 |
全乳固体 Total solid (%) | 17.71±2.64a | 18.00±1.64a | 14.32±1.39b | 0.22 | <0.01 |
非脂乳固体 Solids non-fat (%) | 11.63±1.33a | 11.53±1.13a | 9.62±0.70b | 1.59 | 0.01 |
乳糖 Lactose (%) | 5.53±0.82a | 5.53±0.74a | 4.20±0.41b | 2.33 | <0.01 |
络蛋白 Casein (%) | 4.85±0.80a | 4.63±0.48a | 3.93±0.54b | 0.41 | 0.01 |
游离脂肪酸 Free fat acid (%) | 3.12±1.95a | 1.50±1.10b | 1.36±0.76b | 3.47 | <0.01 |
柠檬酸 Citric Acid (%) | 0.23±0.03b | 0.22±0.04b | 0.39±0.58a | 0.64 | 0.03 |
尿素 Urea (%) | 0.03±0.01a | 0.01±0.01a | 0.03±0.02a | 0.85 | 0.54 |
密度 Density (g·cm-3) | 1036.50±1.48a | 1032.80±1.66b | 1029.90±1.73c | 0.05 | 0.04 |
酸度 Acidity (° T) | 12.75±2.72a | 13.59±1.30a | 10.38±1.29b | 1.32 | 0.01 |
冰点 Freezing point (-℃) | 0.71±0.06a | 0.76±0.08a | 0.71±0.06a | 1.63 | 0.67 |
指标 Index | 返青期 Regreen stage | 盛草期 Grassy stage | 枯草期 Withering stage | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
共轭亚油酸异构体c9t11 c9t11-CLA | 0.23±0.06b | 0.34±0.07a | 0.11±0.02c | 2.35 | <0.01 |
共轭亚油酸异构体t10c12 t10c12-CLA | 0.11±0.03b | 0.17±0.04a | 0.06±0.02c | 1.29 | <0.01 |
共轭亚油酸总含量Total conjugated linoleic acid TCLA | 0.34±0.09b | 0.51±0.11a | 0.17±0.04c | 3.22 | 0.02 |
表4 物候期对放牧牦牛乳中CLA含量的影响
Table 4 Effects of forage phenological period on conjugated linoleic acid content of grazing yak (mg·mL-1)
指标 Index | 返青期 Regreen stage | 盛草期 Grassy stage | 枯草期 Withering stage | 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
共轭亚油酸异构体c9t11 c9t11-CLA | 0.23±0.06b | 0.34±0.07a | 0.11±0.02c | 2.35 | <0.01 |
共轭亚油酸异构体t10c12 t10c12-CLA | 0.11±0.03b | 0.17±0.04a | 0.06±0.02c | 1.29 | <0.01 |
共轭亚油酸总含量Total conjugated linoleic acid TCLA | 0.34±0.09b | 0.51±0.11a | 0.17±0.04c | 3.22 | 0.02 |
项目 Item | 返青期Regreen stage | 盛草期Grassy stage | 枯草期Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH值 pH value | 6.26±0.21a | 6.12±0.16a | 5.82±0.20b | 1.28 | <0.01 |
乙酸 Acetate (mmol·L-1) | 40.22±8.07b | 58.99±12.72a | 47.55±9.98b | 0.37 | 0.02 |
丙酸 Propionate (mmol·L-1) | 8.17±1.65b | 13.95±3.60a | 9.20±1.84b | 0.22 | <0.01 |
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/Propionate | 4.94±0.41b | 4.29±0.35c | 5.16±0.38a | 1.59 | 0.01 |
异丁酸 Isobutyric (mmol·L-1) | 0.51±0.10a | 0.47±0.05b | 0.44±0.10c | 2.33 | <0.01 |
丁酸 Butyrate (mmol·L-1) | 6.34±1.38b | 9.05±2.13a | 4.75±0.56c | 0.41 | 0.01 |
异戊酸 Isovaleric (mmol·L-1) | 0.76±0.24a | 0.45±0.13b | 0.48±0.10b | 3.47 | <0.01 |
戊酸 Valeric (mmol·L-1) | 0.45±0.09a | 0.54±0.15a | 0.26±0.03b | 0.64 | 0.03 |
总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA (mmol·L-1) | 56.46±11.17b | 83.46±18.48a | 62.69±12.25b | 0.85 | 0.04 |
反式11-油酸 TVA (mg·g-1) | 2.88±0.32a | 3.26±0.69b | 1.06±0.20c | 0.05 | 0.04 |
表5 物候期对放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
Table 5 Effects of forage phenological period on rumen fermentation parameters of grazing yak
项目 Item | 返青期Regreen stage | 盛草期Grassy stage | 枯草期Withering stage | 标准误SEM | P值P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH值 pH value | 6.26±0.21a | 6.12±0.16a | 5.82±0.20b | 1.28 | <0.01 |
乙酸 Acetate (mmol·L-1) | 40.22±8.07b | 58.99±12.72a | 47.55±9.98b | 0.37 | 0.02 |
丙酸 Propionate (mmol·L-1) | 8.17±1.65b | 13.95±3.60a | 9.20±1.84b | 0.22 | <0.01 |
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/Propionate | 4.94±0.41b | 4.29±0.35c | 5.16±0.38a | 1.59 | 0.01 |
异丁酸 Isobutyric (mmol·L-1) | 0.51±0.10a | 0.47±0.05b | 0.44±0.10c | 2.33 | <0.01 |
丁酸 Butyrate (mmol·L-1) | 6.34±1.38b | 9.05±2.13a | 4.75±0.56c | 0.41 | 0.01 |
异戊酸 Isovaleric (mmol·L-1) | 0.76±0.24a | 0.45±0.13b | 0.48±0.10b | 3.47 | <0.01 |
戊酸 Valeric (mmol·L-1) | 0.45±0.09a | 0.54±0.15a | 0.26±0.03b | 0.64 | 0.03 |
总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA (mmol·L-1) | 56.46±11.17b | 83.46±18.48a | 62.69±12.25b | 0.85 | 0.04 |
反式11-油酸 TVA (mg·g-1) | 2.88±0.32a | 3.26±0.69b | 1.06±0.20c | 0.05 | 0.04 |
因素 Factor | 相关系数Correlation coefficient (r) | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|
牧草粗蛋白Crude protein (CP) | 0.714** | 0.005 |
牧草粗脂肪Ether extract (EE) | 0.656** | 0.009 |
牧草粗纤维Crude fibre (CF) | -0.561* | 0.041 |
牧草粗灰分Ash (Ash) | -0.812* | 0.034 |
牧草无氮浸出物Nitrogen free extract (NFE) | 0.596* | 0.016 |
牧草单宁酸Tannic acid (TD) | 0.632** | 0.007 |
牧草总脂肪酸Total fatty acids (TFA) | 0.585** | 0.023 |
牧草多不饱和脂肪酸 Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) | 0.813ns | 1.709 |
瘤胃总挥发酸Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) | 0.038ns | 0.117 |
瘤胃pH值 pH value | 0.561** | 0.002 |
瘤胃反式11-油酸Trans-11-oleic acid (TVA) | 0.879ns | 1.822 |
表6 牧草脂肪酸组成及放牧牦牛瘤胃中CLA含量与乳中CLA含量的相关性分析
Table 6 Correlation analysis of fatty acid composition in forage and CLA content in rumen and milk of grazing yaks
因素 Factor | 相关系数Correlation coefficient (r) | P值 P-value |
---|---|---|
牧草粗蛋白Crude protein (CP) | 0.714** | 0.005 |
牧草粗脂肪Ether extract (EE) | 0.656** | 0.009 |
牧草粗纤维Crude fibre (CF) | -0.561* | 0.041 |
牧草粗灰分Ash (Ash) | -0.812* | 0.034 |
牧草无氮浸出物Nitrogen free extract (NFE) | 0.596* | 0.016 |
牧草单宁酸Tannic acid (TD) | 0.632** | 0.007 |
牧草总脂肪酸Total fatty acids (TFA) | 0.585** | 0.023 |
牧草多不饱和脂肪酸 Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) | 0.813ns | 1.709 |
瘤胃总挥发酸Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) | 0.038ns | 0.117 |
瘤胃pH值 pH value | 0.561** | 0.002 |
瘤胃反式11-油酸Trans-11-oleic acid (TVA) | 0.879ns | 1.822 |
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