草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 190-201.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025240
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
张剑搏1(
), 王磊1,2(
), 张强龙1, 叶培麟3, 黄伟华1, 张福年4, 李荣4, 石勇5
收稿日期:2025-06-16
修回日期:2025-09-09
出版日期:2026-06-20
发布日期:2026-04-13
通讯作者:
王磊
作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: 277036818@qq.com基金资助:
Jian-bo ZHANG1(
), Lei WANG1,2(
), Qiang-long ZHANG1, Pei-lin YE3, Wei-hua HUANG1, Fu-nian ZHANG4, Rong LI4, Yong SHI5
Received:2025-06-16
Revised:2025-09-09
Online:2026-06-20
Published:2026-04-13
Contact:
Lei WANG
摘要:
为探究不同能量水平精补料对生长期舍饲牦牛生产性能、血液生化指标及其瘤胃微生物群落的影响,选初始体重相近的27头1周岁牦牛作为试验动物,随机分为3组,每组9头,分别饲喂低(LG)、中(MG)、高(HG)3个能量水平的精补料,其中试验预饲期7 d,正饲期110 d。结果表明:1)试验末期,LG、MG和HG组牦牛终末体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均无显著差异(P>0.05),但与初始体重相比,终末体重分别提高了79.91%、82.27%和86.16%。2)随着精补料能量水平的升高,HG组牦牛血清中生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子1和胰岛素样生长因子2浓度显著高于LG组(P<0.05),但LG组牦牛血清总抗氧化能力显著高于HG组(P<0.05),其他血清生化指标有升高趋势但无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)各组间牦牛瘤胃微生物群落的Alpha和Beta多样性无显著差异,但奇异菌属、UCG-005菌属、毛螺旋菌科UCG-008菌属、真/优杆菌属等菌属在HG组牦牛瘤胃中显著富集(P<0.05),而梭菌纲UCG-014未定名菌属、普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001菌属的微生物群落在LG组牦牛瘤胃中显著富集(P<0.05)。4)Mantel检验进一步发现瘤胃解琥珀酸菌属与宿主血液中的总胆固醇(TC)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),Xylanibacter与宿主血液中的游离脂肪酸(NEFA)浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上,对生长期舍饲牦牛饲喂高能量水平的精补料可提高牦牛血液中与生长相关的激素水平,增加瘤胃微生物群落多样性,进而提升牦牛生产性能。
张剑搏, 王磊, 张强龙, 叶培麟, 黄伟华, 张福年, 李荣, 石勇. 不同能量水平精补料对生长期舍饲牦牛生产性能、血液生化指标及瘤胃微生物群落的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(6): 190-201.
Jian-bo ZHANG, Lei WANG, Qiang-long ZHANG, Pei-lin YE, Wei-hua HUANG, Fu-nian ZHANG, Rong LI, Yong SHI. Effects of supplemental feeds with different energy contents on the productive performance, blood biochemical indices, and ruminal microbial community of growing yaks[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(6): 190-201.
项目 Items | 低能量组 LG group | 中能量组 MG group | 高能量组 HG group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料配比Ingredient ratio | |||
| 玉米 Corn (%) | 35.20 | 34.90 | 42.90 |
| 玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal (%) | 18.00 | 20.70 | 13.37 |
| 小麦次粉 Wheat middlings (%) | 15.80 | 10.87 | 13.00 |
| 玉米全干酒糟 Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (%) | 10.57 | 10.50 | 10.00 |
| 稻壳粉 Rice hull powder (%) | 6.00 | 8.00 | 5.50 |
| 大豆粕 Soybean meal (%) | 4.40 | 5.00 | 5.20 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal (%) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal (%) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 石粉 Mountain flour (%) | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.38 |
| 硫酸钙 Calcium sulfate (%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 食盐 Salt (%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 蒙脱石 Montmorillonite (%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 复合微量元素Complex trace elements 1) (%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 防霉剂 Mold inhibitor (%) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (%) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| 复合酶制剂 Composite enzyme preparation (%) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 地衣芽孢杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis (%) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 抗氧化剂 Antioxidant (%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 甜菜碱 Betaine (%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 复合维生素Multivitamin 2) (%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus cereus (%) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 营养水平Nutritional level 3) | |||
| 干物质 Dry matter (%) | 89.86 | 89.05 | 88.36 |
| 粗蛋白 Crude protein (%) | 15.30 | 16.06 | 17.71 |
| 粗纤维 Crude fiber (%) | 20.74 | 14.68 | 8.28 |
| 粗脂肪 Ether extract (%) | 4.27 | 4.34 | 4.36 |
| 钙 Calcium (%) | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
| 总磷 Phosphorus (%) | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.48 |
| 消化能 Digestibility coefficient (MJ·kg?1) | 2.66 | 3.02 | 3.38 |
表1 不同能量水平精补料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutritional levels of concentrated feed at different energy levels (based on dry matter)
项目 Items | 低能量组 LG group | 中能量组 MG group | 高能量组 HG group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料配比Ingredient ratio | |||
| 玉米 Corn (%) | 35.20 | 34.90 | 42.90 |
| 玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal (%) | 18.00 | 20.70 | 13.37 |
| 小麦次粉 Wheat middlings (%) | 15.80 | 10.87 | 13.00 |
| 玉米全干酒糟 Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (%) | 10.57 | 10.50 | 10.00 |
| 稻壳粉 Rice hull powder (%) | 6.00 | 8.00 | 5.50 |
| 大豆粕 Soybean meal (%) | 4.40 | 5.00 | 5.20 |
| 棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal (%) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal (%) | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 石粉 Mountain flour (%) | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.38 |
| 硫酸钙 Calcium sulfate (%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 食盐 Salt (%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 蒙脱石 Montmorillonite (%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 复合微量元素Complex trace elements 1) (%) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| 防霉剂 Mold inhibitor (%) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (%) | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| 复合酶制剂 Composite enzyme preparation (%) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 地衣芽孢杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis (%) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 抗氧化剂 Antioxidant (%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 甜菜碱 Betaine (%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 复合维生素Multivitamin 2) (%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus cereus (%) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 营养水平Nutritional level 3) | |||
| 干物质 Dry matter (%) | 89.86 | 89.05 | 88.36 |
| 粗蛋白 Crude protein (%) | 15.30 | 16.06 | 17.71 |
| 粗纤维 Crude fiber (%) | 20.74 | 14.68 | 8.28 |
| 粗脂肪 Ether extract (%) | 4.27 | 4.34 | 4.36 |
| 钙 Calcium (%) | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
| 总磷 Phosphorus (%) | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.48 |
| 消化能 Digestibility coefficient (MJ·kg?1) | 2.66 | 3.02 | 3.38 |
项目 Items | 低能量组 LG group | 中能量组 MG group | 高能量组 HG group | 均值标准误SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生产性能指标 Index of production performance | |||||
| 初始体重 IBW (kg) | 93.72a | 93.94a | 93.56a | 2.35 | 0.998 |
| 终末体重 FBW (kg) | 168.61a | 171.22a | 174.17a | 3.17 | 0.787 |
| 平均日增重 ADG (kg·d-1) | 0.62a | 0.64a | 0.67a | 0.02 | 0.507 |
| 平均采食量 ADMI (kg·d-1) | 3.80a | 3.71a | 3.75a | 0.07 | 0.887 |
| 料重比 F/G | 6.20a | 5.79a | 5.64a | 0.15 | 0.310 |
| 血清生化指标 Biochemical indices of blood | |||||
| 血糖 GLU (mmol·L-1) | 2.54a | 2.48a | 2.74a | 0.14 | 0.763 |
| 甘油三酯 TG (mmol·L-1) | 0.36a | 0.37a | 0.35a | 0.02 | 0.948 |
| 总胆固醇 TC (mmol·L-1) | 1.33a | 1.26a | 1.34a | 0.09 | 0.922 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL (mmol·L-1) | 0.87a | 0.80a | 0.88a | 0.06 | 0.848 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL (mmol·L-1) | 0.33a | 0.35a | 0.34a | 0.02 | 0.928 |
| 游离脂肪酸 NEFA (mmol·L-1) | 0.052a | 0.097a | 0.073a | 0.02 | 0.580 |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC (U·mL-1) | 3.40a | 2.40ab | 1.41b | 0.27 | 0.006** |
| 丙二醛 MDA (nmol·mL-1) | 1.96a | 1.70a | 1.50a | 0.19 | 0.615 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化酶 GSH-Px (U·mL-1) | 62.39a | 45.95a | 68.59a | 5.15 | 0.199 |
| 生长激素 GH (ng·mL-1) | 1.86b | 2.73a | 2.84a | 0.16 | 0.015* |
| 胰岛素 INS (mIU·L-1) | 2.77b | 4.17a | 3.02b | 0.20 | 0.006** |
| 胰岛素样生长因子1 IGF-1 (ng·mL-1) | 30.61b | 54.97a | 53.09a | 3.42 | 0.002** |
| 胰岛素样生长因子2 IGF-2 (ng·mL-1) | 5.29b | 7.22a | 7.60a | 0.39 | 0.027* |
表2 不同能量水平精补料对生长期牦牛生产性能及血液代谢物的影响
Table 2 Effects of different energy concentrate supplement on production performance and blood metabolites of growing yaks
项目 Items | 低能量组 LG group | 中能量组 MG group | 高能量组 HG group | 均值标准误SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生产性能指标 Index of production performance | |||||
| 初始体重 IBW (kg) | 93.72a | 93.94a | 93.56a | 2.35 | 0.998 |
| 终末体重 FBW (kg) | 168.61a | 171.22a | 174.17a | 3.17 | 0.787 |
| 平均日增重 ADG (kg·d-1) | 0.62a | 0.64a | 0.67a | 0.02 | 0.507 |
| 平均采食量 ADMI (kg·d-1) | 3.80a | 3.71a | 3.75a | 0.07 | 0.887 |
| 料重比 F/G | 6.20a | 5.79a | 5.64a | 0.15 | 0.310 |
| 血清生化指标 Biochemical indices of blood | |||||
| 血糖 GLU (mmol·L-1) | 2.54a | 2.48a | 2.74a | 0.14 | 0.763 |
| 甘油三酯 TG (mmol·L-1) | 0.36a | 0.37a | 0.35a | 0.02 | 0.948 |
| 总胆固醇 TC (mmol·L-1) | 1.33a | 1.26a | 1.34a | 0.09 | 0.922 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL (mmol·L-1) | 0.87a | 0.80a | 0.88a | 0.06 | 0.848 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL (mmol·L-1) | 0.33a | 0.35a | 0.34a | 0.02 | 0.928 |
| 游离脂肪酸 NEFA (mmol·L-1) | 0.052a | 0.097a | 0.073a | 0.02 | 0.580 |
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC (U·mL-1) | 3.40a | 2.40ab | 1.41b | 0.27 | 0.006** |
| 丙二醛 MDA (nmol·mL-1) | 1.96a | 1.70a | 1.50a | 0.19 | 0.615 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化酶 GSH-Px (U·mL-1) | 62.39a | 45.95a | 68.59a | 5.15 | 0.199 |
| 生长激素 GH (ng·mL-1) | 1.86b | 2.73a | 2.84a | 0.16 | 0.015* |
| 胰岛素 INS (mIU·L-1) | 2.77b | 4.17a | 3.02b | 0.20 | 0.006** |
| 胰岛素样生长因子1 IGF-1 (ng·mL-1) | 30.61b | 54.97a | 53.09a | 3.42 | 0.002** |
| 胰岛素样生长因子2 IGF-2 (ng·mL-1) | 5.29b | 7.22a | 7.60a | 0.39 | 0.027* |
图1 不同能量水平精补料对生长期牦牛瘤胃微生物群落多样性的影响A、B分别为瘤胃微生物群落Alpha多样性的Chao 1指数和Shannon指数;C为瘤胃微生物群落Beta多样性的NMDS图;D为零和模型解释各组间牦牛瘤胃微生物群落组成的影响因素。LG:低能量组;MG:中能量组;HG:高能量组,下同。A and B represent the Chao 1 index and Shannon index of the rumen microbial community Alpha diversity, respectively; C is the NMDS plot of the rumen microbial community Beta diversity; D shows the influencing factors of the rumen microbial community composition in yaks among the groups. LG: Low energy group; MG: Medium energy group; HG: High energy group, the same below.
Fig.1 Effects of different energy supplements on rumen microbial community diversity in growing yaks
图2 不同能量水平精补料对生长期牦牛瘤胃微生物群落组成的影响A为不同组间牦牛瘤胃微生物的Upset分析;B为门水平瘤胃微生物群落组成;C为科水平瘤胃微生物群落组成;D为属水平瘤胃微生物群落组成。A represents the Upset analysis of rumen microbial communities among different groups; B represents the rumen microbial community composition at phylum level; C represents the rumen microbial community composition at family level; D represents the rumen microbial community composition at genus level.
Fig.2 The effect of different energy levels of supplementary feed on the composition of the rumen microbial community in growing yaks
图3 不同能量水平精补料对生长期牦牛瘤胃微生物群落影响差异分析A:基于LEfSe分析不同组间牦牛瘤胃微生物群落组成差异;B:基于Kruskal-Willis秩和检验分析不同组间瘤胃微生物群落在科水平的差异;C:基于Kruskal-Willis秩和检验分析不同组间瘤胃微生物群落在属水平的差异。*代表P<0.05; **代表P<0.01。A: Based on LEfSe analysis, the differences in rumen microbial community composition among different groups were examined; B: Based on Kruskal-Willis rank sum test, the differences in rumen microbial communities at the family level among different groups were analyzed; C: Based on Kruskal-Willis rank sum test, the differences in rumen microbial communities at the genus level among different groups were analyzed. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01.
Fig.3 Analysis of differences in rumen microbial communities of yaks during growth periods under different energy levels of supplementary feed
图4 影响生长期牦牛瘤胃微生物群落结构变化的因素分析A:不同组间牦牛瘤胃微生物在属水平上的群落组成与宿主血液生化指标间的相关性;B:瘤胃微生物群落在属水平物种相对丰度前20的物种与宿主血液生化指标间的Spearman相关性分析。GLU:血糖;TG:甘油三酯;TC:总胆固醇;LDL:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;HDL:高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;NEFA:游离脂肪酸;MDA:丙二醛;T-AOC:总抗氧化能力;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽过氧化酶;GH:生长激素;INS:胰岛素;IGF-1:胰岛素样生长因子1;IGF-2:胰岛素样生长因子2。A: The correlation between the community composition of yak rumen microbiota at the genus level and the host’s blood biochemical indicators among different groups; B: The Spearman correlation analysis between the top 20 species in the rumen microbiota at the genus level and the host’s blood biochemical indicators. GLU: glucose; TG: triacylglycerols; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; NEFA: non-esterified fatty acid; MDA: malondialdehyde; T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GH: growth hormone; INS: insulin; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF-2: insulin-like growth factor 2.
Fig.4 Analysis of factors influencing the changes in rumen microbial community structure of yaks during the growth period
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