草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (10): 61-78.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025443
银敏华1(
), 常文静1, 银建新2, 段丫丫1, 李海燕1, 王彦彪1, 康燕霞1(
), 马彦麟1, 王亚玉1, 齐广平1
收稿日期:2025-10-23
修回日期:2026-01-12
出版日期:2026-10-20
发布日期:2026-09-09
通讯作者:
康燕霞
作者简介:E-mail: yanxiakang@gsau.edu.cn基金资助:
Min-hua YIN1(
), Wen-jing CHANG1, Jian-xin YIN2, Ya-ya DUAN1, Hai-yan LI1, Yan-biao WANG1, Yan-xia KANG1(
), Yan-lin MA1, Ya-yu WANG1, Guang-ping QI1
Received:2025-10-23
Revised:2026-01-12
Online:2026-10-20
Published:2026-09-09
Contact:
Yan-xia KANG
摘要:
在全球温室气体排放总量中,农业生产是重要的贡献源。苜蓿作为全球种植面积最大的人工牧草,虽具备根瘤固氮能力,但在以高产优质为目标的集约化生产中常施用一定量的外源氮肥,其温室气体排放效应不容忽视。优化种植管理模式是减少苜蓿草地温室气体排放的有效途径。本研究通过设置3种种植模式[传统平作(FP)、垄覆生物降解地膜(BM)、垄覆普通地膜(PM)]、2种氮肥类型[(尿素(U)、控释氮肥(C)]和4种施氮水平(0、80、160、240 kg·hm-2),系统分析了种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地CO2、CH4和N2O排放的影响。结果表明,苜蓿草地为CO2、N2O净排放源和CH4吸收汇。与施用尿素相比,施用控释氮肥能显著降低CO2和N2O的累积排放量,并提高CH4的累积吸收量。苜蓿草地CO2、N2O累积排放量和CH4累积吸收量均随施氮水平提高呈增加趋势,且表现为PM>BM>FP。BM和PM的苜蓿产量较FP分别平均提高43.56%和30.07%,施用控释氮肥的苜蓿产量较施用尿素平均提高8.46%,施用160 kg·hm-2 控释氮肥结合垄覆生物降解地膜(BMC2)的苜蓿产量最高(24.83 t·hm-2),较不覆膜不施氮处理提高97.11%。施用控释氮肥的全球增温潜势(GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别较施用尿素平均降低12.26%和15.04%。BM的GWP较PM处理平均降低15.28%,较FP处理平均提高15.12%,GHGI较PM和FP平均分别降低11.84%和17.18%。综上,在本研究条件下,施用160 kg·hm?2 控释氮肥结合垄覆生物降解地膜(BMC2处理)是甘肃引黄灌区及类似生态区苜蓿草地增产减排的推荐种植管理模式。
银敏华, 常文静, 银建新, 段丫丫, 李海燕, 王彦彪, 康燕霞, 马彦麟, 王亚玉, 齐广平. 基于减排效应的苜蓿草地种植模式与氮肥管理优化研究[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(10): 61-78.
Min-hua YIN, Wen-jing CHANG, Jian-xin YIN, Ya-ya DUAN, Hai-yan LI, Yan-biao WANG, Yan-xia KANG, Yan-lin MA, Ya-yu WANG, Guang-ping QI. Optimization of alfalfa pasture planting patterns and nitrogen fertilizer management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(10): 61-78.
种植模式 Cropping patterns | 氮肥运筹Nitrogen fertilizer management | ||
|---|---|---|---|
氮肥类型 Nitrogen fertilizer types | 施氮水平 Nitrogen application levels (kg·hm-2) | 三茬施用比例 Application rate among three crops | |
平作Flat planting (FP) | 尿素Urea (U) | 80 (U1) | 6∶2∶2 |
| 160 (U2) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 240 (U3) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 控释氮肥Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (C) | 80 (C1) | 1∶0∶0 | |
| 160 (C2) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 240 (C3) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilization (N0) | 0 (N0) | - | |
| 垄覆生物降解地膜种植Ridge-furrow planting with biodegradable film mulching over ridge (BM) | 尿素Urea (U) | 80 (U1) | 6∶2∶2 |
| 160 (U2) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 240 (U3) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 控释氮肥Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (C) | 80 (C1) | 1∶0∶0 | |
| 160 (C2) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 240 (C3) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilization (N0) | 0 (N0) | - | |
| 垄覆普通地膜Ridge-furrow planting with plastic film mulching over ridge (PM) | 尿素Urea (U) | 80 (U1) | 6∶2∶2 |
| 160 (U2) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 240 (U3) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 控释氮肥Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (C) | 80 (C1) | 1∶0∶0 | |
| 160 (C2) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 240 (C3) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 不施氮肥No nitrogen fertilization (N0) | 0 (N0) | - | |
表1 试验设计
Table 1 Experimental design
种植模式 Cropping patterns | 氮肥运筹Nitrogen fertilizer management | ||
|---|---|---|---|
氮肥类型 Nitrogen fertilizer types | 施氮水平 Nitrogen application levels (kg·hm-2) | 三茬施用比例 Application rate among three crops | |
平作Flat planting (FP) | 尿素Urea (U) | 80 (U1) | 6∶2∶2 |
| 160 (U2) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 240 (U3) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 控释氮肥Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (C) | 80 (C1) | 1∶0∶0 | |
| 160 (C2) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 240 (C3) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilization (N0) | 0 (N0) | - | |
| 垄覆生物降解地膜种植Ridge-furrow planting with biodegradable film mulching over ridge (BM) | 尿素Urea (U) | 80 (U1) | 6∶2∶2 |
| 160 (U2) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 240 (U3) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 控释氮肥Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (C) | 80 (C1) | 1∶0∶0 | |
| 160 (C2) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 240 (C3) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilization (N0) | 0 (N0) | - | |
| 垄覆普通地膜Ridge-furrow planting with plastic film mulching over ridge (PM) | 尿素Urea (U) | 80 (U1) | 6∶2∶2 |
| 160 (U2) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 240 (U3) | 6∶2∶2 | ||
| 控释氮肥Controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (C) | 80 (C1) | 1∶0∶0 | |
| 160 (C2) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 240 (C3) | 1∶0∶0 | ||
| 不施氮肥No nitrogen fertilization (N0) | 0 (N0) | - | |
图3 土壤速效氮含量(a)代表两年各处理下土壤NO3--N含量平均值;(b)代表两年各处理下土壤NH??-N含量平均值;误差条表示95%置信区间。不同的小写字母表示处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05),处理组为FPN0、FP1、FP2等之间,U代表施用尿素,C代表施用控释氮肥。下同。 (a) represents the average soil NO??-N content under each treatment over the two years; (b) represents the average soil NH??-N content under each treatment over the two years. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05). Processing groups include FPN0, FP1, FP2, etc. U represents the application of urea, C represents the application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer. The same below.
Fig.3 Soil available nitrogen content
图4 种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地CO2排放通量的影响误差条和圆点分别表示95%置信区间和排放通量,虚线箭头表示施肥事件。(a)、(b)和(c)分别表示2023年传统平作、垄覆生物降解地膜和垄覆普通地膜;(d)、(e)和(f)分别表示2024年传统平作、垄覆生物降解地膜和垄覆普通地膜。下同。Error bars and dots represent 95% confidence intervals and emission fluxes, respectively, and the dashed arrow indicates the application of urea fertilizer. (a), (b) and (c) represent flat planting, ridge-furrow planting with biodegradable film mulching over ridge, and ridge-furrow planting with plastic film mulching over ridge, respectively, in 2023; (d), (e) and (f) represent flat planting, ridge-furrow planting with biodegradable film mulching over ridge, and ridge-furrow planting with plastic film mulching over ridge, respectively, in 2024. The same below.
Fig.4 Effects of planting pattern and nitrogen management on CO2 emission flux in alfalfa grassland
| 年份 Year | P | L | T | P×L | P×T | L×T | P×L×T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 455.30** | 108.44** | 178.25** | 5.28* | 1.41* | 0.71ns | 0.18ns |
| 2024 | 232.63** | 377.10** | 238.99** | 2.59* | 13.61** | 28.50* | 0.58ns |
表2 不同种植模式与氮肥管理下苜蓿草地CO2累积排放量的方差分析
Table 2 Analysis of variance for cumulative CO2 emissions in alfalfa grasslands under different planting patterns and nitrogen managements
| 年份 Year | P | L | T | P×L | P×T | L×T | P×L×T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 455.30** | 108.44** | 178.25** | 5.28* | 1.41* | 0.71ns | 0.18ns |
| 2024 | 232.63** | 377.10** | 238.99** | 2.59* | 13.61** | 28.50* | 0.58ns |
图5 种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地CO2年累积排放量的影响FM代表不覆膜处理,BM代表覆生物降解膜处理,PM代表覆普通地膜处理。下同。FM denotes non-film treatment, BM denotes treatment with biodegradable film, and PM denotes treatment with conventional plastic film. The same below.
Fig.5 Effects of planting pattern and nitrogen management on annual cumulative CO? emission in alfalfa grassland
图6 种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地CH4排放通量的影响负值代表CH4呈吸收态。Negative values indicate that CH? is in the absorbed state.
Fig.6 Effects of planting pattern and nitrogen management on CH4 emission flux in alfalfa grassland
| 年份 Year | P | L | T | P×L | P×T | L×T | P×L×T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 222.38** | 207.56** | 8.60* | 57.26** | 52.76** | 37.24** | 1.72ns |
| 2024 | 65.79** | 65.82** | 31.27** | 6.49* | 1.05ns | 9.45** | 1.28ns |
表3 不同种植模式与氮肥管理下苜蓿草地CH4累积吸收量的方差分析
Table 3 Analysis of variance for cumulative CH4 absorption in alfalfa grasslands under different planting patterns and nitrogen managements
| 年份 Year | P | L | T | P×L | P×T | L×T | P×L×T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 222.38** | 207.56** | 8.60* | 57.26** | 52.76** | 37.24** | 1.72ns |
| 2024 | 65.79** | 65.82** | 31.27** | 6.49* | 1.05ns | 9.45** | 1.28ns |
| 年份 Year | P | L | T | P×L | P×T | L×T | P×L×T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 33.61** | 131.28** | 44.03** | 0.04ns | 0.17ns | 10.92* | 0.51ns |
| 2024 | 82.33** | 229.04** | 84.36** | 4.48ns | 0.14ns | 17.24** | 0.15ns |
表4 不同种植模式与氮肥管理下苜蓿草地N2O累积排放量的方差分析
Table 4 Analysis of variance for cumulative N2O emissions in alfalfa grasslands under different planting patterns and nitrogen managements
| 年份 Year | P | L | T | P×L | P×T | L×T | P×L×T |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 33.61** | 131.28** | 44.03** | 0.04ns | 0.17ns | 10.92* | 0.51ns |
| 2024 | 82.33** | 229.04** | 84.36** | 4.48ns | 0.14ns | 17.24** | 0.15ns |
图10 种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地全球增温潜势的影响图中坐标轴为全球增温潜势(kg CO2-eq·hm-2)。(a)代表2023年种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地全球增温潜势的影响,(b)代表2024年种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地全球增温潜势的影响。The coordinate axes in the figure represent global warming potential (kg CO2-eq·ha-1). (a) represents the impact of cropping patterns and nitrogen fertilizer management on the global warming potential (GWP, kg CO2-eq·ha-1) of alfalfa grasslands in 2023. (b) represents the impact of cropping patterns and nitrogen fertilizer management on the global warming potential (GWP, kg CO2-eq·ha-1) of alfalfa grasslands in 2024.
Fig.10 Effects of planting pattern and nitrogen management on global warming potential in alfalfa grassland
图11 种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿产量的影响(a)和(c)分别代表2023和2024年施用控释氮肥的苜蓿产量;(b)和(d)分别代表2023和2024年施用尿素的苜蓿产量。 (a) and (c) represent alfalfa yields with controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer applied in 2023 and 2024, respectively; and (b) and (d) represent alfalfa yields with urea applied in 2023 and 2024.
Fig.11 Effects of planting pattern and nitrogen management on alfalfa yields
图12 种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地温室气体排放强度的影响图中坐标轴为温室气体排放强度[kg(CO2-eq·kg-1)]。(a)代表2023年种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地温室气体排放强度的影响,(b)代表2024年种植模式与氮肥管理对苜蓿草地温室气体排放强度的影响。The coordinate axes in the figure represent the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) [kg (CO2-eq·kg-1)]. (a) represents the impact of cropping patterns and nitrogen fertilizer management on the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of alfalfa grasslands in 2023. (b) represents the impact of cropping patterns and nitrogen fertilizer management on the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of alfalfa grasslands in 2024.
Fig.12 Effects of planting pattern and nitrogen management on greenhouse gas intensity in alfalfa grassland
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