草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (8): 1-13.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025329
• 研究论文 •
石文杰1,2,3,4(
), 李小伟1,2,3,4(
), 任振强5, 刘吉德5, 刘玲5, 郝淑香5, 李云霞5
收稿日期:2025-08-14
修回日期:2025-09-20
出版日期:2026-08-20
发布日期:2026-06-22
通讯作者:
李小伟
作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: lxwbq@126.com基金资助:
Wen-jie SHI1,2,3,4(
), Xiao-wei LI1,2,3,4(
), Zhen-qiang REN5, Ji-de LIU5, Ling LIU5, Shu-xiang HAO5, Yun-xia LI5
Received:2025-08-14
Revised:2025-09-20
Online:2026-08-20
Published:2026-06-22
Contact:
Xiao-wei LI
摘要:
土壤种子库是沙地植被恢复的重要种源库,探究其随固沙年限的变化规律对荒漠沙化治理具有重要科学意义。本研究以毛乌素沙地不同固沙年限(10、30、50、70 a)柠条固沙林为对象,结合野外调查、种子库萌发试验与土壤理化性质分析,系统解析土壤种子库在不同固沙阶段的特征演变及驱动因子。结果表明:土壤种子库共萌发出28种植物,隶属8科22属,以菊科、禾本科和苋科为主。随着固沙年限延长,一年生草本植物占比逐渐减少,而多年生草本植物占比逐渐增加。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数与Simpson优势度指数均随固沙年限的延长表现出递增趋势,而Pielou均匀度指数则逐渐降低。土壤种子库密度随固沙年限延长显著增加,种子库平均密度为303.31~5719.72粒·m-2,主要集中于0~2 cm和2~5 cm土层土壤,且随土层深度的增加逐渐降低。除30 a样地外土壤种子库与地上植被均表现为中等相似性,并随固沙年限的延长呈波动性增加。冗余分析表明,地上植被物种均匀度(F=4.0, P=0.016)是显著影响种子库的植被因子,土壤速效氮(F=13.7, P=0.002)则是主要的土壤驱动因子。综上,随固沙年限延长,土壤种子库呈多样性增强、密度升高的正向演替趋势。本研究可以为毛乌素沙地植被恢复及生态潜力提升提供科学依据。
石文杰, 李小伟, 任振强, 刘吉德, 刘玲, 郝淑香, 李云霞. 毛乌素沙地不同年限柠条固沙林林下草本土壤种子库特征研究[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(8): 1-13.
Wen-jie SHI, Xiao-wei LI, Zhen-qiang REN, Ji-de LIU, Ling LIU, Shu-xiang HAO, Yun-xia LI. Characteristics of understory herbaceous soil seed banks in Caragana korshinskii sand-fixation thickets of different ages in the Mu Us Sandy Land[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(8): 1-13.
物种 Species | 科 Family | 属 Genus | LF | 占比Percentage (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 a | 30 a | 50 a | 70 a | ||||
| 短花针茅Stipa breviflora | 禾本科Poaceae | 针茅属Stipa | P | - | 1.34±1.61 | - | 2.46±3.72 |
| 画眉草Eragrostis pilosa | 禾本科Poaceae | 画眉草属Eragrostis | A | - | 4.75±0.10 | 29.70±3.29 | 15.65±11.35 |
| 三芒草Aristida adscensionis | 禾本科Poaceae | 三芒草属Aristida | A | - | 3.31±2.91 | - | 4.79±1.45 |
| 狗尾草Setaria viridis | 禾本科Poaceae | 狗尾草属Setaria | A | - | 4.99±0.56 | 8.56±8.04 | 11.62±10.46 |
| 锋芒草Tragus mongolorum | 禾本科Poaceae | 锋芒草属Tragus | A | - | - | - | 2.06±1.33 |
| 无芒隐子草Cleistogenes songorica | 禾本科Poaceae | 隐子草属Cleistogenes | P | - | - | - | 0.75±0.13 |
| 赖草Leymus secalinus | 禾本科Poaceae | 赖草属Leymus | P | - | - | - | 2.25±1.89 |
| 白沙蒿Artemisia blepharolepis | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | A | 44.44±9.62 | - | 3.49±2.07 | 6.15±5.06 |
| 猪毛蒿A. scoparia | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | A | - | 1.60±1.42 | 27.70±13.26 | 18.32±8.08 |
| 圆头蒿Artemisia sphaerocephala | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | S | - | - | - | 0.53±0.72 |
| 黑沙蒿A. ordosica | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | S | - | - | 4.01±3.67 | 1.77±1.06 |
| 栉叶蒿Neopallasia pectinata | 菊科Asteraceae | 栉叶蒿属Neopallasia | A | 16.67±28.87 | - | - | 0.82±0.43 |
| 中华苦荬菜Ixeris chinensis | 菊科Asteraceae | 苦荬菜属Ixeris | P | - | 0.35±0.20 | 0.64±0.11 | 0.50±0.47 |
| 砂蓝刺头Echinops gmelinii | 菊科Asteraceae | 蓝刺头属Echinops | A | - | 0.30±0.12 | - | - |
| 花花柴Karelinia caspia | 菊科Asteraceae | 花花柴属Karelinia | P | - | - | - | 0.62±0.11 |
| 蒙古虫实Corispermum mongolicum | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 虫实属Corispermum | A | 55.56±9.62 | 4.29±3.66 | 1.60±2.77 | - |
| 藜Chenopodium album | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 藜属Chenopodium | A | - | 67.56±9.75 | 5.74±5.16 | 23.38±10.34 |
| 猪毛菜Salsola collina | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 猪毛菜属Salsola | A | - | 1.50±2.60 | - | - |
| 刺沙蓬S. tragus | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 猪毛菜属Salsola | A | - | 6.14±2.24 | 8.13±2.20 | 2.16±2.02 |
| 雾冰藜Grubovia dasyphylla | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 雾冰藜属Grubovia | A | - | - | 5.26±5.02 | 1.12±1.05 |
| 华北白前Vincetoxicum mongolicum | 夹竹桃科Apocynaceae | 白前属Vincetoxicum | P | - | 0.35±0.60 | - | - |
| 地梢瓜Cynanchum thesioides | 夹竹桃科Apocynaceae | 鹅绒藤属Cynanchum | P | - | - | - | 2.00±0.55 |
| 蒙古葱Allium mongolicum | 石蒜科Amaryllidaceae | 葱属Allium | P | - | 2.14±2.13 | 4.23±2.47 | 0.91±0.88 |
| 细叶韭Allium tenuissimum | 石蒜科Amaryllidaceae | 葱属Allium | P | - | - | 1.60±1.56 | 0.43±0.73 |
| 远志Polygala tenuifolia | 远志科Polygalaceae | 远志属Polygala | P | - | 1.09±1.88 | - | - |
| 地锦草Euphorbia humifusa | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | A | - | 0.30±0.12 | - | 0.53±0.62 |
| 沙生大戟Euphorbia kozlovi | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | P | - | - | - | 0.94±0.62 |
| 沙木蓼Atraphaxis bracteata | 廖科Polygonaceae | 木蓼属Atraphaxi | S | - | - | - | 0.24±0.41 |
表1 不同固沙年限柠条固沙林土壤种子库物种组成及数量占比
Table 1 Species composition and quantitative proportions of soil seed banks in C. korshinskii sand-fixation forests with different sand-fixation durations
物种 Species | 科 Family | 属 Genus | LF | 占比Percentage (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 a | 30 a | 50 a | 70 a | ||||
| 短花针茅Stipa breviflora | 禾本科Poaceae | 针茅属Stipa | P | - | 1.34±1.61 | - | 2.46±3.72 |
| 画眉草Eragrostis pilosa | 禾本科Poaceae | 画眉草属Eragrostis | A | - | 4.75±0.10 | 29.70±3.29 | 15.65±11.35 |
| 三芒草Aristida adscensionis | 禾本科Poaceae | 三芒草属Aristida | A | - | 3.31±2.91 | - | 4.79±1.45 |
| 狗尾草Setaria viridis | 禾本科Poaceae | 狗尾草属Setaria | A | - | 4.99±0.56 | 8.56±8.04 | 11.62±10.46 |
| 锋芒草Tragus mongolorum | 禾本科Poaceae | 锋芒草属Tragus | A | - | - | - | 2.06±1.33 |
| 无芒隐子草Cleistogenes songorica | 禾本科Poaceae | 隐子草属Cleistogenes | P | - | - | - | 0.75±0.13 |
| 赖草Leymus secalinus | 禾本科Poaceae | 赖草属Leymus | P | - | - | - | 2.25±1.89 |
| 白沙蒿Artemisia blepharolepis | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | A | 44.44±9.62 | - | 3.49±2.07 | 6.15±5.06 |
| 猪毛蒿A. scoparia | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | A | - | 1.60±1.42 | 27.70±13.26 | 18.32±8.08 |
| 圆头蒿Artemisia sphaerocephala | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | S | - | - | - | 0.53±0.72 |
| 黑沙蒿A. ordosica | 菊科Asteraceae | 蒿属Artemisia | S | - | - | 4.01±3.67 | 1.77±1.06 |
| 栉叶蒿Neopallasia pectinata | 菊科Asteraceae | 栉叶蒿属Neopallasia | A | 16.67±28.87 | - | - | 0.82±0.43 |
| 中华苦荬菜Ixeris chinensis | 菊科Asteraceae | 苦荬菜属Ixeris | P | - | 0.35±0.20 | 0.64±0.11 | 0.50±0.47 |
| 砂蓝刺头Echinops gmelinii | 菊科Asteraceae | 蓝刺头属Echinops | A | - | 0.30±0.12 | - | - |
| 花花柴Karelinia caspia | 菊科Asteraceae | 花花柴属Karelinia | P | - | - | - | 0.62±0.11 |
| 蒙古虫实Corispermum mongolicum | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 虫实属Corispermum | A | 55.56±9.62 | 4.29±3.66 | 1.60±2.77 | - |
| 藜Chenopodium album | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 藜属Chenopodium | A | - | 67.56±9.75 | 5.74±5.16 | 23.38±10.34 |
| 猪毛菜Salsola collina | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 猪毛菜属Salsola | A | - | 1.50±2.60 | - | - |
| 刺沙蓬S. tragus | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 猪毛菜属Salsola | A | - | 6.14±2.24 | 8.13±2.20 | 2.16±2.02 |
| 雾冰藜Grubovia dasyphylla | 苋科Amaranthaceae | 雾冰藜属Grubovia | A | - | - | 5.26±5.02 | 1.12±1.05 |
| 华北白前Vincetoxicum mongolicum | 夹竹桃科Apocynaceae | 白前属Vincetoxicum | P | - | 0.35±0.60 | - | - |
| 地梢瓜Cynanchum thesioides | 夹竹桃科Apocynaceae | 鹅绒藤属Cynanchum | P | - | - | - | 2.00±0.55 |
| 蒙古葱Allium mongolicum | 石蒜科Amaryllidaceae | 葱属Allium | P | - | 2.14±2.13 | 4.23±2.47 | 0.91±0.88 |
| 细叶韭Allium tenuissimum | 石蒜科Amaryllidaceae | 葱属Allium | P | - | - | 1.60±1.56 | 0.43±0.73 |
| 远志Polygala tenuifolia | 远志科Polygalaceae | 远志属Polygala | P | - | 1.09±1.88 | - | - |
| 地锦草Euphorbia humifusa | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | A | - | 0.30±0.12 | - | 0.53±0.62 |
| 沙生大戟Euphorbia kozlovi | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | P | - | - | - | 0.94±0.62 |
| 沙木蓼Atraphaxis bracteata | 廖科Polygonaceae | 木蓼属Atraphaxi | S | - | - | - | 0.24±0.41 |
生活型 Life form | 固沙年限Sand-fixation durations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 a | 30 a | 50 a | 70 a | |
| 一年生草本Annual herb | 100.00 | 94.65 | 90.45 | 86.91 |
| 多年生草本Perennial herb | - | 5.02 | 6.27 | 8.57 |
| 灌木Shrub | - | - | 3.28 | 1.97 |
| 藤本Liane | - | 0.33 | - | 2.55 |
表2 不同固沙年限柠条固沙林土壤种子库生活型占比
Table 2 Life-form proportions in soil seed banks of C. korshinskii sand-fixation forests with different sand-fixation durations (%)
生活型 Life form | 固沙年限Sand-fixation durations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 a | 30 a | 50 a | 70 a | |
| 一年生草本Annual herb | 100.00 | 94.65 | 90.45 | 86.91 |
| 多年生草本Perennial herb | - | 5.02 | 6.27 | 8.57 |
| 灌木Shrub | - | - | 3.28 | 1.97 |
| 藤本Liane | - | 0.33 | - | 2.55 |
图1 不同固沙年限柠条固沙林土壤种子库的多样性特征不同小写字母表示不同固沙年限之间差异显著(P<0.05),下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the sand-fixation durations (P<0.05), the same below.
Fig.1 Diversity attributes of soil seed banks in C. korshinskii sand-fixation forests with sand-fixation durations
图3 不同固沙年限柠条固沙林土壤种子库密度特征不同小写字母表示同一土层深度不同固沙年限种子库密度差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示同一固沙年限不同土层深度种子库密度差异显著(P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) in seed bank density among sand-fixation durations within the same soil depth, and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) in seed bank density among the different soil depths within the same sand-fixation duration.
Fig.3 Characteristics of soil seed bank density in C. korshinskii sand-fixation forests with different sand-fixation durations
图6 不同固沙年限柠条固沙林土壤种子库不同土层的种子密度占比
Fig.6 Proportion of seed density across different soil layers in soil seed banks of C. korshinskii sand-fixation forests with different sand-fixation durations
年限 Year (a) | 物种数Species | Sc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
地上植被 AV | 土壤种子库 SSB | 共有 Common | ||
| 10 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.50 |
| 30 | 14 | 15 | 7 | 0.48 |
| 50 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 0.53 |
| 70 | 26 | 23 | 16 | 0.65 |
表3 不同固沙年限柠条固沙林土壤种子库与地上植被相似性
Table 3 Similarity between soil seed banks (SSB) and aboveground vegetation (AV) in C. korshinskii sand-binding forests with different sand-fixation durations
年限 Year (a) | 物种数Species | Sc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
地上植被 AV | 土壤种子库 SSB | 共有 Common | ||
| 10 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.50 |
| 30 | 14 | 15 | 7 | 0.48 |
| 50 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 0.53 |
| 70 | 26 | 23 | 16 | 0.65 |
项目 Item | 环境因子 Environmental factors | 解释量 Explains (%) | 贡献率Contribution (%) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
地上植被 Aboveground vegetation | 均匀度指数Pielou index (E) | 12.9 | 13.3 | 4.0 | 0.016* |
| 多样性指数Shannon-Wiener index (H) | 7.3 | 7.5 | 2.7 | 0.086 | |
| 丰富度指数Margalef index (R) | 2.6 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 0.356 | |
| 优势度指数Simpson index (D) | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 0.382 | |
土壤因子 Soil factors | 土壤速效氮Soil available nitrogen (SAN) | 57.8 | 59.3 | 13.7 | 0.002** |
| 土壤酸碱度Soil pH | 4.5 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 0.188 | |
| 土壤速效磷Soil available phosphorus (SAP) | 4.0 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 0.172 | |
| 土壤容重Soil bulk density (SBD) | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.492 | |
| 土壤含水量Soil water content (SWC) | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.500 | |
| 土壤有机质Soil organic matter (SOM) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.558 | |
| 特征参数Characteristic parameter | 轴1 Axis1 | 轴2 Axis2 | 轴3 Axis3 | 轴4 Axis4 | |
| 特征值Eigenvalues | 0.6337 | 0.2462 | 0.0558 | 0.0361 | |
| 累计解释变异Cumulative explained variation | 63.37 | 87.99 | 93.56 | 97.17 | |
| 多样性-环境因子相关系数Correlation coefficient between diversity and environmental factor | 0.9984 | 0.9576 | 0.9957 | 0.9860 | |
表4 冗余分析排序及蒙特卡洛置换检验
Table 4 Redundancy analysis (RDA) ordination and results of Monte Carlo permutation tests
项目 Item | 环境因子 Environmental factors | 解释量 Explains (%) | 贡献率Contribution (%) | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
地上植被 Aboveground vegetation | 均匀度指数Pielou index (E) | 12.9 | 13.3 | 4.0 | 0.016* |
| 多样性指数Shannon-Wiener index (H) | 7.3 | 7.5 | 2.7 | 0.086 | |
| 丰富度指数Margalef index (R) | 2.6 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 0.356 | |
| 优势度指数Simpson index (D) | 2.5 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 0.382 | |
土壤因子 Soil factors | 土壤速效氮Soil available nitrogen (SAN) | 57.8 | 59.3 | 13.7 | 0.002** |
| 土壤酸碱度Soil pH | 4.5 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 0.188 | |
| 土壤速效磷Soil available phosphorus (SAP) | 4.0 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 0.172 | |
| 土壤容重Soil bulk density (SBD) | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.492 | |
| 土壤含水量Soil water content (SWC) | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.500 | |
| 土壤有机质Soil organic matter (SOM) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.558 | |
| 特征参数Characteristic parameter | 轴1 Axis1 | 轴2 Axis2 | 轴3 Axis3 | 轴4 Axis4 | |
| 特征值Eigenvalues | 0.6337 | 0.2462 | 0.0558 | 0.0361 | |
| 累计解释变异Cumulative explained variation | 63.37 | 87.99 | 93.56 | 97.17 | |
| 多样性-环境因子相关系数Correlation coefficient between diversity and environmental factor | 0.9984 | 0.9576 | 0.9957 | 0.9860 | |
图7 地上植被和土壤因子与土壤种子库的冗余分析空心箭头: 地上植被与土壤因子;实心箭头: 土壤种子库指标; MS: 土壤种子库密度; RS: 土壤种子库丰富度指数; DS: 土壤种子库优势度指数; ES: 土壤种子库均匀度指数; HS: 土壤种子库多样性指数; RA:地上植被丰富度指数; DA:地上植被优势度指数; EA:地上植被均匀度指数; HA:地上植被多样性指数。Hollow arrows: Aboveground vegetation characteristics and soil-related parameters; Solid arrows: Metrics associated with the soil seed bank; MS: Soil seed bank density; RS: Soil seed bank richness index; DS: Soil seed bank dominance index; ES: Soil seed bank evenness index; HS: Soil seed bank diversity index; RA: Aboveground vegetation richness index; DA: Aboveground vegetation dominance index; EA: Aboveground vegetation evenness index; HA: Aboveground vegetation diversity index.
Fig.7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of aboveground vegetation, soil factors, and soil seed bank metrics
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