小黑麦与黑麦花序结构和籽粒特性比较

doi:10.11686/cyxb2018140

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 植物的花序结构及其形态特征是影响种子生产性能的重要因素。对于禾本科植物而言,其花序大小、小穗数、小花数及小花的外稃、内稃和芒的性状特征直接影响种子形成和产量。本研究通过测定小黑麦品系C2、C35和黑麦品系C13、C33的花序结构特征,得到以下结果:小黑麦花序[(14.30±0.52) cm×(1.24±0.09) cm]明显大于黑麦[(13.20±0.35) cm×(0.82±0.02) cm],小黑麦花序长而粗,黑麦花序短而细;小黑麦花序的小穗数[(21.35±1.47)个]少于黑麦[(30.20±0.79)个];小黑麦每个小穗的小花数较多,为3~4朵,黑麦的小花数趋于稳定,每个小穗有2朵小花。从花序中部小穗的小花结构看,小黑麦下位护颖长[(1.27±0.11) cm]和宽[(0.26±0.03) cm]、上位护颖长[(1.30±0.09) cm]和宽[(0.23±0.04) cm]均显著大于黑麦下位护颖长[(1.04±0.05) cm]和宽[(0.08±0.01) cm]、上位护颖长[(0.94±0.10) cm]和宽[(0.06±0.01) cm];小黑麦中部小穗第1小花的外稃宽[(0.32±0.03) cm]、外稃高[(0.24±0.03) cm]和芒长[(8.35±0.51) cm]、第2小花的外稃宽[(0.35±0.04) cm]、外稃高[(0.25±0.05) cm]和芒长[(8.37±1.19) cm]极显著大于黑麦相应值[(0.26±0.01),(0.15±0.01),(5.50±0.19),(0.25±0.01),(0.17±0.01)和(5.18±0.23) cm];第1和第2小花的外稃长[(1.35±0.06),(1.37±0.06) cm]和内稃长[(0.84±0.04),(1.41±0.06) cm]均小于黑麦的外稃长[(1.49±0.05),(1.47±0.05) cm]和内稃长[(1.45±0.05),(1.47±0.04) cm]。小黑麦的穗粒数[(52.50±1.80)粒]显著低于黑麦[(58.50±2.50)粒] (P<0.05),但其穗粒重[(2.08±0.04) g]、粒重[(0.04±0.00) g]和籽粒宽[(3.04±0.32) mm]均极显著高于黑麦 (P<0.01),每个花序的籽粒不仅体积大,而且质量较重,其籽粒的生产性能高于黑麦。小黑麦籽粒呈椭圆形或长卵圆形,浅黄色,表皮皱缩,饱满度差;黑麦籽粒呈窄纺锤形,青灰色,表皮光滑,籽粒饱满。小黑麦和黑麦花序结构与籽粒性状的Pearson相关分析表明,小黑麦花序宽和花序基部小穗数与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),花序长与籽粒宽极显著正相关(P<0.01),花序中部小穗的下、上位护颖宽分别与穗粒重和穗粒数极显著正相关(P<0.01);黑麦花序中部小穗第2小花的内稃长与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),外稃高与穗粒数极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究小黑麦和黑麦的花序结构和籽粒特征,对正确区分二者和了解其籽粒的生产性能具有重要意义,同时有利于小黑麦的示范推广。

关键词: 小黑麦, 黑麦, 花序, 结构特征, 籽粒特性

Abstract: Morphological characteristics of inflorescences are important factors in seed production performance. In Gramineae, the size of the inflorescence, number of spikelets and florets, and the characteristics of the lemma, palea and awn can influence the development of seeds. Inflorescence characteristics of different lines of triticale (C2 and C35) and rye corn (C13 and C33) were compared. The inflorescence of triticale [(14.30±0.52) cm×(1.24±0.09) cm] was clearly larger than the rye inflorescence [(13.20±0.35) cm×(0.82±0.02) cm)], spikelet numbers in rye corn (30.20±0.79) were higher than that of triticale (21.35±1.47), flowers number in rye was 2 flowers per spikelet with little variation, while flower numbers in triticale did vary ranging from 3-4 flowers/spikelet. Comparisons of flowers from the middle of the inflorescence indicated that the length [(1.27±0.11) cm] and width [(0.26±0.03) cm] of lower glume and the length [(1.30±0.09) cm] and width [(0.23±0.04) cm] of the upper glume in triticale were significantly larger than the length [(1.04±0.05) cm] and width [(0.08±0.01) cm] of the lower glume and the length [(0.94±0.10) cm] and width [(0.06±0.01) cm] of the upper glume in rye (P<0.05). The width [(0.32±0.03) cm], height [(0.24±0.03) cm] of lemma and awn length [(8.35±0.51) cm] in the first flower and the width [(0.35±0.04) cm] and height [(0.25±0.05) cm] of lemma and awn length [(8.37±1.19) cm] in the second flower of triticale was significantly higher than those in rye [(0.26±0.01) cm, (0.25±0.01) cm, (0.15±0.01) cm, (0.17±0.01) cm, (5.50±0.19) cm and (5.18±0.23) cm respectively]. Lemma [(1.35±0.06) cm; (1.37±0.06) cm] and palea [(0.84±0.04) cm; (1.41±0.06) cm] length in the first and second flower in triticale were less than in rye, (1.49±0.05) cm; (1.47±0.05) cm and (1.45±0.05) cm; (1.47±0.04) cm respectively. The number of grains per panicle in triticale [(52.50±1.80) grains] was significantly lower than that of rye (P<0.05) but the grain weight per ear [(2.08±0.04) g], grain weight [(0.04±0.00) g] and grain width [(3.04±0.32) mm] were significantly higher than rye (P<0.01). Triticale grains were oval or elongated oval in shape, pale yellow in colour, plump with a wrinkled epidermis while rye grains were narrowed fusiform with smooth skin and a laurel-green colour. Results of Pearson correlation analysis between flower structure and grain traits of rye and triticale revealed there were positive correlations between seed length and length of the inflorescence and the number of spikelet in the base of the inflorescence (P<0.05), and seed width was significantly positively correlated inflorescence length (P<0.01). Grain weight per ear and the number of grains per spike were significantly correlated with the width of the lower and upper glume (P<0.01), respectively. Seed length in rye positively correlated to glume length of the second flower in the middle spikelet (P<0.05), while grain number per ear and the height of lemma in the second flower of the middle spikelet were negatively correlation (P<0.01). The structural characteristics of triticale and rye inflorescences are important for correctly distinguishing the two and understanding seed production differences.

Key words: triticale (×Triticosecale);, rye (Secale cereal), inflorescence, structural characteristics, grain traits

刘汉成, 田新会, 杜文华. 小黑麦与黑麦花序结构和籽粒特性比较[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(7): 120-132.

LIU Han-cheng, TIAN Xin-hui, DU Wen-hua. Structural characteristics of the inflorescence and grain traits of triticale and rye corn[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(7): 120-132.

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