草业学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (9): 76-85.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021380
王星1(), 黄薇1, 余淑艳1, 李小云1, 高雪芹1,2, 伏兵哲1,2()
收稿日期:
2021-10-19
修回日期:
2022-01-27
出版日期:
2022-09-20
发布日期:
2022-08-12
通讯作者:
伏兵哲
作者简介:
Corresponding author. E-mail: fbzhe19@163.com基金资助:
Xing WANG1(), Wei HUANG1, Shu-yan YU1, Xiao-yun LI1, Xue-qin GAO1,2, Bing-zhe FU1,2()
Received:
2021-10-19
Revised:
2022-01-27
Online:
2022-09-20
Published:
2022-08-12
Contact:
Bing-zhe FU
摘要:
为了研究宁夏地区滴灌条件下紫花苜蓿种子生产的最适合的灌水及施肥量,以‘甘农4号’为试验材料,采用双因素裂区试验设计,主区为4个灌水梯度(900、1350、1800和2250 m3·hm-2),副区为5个肥料梯度(N-P2O5-K2O:0-0-0、9-45-60、18-90-120、27-135-180和36-180-240 kg·hm-2),分别对不同处理的苜蓿种子产量构成因素及种子产量进行测定。研究结果表明适当的灌水和施肥可以提高苜蓿种子产量,随着灌水量和施肥量的增加,苜蓿种子产量呈先增高后降低的趋势。灌水对苜蓿的小花数、花序数、结荚数、种子数、结荚率和千粒重有显著影响,经通径分析得出,花序数、生殖枝数、千粒重和结荚率对苜蓿种子产量的影响起主导作用。在灌水量为900 m3·hm-2、施肥量为27-135-180 kg·hm-2时,苜蓿种子产量、灌溉水分利用效率最高。通过回归寻优模型,得出在宁夏引黄灌区苜蓿种子生产中滴灌的最佳灌水量为2250 m3·hm-2,在当地的土壤条件下最佳施肥量为:氮肥34.44 kg·hm-2,磷肥172.68 kg·hm-2,钾肥230.28 kg·hm-2。
王星, 黄薇, 余淑艳, 李小云, 高雪芹, 伏兵哲. 宁夏地区地下滴灌水肥耦合对紫花苜蓿种子产量及构成因素的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2022, 31(9): 76-85.
Xing WANG, Wei HUANG, Shu-yan YU, Xiao-yun LI, Xue-qin GAO, Bing-zhe FU. Effect of water and fertilizer coupling on seed yield and composition of alfalfa grown with underground drip irrigation in Ningxia[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(9): 76-85.
处理 Treatment | 灌水量Irrigation amount (m3·hm-2) | 施肥量Fertilizer application amount (kg·hm-2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
04-25 | 05-15 | 06-24 | 07-12 | 04-25 | 06-24 | |
S1F1 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S1F2 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S1F3 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S1F4 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S1F5 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
S2F1 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S2F2 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S2F3 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S2F4 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S2F5 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
S3F1 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S3F2 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S3F3 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S3F4 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S3F5 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
S4F1 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S4F2 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S4F3 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S4F4 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S4F5 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
表1 灌水施肥方案
Table 1 Irrigation and fertilization plan
处理 Treatment | 灌水量Irrigation amount (m3·hm-2) | 施肥量Fertilizer application amount (kg·hm-2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
04-25 | 05-15 | 06-24 | 07-12 | 04-25 | 06-24 | |
S1F1 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S1F2 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S1F3 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S1F4 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S1F5 | 300 | 240 | 180 | 180 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
S2F1 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S2F2 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S2F3 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S2F4 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S2F5 | 480 | 330 | 270 | 270 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
S3F1 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S3F2 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S3F3 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S3F4 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S3F5 | 630 | 480 | 345 | 345 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
S4F1 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 |
S4F2 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 4.5-22.5-30 | 4.5-22.5-30 |
S4F3 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 9-45-60 | 9-45-60 |
S4F4 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 13.5-67.5-90 | 13.5-67.5-90 |
S4F5 | 795 | 585 | 435 | 435 | 18-90-120 | 18-90-120 |
处理 Treatment | 生殖枝数 Reproductive branches number | 小花数 Floret number | 每株花序数 Number of inflorescences per plant | 结荚数 Number of podding | 每荚种子数 Seeds per pod | 千粒重 Thousand seed weight (g) | 结荚率 Podding rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1F1 | 33.58±1.06cd | 22.05±0.81b | 517.20±54.55ghi | 17.58±0.66ab | 6.78±0.35ef | 1.77±0.04de | 81.87±1.76j |
S1F2 | 32.55±1.26fg | 20.55±1.00c | 534.00±32.86ef | 17.73±0.88a | 7.25±0.28ab | 1.75±0.03fg | 85.19±2.15d |
S1F3 | 31.20±1.12jk | 21.78±0.84b | 537.03±37.36ef | 17.25±0.70bc | 5.93±0.25lm | 1.77±0.03de | 84.46±2.04efgh |
S1F4 | 34.78±1.10ab | 19.98±1.68d | 563.00±39.95c | 15.35±0.56jk | 5.93±0.27lm | 1.73±0.03ij | 81.60±2.10j |
S1F5 | 31.10±1.30jk | 20.50±1.20c | 541.03±48.04de | 16.53±0.78e | 6.58±0.26gh | 1.70±0.03k | 84.08±1.58gh |
S2F1 | 31.48±1.46ij | 20.10±0.69d | 534.83±48.34ef | 16.88±0.61d | 7.10±0.37bc | 1.80±0.04ab | 89.33±1.57a |
S2F2 | 33.10±1.24de | 18.85±0.86f | 534.40±35.75ef | 15.95±0.74fgh | 7.10±0.32bc | 1.72±0.04j | 83.95±1.77h |
S2F3 | 34.60±1.15b | 19.85±1.07d | 521.30±35.71fgh | 16.30±0.86ef | 6.35±0.28ij | 1.76±0.04ef | 83.16±1.67i |
S2F4 | 29.68±1.16l | 20.63±0.95c | 479.13±41.36l | 17.30±0.80bc | 5.90±0.27m | 1.78±0.03cd | 85.04±2.01de |
S2F5 | 30.93±1.31k | 18.00±0.85h | 592.53±39.11b | 15.58±0.77hij | 6.65±0.33fg | 1.74±0.03gh | 87.06±1.42c |
S3F1 | 32.88±1.28ef | 19.83±0.74d | 618.03±43.31a | 15.90±0.65gh | 7.35±0.32a | 1.71±0.03k | 84.37±1.44fgh |
S3F2 | 35.23±1.29a | 18.03±0.74h | 508.27±50.68hij | 15.45±0.69ijk | 6.55±0.28gh | 1.74±0.04gh | 89.48±2.07a |
S3F3 | 33.40±1.25d | 19.50±0.82e | 530.17±39.35efg | 17.03±0.68cd | 6.08±0.27kl | 1.71±0.03k | 84.59±1.41efg |
S3F4 | 32.10±1.18gh | 19.08±0.70f | 554.33±54.53cd | 16.00±0.77fg | 6.88±0.28de | 1.73±0.03j | 84.54±1.97efg |
S3F5 | 30.88±1.27k | 20.10±0.76d | 515.67±39.57ghi | 15.78±0.67ghi | 7.03±0.25cd | 1.73±0.03hij | 84.40±2.14fgh |
S4F1 | 33.58±0.99cd | 22.40±0.73a | 533.00±35.00ef | 17.60±0.67ab | 6.45±0.30hij | 1.79±0.03bc | 82.90±1.79i |
S4F2 | 34.05±1.28c | 17.85±1.09h | 503.40±43.14ijk | 15.80±0.92ghi | 6.48±0.25hij | 1.70±0.05k | 87.49±2.26bc |
S4F3 | 32.73±1.51ef | 18.93±0.89f | 568.77±43.25c | 14.78±0.82l | 6.13±0.28k | 1.79±0.04bc | 84.10±1.38gh |
S4F4 | 31.93±1.42hi | 19.45±0.62e | 489.83±38.97kl | 16.15±0.63fg | 6.33±0.27j | 1.77±0.04de | 87.78±1.56b |
S4F5 | 28.48±1.27m | 18.40±0.89g | 496.07±36.67jk | 15.18±0.66k | 6.50±0.32ghi | 1.81±0.04a | 84.87±2.15def |
显著性检验(F值) Significance test (F value) | |||||||
灌水量Water treatment (S) | 1.22NS | 11.04** | 3.25** | 14.23** | 4.89** | 6.06** | 8.78** |
施肥量Fertilizer treatment (F) | 5.65** | 10.09** | 0.45NS | 10.92** | 13.94** | 1.50NS | 5.37** |
S×F | 1.69NS | 3.62** | 4.58** | 33.59** | 3.20** | 2.46** | 7.62** |
表2 不同水肥对苜蓿种子产量构成因素的影响
Table 2 Effects of different water and fertilizer on components of alfalfa seed yield
处理 Treatment | 生殖枝数 Reproductive branches number | 小花数 Floret number | 每株花序数 Number of inflorescences per plant | 结荚数 Number of podding | 每荚种子数 Seeds per pod | 千粒重 Thousand seed weight (g) | 结荚率 Podding rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1F1 | 33.58±1.06cd | 22.05±0.81b | 517.20±54.55ghi | 17.58±0.66ab | 6.78±0.35ef | 1.77±0.04de | 81.87±1.76j |
S1F2 | 32.55±1.26fg | 20.55±1.00c | 534.00±32.86ef | 17.73±0.88a | 7.25±0.28ab | 1.75±0.03fg | 85.19±2.15d |
S1F3 | 31.20±1.12jk | 21.78±0.84b | 537.03±37.36ef | 17.25±0.70bc | 5.93±0.25lm | 1.77±0.03de | 84.46±2.04efgh |
S1F4 | 34.78±1.10ab | 19.98±1.68d | 563.00±39.95c | 15.35±0.56jk | 5.93±0.27lm | 1.73±0.03ij | 81.60±2.10j |
S1F5 | 31.10±1.30jk | 20.50±1.20c | 541.03±48.04de | 16.53±0.78e | 6.58±0.26gh | 1.70±0.03k | 84.08±1.58gh |
S2F1 | 31.48±1.46ij | 20.10±0.69d | 534.83±48.34ef | 16.88±0.61d | 7.10±0.37bc | 1.80±0.04ab | 89.33±1.57a |
S2F2 | 33.10±1.24de | 18.85±0.86f | 534.40±35.75ef | 15.95±0.74fgh | 7.10±0.32bc | 1.72±0.04j | 83.95±1.77h |
S2F3 | 34.60±1.15b | 19.85±1.07d | 521.30±35.71fgh | 16.30±0.86ef | 6.35±0.28ij | 1.76±0.04ef | 83.16±1.67i |
S2F4 | 29.68±1.16l | 20.63±0.95c | 479.13±41.36l | 17.30±0.80bc | 5.90±0.27m | 1.78±0.03cd | 85.04±2.01de |
S2F5 | 30.93±1.31k | 18.00±0.85h | 592.53±39.11b | 15.58±0.77hij | 6.65±0.33fg | 1.74±0.03gh | 87.06±1.42c |
S3F1 | 32.88±1.28ef | 19.83±0.74d | 618.03±43.31a | 15.90±0.65gh | 7.35±0.32a | 1.71±0.03k | 84.37±1.44fgh |
S3F2 | 35.23±1.29a | 18.03±0.74h | 508.27±50.68hij | 15.45±0.69ijk | 6.55±0.28gh | 1.74±0.04gh | 89.48±2.07a |
S3F3 | 33.40±1.25d | 19.50±0.82e | 530.17±39.35efg | 17.03±0.68cd | 6.08±0.27kl | 1.71±0.03k | 84.59±1.41efg |
S3F4 | 32.10±1.18gh | 19.08±0.70f | 554.33±54.53cd | 16.00±0.77fg | 6.88±0.28de | 1.73±0.03j | 84.54±1.97efg |
S3F5 | 30.88±1.27k | 20.10±0.76d | 515.67±39.57ghi | 15.78±0.67ghi | 7.03±0.25cd | 1.73±0.03hij | 84.40±2.14fgh |
S4F1 | 33.58±0.99cd | 22.40±0.73a | 533.00±35.00ef | 17.60±0.67ab | 6.45±0.30hij | 1.79±0.03bc | 82.90±1.79i |
S4F2 | 34.05±1.28c | 17.85±1.09h | 503.40±43.14ijk | 15.80±0.92ghi | 6.48±0.25hij | 1.70±0.05k | 87.49±2.26bc |
S4F3 | 32.73±1.51ef | 18.93±0.89f | 568.77±43.25c | 14.78±0.82l | 6.13±0.28k | 1.79±0.04bc | 84.10±1.38gh |
S4F4 | 31.93±1.42hi | 19.45±0.62e | 489.83±38.97kl | 16.15±0.63fg | 6.33±0.27j | 1.77±0.04de | 87.78±1.56b |
S4F5 | 28.48±1.27m | 18.40±0.89g | 496.07±36.67jk | 15.18±0.66k | 6.50±0.32ghi | 1.81±0.04a | 84.87±2.15def |
显著性检验(F值) Significance test (F value) | |||||||
灌水量Water treatment (S) | 1.22NS | 11.04** | 3.25** | 14.23** | 4.89** | 6.06** | 8.78** |
施肥量Fertilizer treatment (F) | 5.65** | 10.09** | 0.45NS | 10.92** | 13.94** | 1.50NS | 5.37** |
S×F | 1.69NS | 3.62** | 4.58** | 33.59** | 3.20** | 2.46** | 7.62** |
项目 Item | 实际种子产量 Practical seed yield (kg·hm-2) | 理论种子产量 Theoretical seed yield(kg·hm-2) | 灌水分利用效率 IWUE (kg·m-3) | 肥料偏生产力 PFP (kg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
水分处理 Water treatment (S) | ||||
S1 | 1079.95a | 5973.74a | 1.20a | 3.81a |
S2 | 954.86c | 5288.30c | 0.71b | 3.52b |
S3 | 987.63b | 5343.57c | 0.55c | 3.54b |
S4 | 1079.57a | 5547.23b | 0.48d | 3.90a |
肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment (F) | ||||
F1 | 1031.36b | 5664.71b | 0.73bc | - |
F2 | 992.49c | 5372.42cd | 0.70d | 8.71a |
F3 | 998.08c | 5255.17d | 0.72c | 4.38b |
F4 | 1054.61a | 5437.06c | 0.76a | 3.08c |
F5 | 1050.97a | 5961.68a | 0.75ab | 2.31d |
年份 Year (Y) | ||||
2017 | 662.58d | 4325.40c | 0.49d | 2.48c |
2018 | 1139.15b | 6910.70b | 0.82b | 4.12b |
2019 | 764.50c | 3642.69d | 0.53c | 2.58c |
2020 | 1535.78a | 7274.05a | 1.10a | 5.59a |
显著性检验(F值) Significance test (F value) | ||||
S | 108.67** | 67.58** | 2821.70** | 17.59** |
F | 17.85** | 43.77** | 13.28** | 3973.34** |
Y | 4175.71** | 2320.24** | 2127.80** | 1035.44** |
S×F | 33.59** | 35.18** | 20.73** | 15.18** |
S×Y | 75.23** | 11.94** | 100.49** | 17.11** |
Y×F | 37.52** | 15.30** | 16.08** | 221.33** |
Y×S×F | 37.99** | 24.91** | 22.57** | 19.48** |
表3 不同水肥对苜蓿实际种子产量、理论种子产量、灌溉水分利用效率及肥料偏生产力的影响
Table 3 Effects of different amount of water and fertilizer on alfalfa practical seed yield, theoretical seed yield, irrigation water use efficiency and partial fertilizer productivity (F value)
项目 Item | 实际种子产量 Practical seed yield (kg·hm-2) | 理论种子产量 Theoretical seed yield(kg·hm-2) | 灌水分利用效率 IWUE (kg·m-3) | 肥料偏生产力 PFP (kg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
水分处理 Water treatment (S) | ||||
S1 | 1079.95a | 5973.74a | 1.20a | 3.81a |
S2 | 954.86c | 5288.30c | 0.71b | 3.52b |
S3 | 987.63b | 5343.57c | 0.55c | 3.54b |
S4 | 1079.57a | 5547.23b | 0.48d | 3.90a |
肥料处理 Fertilizer treatment (F) | ||||
F1 | 1031.36b | 5664.71b | 0.73bc | - |
F2 | 992.49c | 5372.42cd | 0.70d | 8.71a |
F3 | 998.08c | 5255.17d | 0.72c | 4.38b |
F4 | 1054.61a | 5437.06c | 0.76a | 3.08c |
F5 | 1050.97a | 5961.68a | 0.75ab | 2.31d |
年份 Year (Y) | ||||
2017 | 662.58d | 4325.40c | 0.49d | 2.48c |
2018 | 1139.15b | 6910.70b | 0.82b | 4.12b |
2019 | 764.50c | 3642.69d | 0.53c | 2.58c |
2020 | 1535.78a | 7274.05a | 1.10a | 5.59a |
显著性检验(F值) Significance test (F value) | ||||
S | 108.67** | 67.58** | 2821.70** | 17.59** |
F | 17.85** | 43.77** | 13.28** | 3973.34** |
Y | 4175.71** | 2320.24** | 2127.80** | 1035.44** |
S×F | 33.59** | 35.18** | 20.73** | 15.18** |
S×Y | 75.23** | 11.94** | 100.49** | 17.11** |
Y×F | 37.52** | 15.30** | 16.08** | 221.33** |
Y×S×F | 37.99** | 24.91** | 22.57** | 19.48** |
图3 不同水肥处理下苜蓿的理论种子产量不同字母代表处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。Different letters represent significant differences among treatments (P<0.05). The same below.
Fig.3 Theoretical seed yield of alfalfa under different water and fertilizer treatments
因子 Factor | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | 直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient | 间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient | 合计 Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
→X1 | →X2 | →X3 | →X4 | ||||
X1 | 0.79** | 0.77 | - | 0.37 | -0.03 | 0.38 | 0.72 |
X2 | 0.21 | -0.23 | -0.11 | - | -0.05 | -0.10 | -0.26 |
X3 | -0.22 | -0.18 | 0.01 | -0.04 | - | -0.03 | -0.06 |
X4 | 0.51** | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.04 | - | 0.28 |
表4 苜蓿种子产量构成因子与苜蓿种子产量的通径分析
Table 4 Path analysis of alfalfa seed yield components and alfalfa seed yield
因子 Factor | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | 直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient | 间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient | 合计 Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
→X1 | →X2 | →X3 | →X4 | ||||
X1 | 0.79** | 0.77 | - | 0.37 | -0.03 | 0.38 | 0.72 |
X2 | 0.21 | -0.23 | -0.11 | - | -0.05 | -0.10 | -0.26 |
X3 | -0.22 | -0.18 | 0.01 | -0.04 | - | -0.03 | -0.06 |
X4 | 0.51** | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.04 | - | 0.28 |
图6 苜蓿种子实际产量回归寻优模型图中颜色由紫色向红色表示不同的实际种子产量,具体产量参考图片右侧颜色与产量的对应关系。In the figure, colors from purple to red indicate different actual seed yields. For specific yields, refer to the corresponding relationship between colors and yields on the right side of the picture.
Fig.6 Regression optimization model of actual alfalfa seed yield
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