发酵全混合日粮及其在反刍动物应用的研究进展

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025369

草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9): 211-235.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025369

• 综合评述 • 上一篇

发酵全混合日粮及其在反刍动物应用的研究进展

庞凯悦¹^,²^,³(), 冯彦龙¹, 刘合云¹, 苏少峰⁴, 杜家华¹, 吴佳海¹^,²^,³(), 曾兵¹^,⁵()

^1.西南大学动物科学技术学院，重庆 402460
^2.贵州省农业科学院，贵州贵阳 550006
^3.贵州省农业微生物全省重点实验室，贵州贵阳 550006
^4.内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院，内蒙古呼和浩特 028000
^5.重庆高校草食动物工程研究中心，重庆 400715

收稿日期:2025-09-15 修回日期:2025-11-03 出版日期:2026-09-20 发布日期:2026-07-27
通讯作者: 吴佳海,曾兵
作者简介:402947324@qq.com
E-mail： 1848266168@qq.com
庞凯悦（1997-），女，山东东营人，在读博士。E-mail： 1547970042@qq.com
基金资助:
贵州省科技厅项目(黔科合平台［2025］029);内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2025KJHZ0063);重庆市现代农业产业技术体系项目（草食牲畜：CQMAITS202513）资助

Research progress on fermented total mixed ration and its application to ruminant feeding

Kai-yue PANG¹^,²^,³(), Yan-long FENG¹, He-yun LIU¹, Shao-feng SU⁴, Jia-hua DU¹, Jia-hai WU¹^,²^,³(), Bing ZENG¹^,⁵()

^1.College of Animal Science and Technology，Southwest University，Chongqing 402460，China
^2.Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Guiyang 550006，China
^3.Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology，Guiyang 550006，China
^4.Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences，Hohhot 028000，China
^5.Chongqing University Herbivore Engineering Research Center，Chongqing 400715，China

Received:2025-09-15 Revised:2025-11-03 Online:2026-09-20 Published:2026-07-27
Contact: Jia-hai WU,Bing ZENG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着我国畜牧业的快速发展，常规饲料资源已无法满足畜牧养殖的需求，面对我国饲料短缺、优质饲草自给率低的难题，充分开发利用饲草资源和新型饲料迫在眉睫。因此，开发新型饲料已成为重要研究方向。发酵全混合日粮（FTMR）是根据动物的营养需要量，将粗饲料和精饲料混合为全混合日粮（TMR），在厌氧条件下发酵制成的一种适用于反刍动物的饲粮。FTMR与传统的TMR相比具有保质时间长、营养价值高、便于运输等特点，还可以改善适口性，提高动物生产性能。因此，本研究在梳理FTMR技术发展现状及影响其发酵品质因素的基础上，重点综述了干物质、温度、贮藏时间、日粮原料和添加剂影响FTMR发酵品质的机制，并探究了其在反刍动物中的应用及影响反刍动物体外消化率、生产性能、瘤胃发酵和肉品质的机制，旨在为FTMR的养殖实践提供科学依据。

关键词: 发酵全混合日粮, 发酵品质, 反刍动物, 体外消化率, 生产性能, 瘤胃发酵, 肉品质

Abstract:

With the rapid development of China’s livestock industry， conventional feed resources can no longer meet the industry demand for animal feeds. Faced with the challenges of feed shortages and low self-sufficiency rates for high-quality forage， the full development and utilization of forage resources and novel feed materials have become urgent priorities. Therefore， the development of novel feed formulations has become a significant research focus. Fermented total mixed ration （FTMR） is a diet suitable for ruminants. It is produced by fermenting a total mixed ration （TMR） based on the animal’s nutritional requirements and blending roughage with concentrate feed under anaerobic conditions. Compared with traditional TMR， FTMR offers extended shelf life， higher nutritional value， and easier transportation. It is also more palatable and enhances animal production performance. This review describes the current state of FTMR technology and factors influencing fermentation quality. It then focuses on the mechanisms by which dry matter， temperature， storage duration， dietary ingredients， and additives affect FTMR fermentation quality. Finally， it explores the applications of FTMR in ruminants and investigates its impact on ruminant in vitro digestibility， production performance， rumen fermentation， and meat quality. This review aims to provide scientific guidance for the practical application of FTMR in animal husbandry.

Key words: fermented total mixed ration, fermentation quality, ruminants, in vitro digestibility, production performance, rumen fermentation, meat quality

庞凯悦, 冯彦龙, 刘合云, 苏少峰, 杜家华, 吴佳海, 曾兵. 发酵全混合日粮及其在反刍动物应用的研究进展[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(9): 211-235.

Kai-yue PANG, Yan-long FENG, He-yun LIU, Shao-feng SU, Jia-hua DU, Jia-hai WU, Bing ZENG. Research progress on fermented total mixed ration and its application to ruminant feeding[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(9): 211-235.

图/表 18

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项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
干物质含量Dry matter content （400， 450， 500 g·kg^-1）	营养成分（粗蛋白、水溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和体外干物质消化率）没有发生变化，但所有FTMR开袋后均能在有氧条件下保持稳定超过21 d。Nutritional components （crude protein， water-soluble carbohydrates， neutral detergent fiber， and in vitro dry matter digestibility） remained unchanged， but all FTMR samples maintained stability under aerobic conditions for over 21 days after feeding.	［20］
干物质含量Dry matter content （500， 650 g·kg^-1）	潮湿青贮饲料中的干物质回收率较低，水分含量并没有影响FTMR的体外干物质消化率。The dry matter recovery rate in moist silage is relatively low， and moisture content did not affect the in vitro dry matter digestibility of FTMR.	［21］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 45%， 50%， 55%）	全株玉米（Zea mays）FTMR的适宜含水率为45%和50%。The optimal moisture content for whole-plant corn FMTR is 45% and 50%.	［22］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	水分含量越大，乳酸含量越高，483 g·kg^-1的水分含量具有较高的乳酸含量，更有利于乳酸菌的生长。The higher moisture content， the greater lactic acid content. A moisture content of 483 g·kg^-1， which exhibits higher lactic acid content， is more conducive to the growth of lactic acid bacteria.	［23］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	不同水分条件FTMR半纤维素含量的损失情况与含水率有关，其中全混合日粮含水率越高，其半纤维素含量降低幅度越大。The loss of hemicellulose content in FTMR at different moisture levels correlates with moisture content， with higher total mixed ration （TMR） moisture leading to greater reductions in hemicellulose content.	［24］
水分含量Moisture content （45%， 55%， 65%）	含水率越高，饲料中产生的酸性物质越多，更有利于抑制发酵过程中的好氧菌和有害微生物生长，促进乳酸菌等有益发酵菌种的繁殖。The higher moisture content， the greater production of acidic substances in the feed， which more effectively suppresses the growth of aerobic bacteria and harmful microorganisms during fermentation while promoting the proliferation of beneficial fermenting bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria.	［25］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 50%， 60%）	水分含量高的处理，pH值显著低于水分含量低的处理，水分含量越高，NH₃-N生成量越大。The treatment with high moisture content exhibited a significantly lower pH value than the treatment with low moisture content. The higher moisture content， the greater the amount of NH₃-N produced.	［26］

项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
干物质含量Dry matter content （400， 450， 500 g·kg^-1）	营养成分（粗蛋白、水溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和体外干物质消化率）没有发生变化，但所有FTMR开袋后均能在有氧条件下保持稳定超过21 d。Nutritional components （crude protein， water-soluble carbohydrates， neutral detergent fiber， and in vitro dry matter digestibility） remained unchanged， but all FTMR samples maintained stability under aerobic conditions for over 21 days after feeding.	［20］
干物质含量Dry matter content （500， 650 g·kg^-1）	潮湿青贮饲料中的干物质回收率较低，水分含量并没有影响FTMR的体外干物质消化率。The dry matter recovery rate in moist silage is relatively low， and moisture content did not affect the in vitro dry matter digestibility of FTMR.	［21］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 45%， 50%， 55%）	全株玉米（Zea mays）FTMR的适宜含水率为45%和50%。The optimal moisture content for whole-plant corn FMTR is 45% and 50%.	［22］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	水分含量越大，乳酸含量越高，483 g·kg^-1的水分含量具有较高的乳酸含量，更有利于乳酸菌的生长。The higher moisture content， the greater lactic acid content. A moisture content of 483 g·kg^-1， which exhibits higher lactic acid content， is more conducive to the growth of lactic acid bacteria.	［23］
干物质含量Dry matter content （375， 432， 483 g·kg^-1）	不同水分条件FTMR半纤维素含量的损失情况与含水率有关，其中全混合日粮含水率越高，其半纤维素含量降低幅度越大。The loss of hemicellulose content in FTMR at different moisture levels correlates with moisture content， with higher total mixed ration （TMR） moisture leading to greater reductions in hemicellulose content.	［24］
水分含量Moisture content （45%， 55%， 65%）	含水率越高，饲料中产生的酸性物质越多，更有利于抑制发酵过程中的好氧菌和有害微生物生长，促进乳酸菌等有益发酵菌种的繁殖。The higher moisture content， the greater production of acidic substances in the feed， which more effectively suppresses the growth of aerobic bacteria and harmful microorganisms during fermentation while promoting the proliferation of beneficial fermenting bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria.	［25］
水分含量Moisture content （40%， 50%， 60%）	水分含量高的处理，pH值显著低于水分含量低的处理，水分含量越高，NH₃-N生成量越大。The treatment with high moisture content exhibited a significantly lower pH value than the treatment with low moisture content. The higher moisture content， the greater the amount of NH₃-N produced.	［26］

项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
15， 30 ℃	与15 ℃的青贮相比，30 ℃青贮饲料的可溶性蛋白质含量更高。NH₃-N随着温度和储存时间的延长而增加。Compared to silage stored at 15 ℃， silage stored at 30 ℃ exhibits higher soluble protein content. NH₃-N increases with rising temperature and extended storage duration.	［29］
10， 20， 30， 40 ℃	随着贮藏温度的上升，各处理样本的日粮pH显著降低，同时乙酸和丙酸的含量显著增加。As storage temperature increased， the pH of the diets in each treatment sample decreased significantly， while the levels of acetic acid and propionic acid also increased significantly.	［30］
春季、夏季、秋季、冬季Spring， summer， autumn， winter	春季、秋季和冬季的FTMR发酵质量普遍较差，且pH均在4.7以上。经过60 d的存放，仍然检测出有害微生物，如大肠杆菌、酵母菌和霉菌等。FTMR fermentation quality was generally poor during spring， autumn， and winter， with pH levels consistently above 4.7. After 60 days of storage， harmful microorganisms such as Escherichia coli， yeast， and mold were still detected.	［31］
25， 29， 33， 37 ℃	发酵温度为33 ℃时玉米芯型FTMR中粗蛋白含量高于其他发酵温度。At a fermentation temperature of 33 ℃， the crude protein content in corn cob-type FTMR was higher than at other fermentation temperatures.	［32］

项目 Item	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
15， 30 ℃	与15 ℃的青贮相比，30 ℃青贮饲料的可溶性蛋白质含量更高。NH₃-N随着温度和储存时间的延长而增加。Compared to silage stored at 15 ℃， silage stored at 30 ℃ exhibits higher soluble protein content. NH₃-N increases with rising temperature and extended storage duration.	［29］
10， 20， 30， 40 ℃	随着贮藏温度的上升，各处理样本的日粮pH显著降低，同时乙酸和丙酸的含量显著增加。As storage temperature increased， the pH of the diets in each treatment sample decreased significantly， while the levels of acetic acid and propionic acid also increased significantly.	［30］
春季、夏季、秋季、冬季Spring， summer， autumn， winter	春季、秋季和冬季的FTMR发酵质量普遍较差，且pH均在4.7以上。经过60 d的存放，仍然检测出有害微生物，如大肠杆菌、酵母菌和霉菌等。FTMR fermentation quality was generally poor during spring， autumn， and winter， with pH levels consistently above 4.7. After 60 days of storage， harmful microorganisms such as Escherichia coli， yeast， and mold were still detected.	［31］
25， 29， 33， 37 ℃	发酵温度为33 ℃时玉米芯型FTMR中粗蛋白含量高于其他发酵温度。At a fermentation temperature of 33 ℃， the crude protein content in corn cob-type FTMR was higher than at other fermentation temperatures.	［32］

添加剂 Additives	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
布氏乳杆菌、复合纤维素酶Lactobacillus buchneri， complex cellulase	显著改善其发酵品质，并显著提高FTMR中结构性水溶性碳水化合物的降解率，同时有效减少黄曲霉毒素B1的含量，提高了FTMR的乙酸含量和有氧稳定性，抑制霉菌生长。Significantly improves fermentation quality and markedly increases the degradation rate of structural water soluble carbohydrate （WSC） in FTMR. Concurrently， it effectively reduces aflatoxin B1 content， enhances acetic acid content and aerobic stability in FTMR， and inhibits mold growth.	［36］
布氏乳杆菌 L. buchneri	添加布氏乳杆菌，可以显著提升青藏高原FTMR的有氧稳定性。The addition of L. buchneri significantly enhances the aerobic stability of FTMR on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.	［37］
植物乳杆菌、纤维素酶Lactobacillus plantarum， cellulase	能够有效改善其发酵品质，增强其有氧稳定性。It can effectively improve fermentation quality and enhance aerobic stability.	［38］
植物乳杆菌、糖蜜L. plantarum， molasses	当全混合日粮中提供充足的底物供乳酸发酵时，植物乳杆菌在改善FTMR发酵质量方面的表现优于糖蜜。When sufficient substrates for lactic acid fermentation are provided in total mixed ration （TMR）， L. plantarum outperforms molasses in improving the fermentation quality of FTMR.	［39］
布氏乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌L. buchneri， L. plantarum	植物乳杆菌的应用可能会导致FTMR的干物质损失。The application of L. plantarum may result in dry matter loss in FTMR.	［40］
维生素A、酶Vitamin A， enzyme	发酵过程会导致维生素A含量降低，而添加蛋白酶补充剂还会加剧这一现象，直接向FTMR中添加营养元素可能会破坏或流失发酵过程中的这些营养成分。The fermentation process leads to a reduction in vitamin A content， and the addition of protease supplements further exacerbates this phenomenon. Directly adding nutrients to FTMR may cause damage or loss of these nutrients during fermentation.	［41］
植物乳杆菌、丙酸、丙酸+乳酸菌L. plantarum， propanoic acid， propanoic acid+lactic acid bacteria	丙酸与乳酸菌接种剂一起使用时，减少了TMR饲料的乳酸产量，提高了有氧稳定性和体外营养物质消化率。When propionic acid is used in combination with lactic acid bacteria inoculants， it reduces lactic acid production in TMR， enhances the aerobic stability and improves in vitro nutrient digestibility.	［42］
糖蜜、植物乳杆菌、丙酸、糖蜜+丙酸、植物乳杆菌+丙酸Molasses， L. plantarum， propanoic acid， molasses+propanoic acid， L. plantarum+propanoic acid	丙酸与乳酸菌接种剂一起使用时，对燕麦-野豌豆间作制备的TMR饲料的发酵、好氧稳定性和体外消化率影响较小。When propionic acid is used in combination with lactic acid bacteria inoculants， it has a minimal effect on the fermentation， aerobic stability， and in vitro digestibility of TMR feed prepared from Avena sativa-Vicia tetrasperma intercropping.	［43］
布氏乳杆菌L. buchneri	布氏乳杆菌可有效生产出更高质量的马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）粕青贮饲料，发酵性、好氧稳定性、羔羊生长性能和消化率均得到改善。L. buchneri effectively produces higher-quality potato hash silage feed， with improvements in fermentability， aerobic stability， lamb growth performance， and digestibility.	［44］
干酪乳杆菌、布氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei， L. buchneri	无论是否接种乳酸菌，FTMR均可保持显著稳定性。该特性与装料时的酵母菌数量及青贮料的酒精发酵、乳酸发酵等特性无关。FTMR maintains remarkable stability regardless of whether lactic acid bacteria are inoculated. This characteristic is independent of the yeast count at ensiling and the silage’s alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation properties.	［45］
外源纤维素酶Exogenous cellulose	添加外源纤维素酶会加速FTMR中纤维类物质的降解、提升有机酸的积累和自身纤维类物质的酶活力，抑制羧基肽酶和酸性蛋白酶活力，减少蛋白质的损失。Adding exogenous cellulase accelerates the degradation of fibrous materials in FTMR， enhances organic acid accumulation and the enzymatic activity of endogenous fibrous substances， inhibits carboxypeptidase and acid protease activity， and reduces protein loss.	［46］
布氏乳杆菌、双乙酸钠L. buchneri， sodium diacetate	双乙酸钠与布氏乳杆菌的添加均显著抑制了FTMR啤酒糟中霉菌及酵母菌的繁殖，有效提升了其有氧条件下的稳定性。相较于布氏乳杆菌，双乙酸钠对微生物的抑制作用更为明显，改善了发酵饲料品质。The addition of sodium diacetate and L. buchneri significantly inhibited the proliferation of mold and yeast in FTMR brewers’ grains， effectively enhancing its stability under aerobic conditions. Compared to L. buchneri， sodium diacetate exhibited a more pronounced inhibitory effect on microorganisms， thereby improving the quality of fermented feed.	［47］
枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、酵母菌Bacillus subtilis， lactic acid bacteria， Bacillus cereus， yeast	添加复合益生菌发酵有利于延长TMR贮存时间，增强TMR有氧稳定性，同时减少部分营养成分的流失。Adding composite probiotic fermentation helps extend TMR storage time， enhance the aerobic stability of TMR， and reduce the loss of certain nutrients.	［48］
双乙酸钠Sodium diacetate	双乙酸钠的添加使NH₃-N与总氮比值及霉菌毒素含量明显下降，其中添加0.2%双乙酸钠的pH达到最低，同时该组的粗蛋白质与中性洗涤纤维含量较高。The addition of sodium diacetate significantly reduced the ratio of NH₃-N to total nitrogen and mycotoxin content. The pH level reached its lowest value in the group supplemented with 0.2% sodium diacetate， which also exhibited higher crude protein and neutral detergent fiber content.	［49］

发酵全混合日粮及其在反刍动物应用的研究进展

Research progress on fermented total mixed ration and its application to ruminant feeding

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贮藏时间 Storage time （d）	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
15， 60	随着发酵时间的延长，中性洗涤纤维以及pH显著下降，同时酵母菌和霉菌的数量也明显减少。此外，经过60 d发酵的FTMR具有更强的有氧稳定性，其在有氧条件下暴露期间的干物质损失也相应降低。As fermentation time increased， neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and pH decreased significantly， while yeast and mold counts also declined markedly. Furthermore， FTMR fermented for 60 days exhibited enhanced aerobic stability， with correspondingly reduced dry matter loss during exposure under aerobic conditions.	［40］
0， 3， 7， 15， 30	经过裹包发酵处理7 d的TMR展现了良好的发酵品质，并具备较高的有氧稳定性。After 7 days of ensiled fermentation， the TMR demonstrated excellent fermentation quality and high aerobic stability.	［58］
0， 3， 7， 15， 30	FTMR在发酵过程中，随着发酵时间的延长，干物质、粗蛋白和NDF的瘤胃降解率得到了提升，特别是发酵15和30 d的FTMR其各项营养成分的瘤胃降解率都较高。During fermentation， the rumen degradability of dry matter， crude protein， and NDF in FTMR increased with extended fermentation duration. Notably， FTMR fermented for 15 and 30 days exhibited higher rumen degradability rates for all nutritional components.	［59］
45	TMR经过发酵处理后，可明显提高TMR的营养价值。随着FTMR贮藏时间的延长，其在体外干物质消化率和有氧稳定性方面显著优于TMR组，经过45 d的包裹贮藏后，FTMR的营养成分和发酵品质趋于稳定，显示出良好的储存效果。After fermentation treatment， TMR exhibits significantly enhanced nutritional value. As the storage duration of FTMR increases， it demonstrates markedly superior in vitro dry matter digestibility and aerobic stability compared to the TMR group. Following 45 days of wrapped storage， the nutritional composition and fermentation quality of FTMR stabilize， indicating excellent storage efficacy.	［60］
0， 7， 14， 21， 28， 35	随着贮藏时间的延长，FTMR的NH₃-N占总氮比例呈上升趋势，发酵0和35 d氨态氮/总氮值有显著差异。As storage time increases， the proportion of NH₃-N in total nitrogen within FTMR shows an upward trend. Significant differences exist between the ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen at fermentation day 0 and 35.	［61］

日粮原料 Dietary ingredients	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
青贮玉米、全株玉米Silage corn， whole-plant corn	与青贮玉米相比，含有全株玉米的FTMR中有机酸（乳酸和乙酸）的含量较低。在发酵56 d后，两种青贮饲料的可溶性糖和酵母菌数量相似，但含全株玉米的FTMR的有氧稳定性高于青贮玉米。Compared to corn silage， FTMR containing whole-plant corn exhibited lower levels of organic acids （lactic acid and acetic acid）. After 56 days of fermentation， both silage feeds showed similar soluble sugar content and yeast counts， but FTMR demonstrated higher aerobic stability than corn silage.	［71］
青贮酒糟Silage distiller’s grains	青贮酒糟FTMR的挥发性有机化合物含量较低，对乳酸和乙酸的形成没有不利影响。贮存40 d后，FTMR产生大量可溶性糖，而青贮酒糟的大部分可溶性糖在发酵的前几天就已经被消耗。此外，FTMR的酵母菌数量较低，有氧稳定性也高于青贮酒糟。The FTMR of silage distillers grains exhibits low volatile organic compound content and does not adversely affect the formation of lactic acid and acetic acid. After 40 days of storage， FTMR produced a large amount of soluble sugars， whereas most soluble sugars in silage distiller grains were consumed within the first few days of fermentation. Furthermore， FTMR exhibited lower yeast counts and higher aerobic stability compared to silage distillers grains.	［7］
桃子（Prunus persica）果渣Peach pomace	提高全混合日粮中的水溶性碳水化合物含量，促进了FTMR中乳酸的增加。保持了新鲜水果的清香气息，还显著提升了FTMR的发酵品质。Increasing the water soluble carbohydrate （WSC） content in TMR and promotes lactic acid accumulation in FTMR. This preserves the fresh aroma of the fruit while significantly enhancing the fermentation quality of the FTMR.	［72］
液体啤酒酵母Liquid beer yeast	提高FTMR中的粗蛋白含量并降低纤维含量，但却对发酵品质产生了负面影响。Increasing crude protein content and reducing fiber content in FTMR， negatively impacted fermentation quality.	［73］
野豌豆Bush vetch	全株玉米用野豌豆替代的情况下，FTMR中的乳酸含量有所降低。此外，研究发现TMR成分中的微生物菌群与FTMR中的菌群之间并没有紧密的关联。When whole corn plants were replaced with wild peas， the lactic acid content in the FTMR decreased. Furthermore， the study found no strong correlation between the microbial communities in the TMR components and those in the FTMR.	［74］
全混合日粮、发酵全混合日粮TMR， FTMR	青贮前后TMR含有不同的乳酸菌株，TMR中青贮成分的细菌群落构成对FTMR的发酵过程并未产生显著影响。Different lactic acid bacteria strains were present in the TMR before and after ensiling. The bacterial community composition of the ensiled component in the TMR did not significantly affect the fermentation process of the FTMR.	［75］
马铃薯废料、酱油饼、豆腐渣、面条废料Potato waste， soy sauce cake， tofu residue， noodle waste	马铃薯废料、酱油饼、豆腐渣和面条废料等食品副产物调制而成的FTMR有机物消化率显著高于由商业浓缩饲料制成的FTMR。The digestibility of FTMR organic matter prepared from food by-products such as potato waste， soy sauce cake， tofu residue， and noodle waste was significantly higher than that of FTMR made from commercial concentrate feed.	［76］

原料 Dietary ingredients	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
全混合日粮、发酵全混合日粮TMR， FTMR	FTMR在干物质消化率上明显高于TMR，同时其甲烷产量却相对较低。FTMR相对较低的pH值有助于促进瘤胃内乳酸向丙酸的转化，从而抑制瘤胃内甲烷的产生。FTMR significantly outperforms TMR in dry matter digestibility while exhibiting relatively lower methane production. The relatively lower pH of FTMR promotes the conversion of lactic acid to propionic acid within the rumen， thereby suppressing methane production.	［82］
全株玉米型FTMR Whole-plant maize-type FTMR	在厌氧发酵过程中，微生物易于利用的成分已经被充分消耗。贮藏过程可能会出现FTMR消化率降低的趋势。During anaerobic fermentation， the components readily utilized by microorganisms have been fully consumed. Storage may result in a tendency toward reduced FTMR digestibility.	［14］
全混合日粮、发酵全混合日粮TMR，FTMR	在有氧暴露的情况下，没有经过发酵的TMR中的营养物质损失显著，而干物质消化率也迅速下降。相较之下，已经经过一次发酵的FTMR在干物质消化率方面则保持了较为平稳的状态。Under aerobic exposure， significant nutrient losses occur in unfermented TMR， accompanied by a rapid decline in dry matter digestibility. In contrast， FTMR that has undergone primary fermentation maintains relatively stable dry matter digestibility.	［20］
全混合日粮、野豌豆型、燕麦加紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）型、全株玉米型FTMR TMR， wild pea type， oat plus red clover type， whole-plant corn type FTMR	TMR经过发酵处理后，可明显提髙营养价值。丙酸和植物乳杆菌能够显著提升野豌豆型、燕麦加紫云英型及全株玉米型FTMR的体外消化率和体外产气量。After fermentation treatment， TMR exhibits a significant increase in nutritional value. Propionic acid and L. plantarum can markedly enhance the in vitro digestibility or gas production of field pea-type， oat-and-red clover-type， and whole-plant corn-type FTMR.	［43］
发酵全混合日粮FTMR	糖蜜、乙醇、植物乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌对FTMR的消化参数未能表现出任何促进效应。Molasses， ethanol， L. plantarum， and L. buchneri failed to demonstrate any enhancing effect on the digestive parameters of FTMR.	［8，40，83］
全混合日粮、发酵全混合日粮TMR，FTMR	细胞壁的水解以及在青贮过程中纤维含量和消化率的变化，主要受到TMR原料结构的影响。FTMR的组成成分对此类添加剂的反应可能存在差异，从而导致消化率的不同。The hydrolysis of cell walls and changes in fiber content and digestibility during ensiling are primarily influenced by the structural composition of TMR ingredients. The response of FTMR components to such additives may vary， leading to differences in digestibility.	［19］
绿茶渣、咖啡渣、大麦（Hordeum vulgare）茶渣型FTMR Green tea residue， coffee grounds， barley tea residue type FTMR	FTMR中含有较高比例的绿茶渣、咖啡渣和大麦茶渣时，分别会导致粗蛋白、纤维和粗脂肪的消化率下降，当大麦茶渣的含量控制在15%时，FTMR的干物质消化率和总能消化率会显著提高。When FTMR contains higher proportions of green tea residue， coffee grounds， and barley tea residue， it leads to reduced digestibility of crude protein， fiber， and crude fat， respectively. When the barley tea residue content is controlled at 15%， the dry matter digestibility and total energy digestibility of FTMR significantly improve.	［84-86］

动物 Animal	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
瘤牛-荷斯坦杂交母牛 Holstein-Zebu crossbred cows	含青贮草的全混合日粮与含新鲜象草的全混合日粮或发酵全混合日粮相比，总消化率较低。各处理的干物质摄入量、平均日增重和饲料效率相似。发酵全混合日粮对肉牛瘤胃pH没有产生不利影响，可有效地维持育肥期肉牛的生长性能。TMR containing silage exhibited lower total digestibility compared to TMR or FTMR containing fresh Napier grass. Dry matter intake， average daily gain， and feed efficiency were similar across treatments. FTMR did not adversely affect rumen pH in beef cattle and can be effectively utilized to maintain growth performance during the finishing phase.	［91］
育肥肉牛 Fattening cattle	使用尿素或豆粕（发酵和未发酵）配制的日粮在动物性能（干物质摄入量、日增重、胴体增重、拌料和饲料效率）方面没有差异，含大豆（Glycine max）的FTMR提高了日增重。Diets formulated with urea or soybean meal （fermented and unfermented） showed no differences in animal performance （dry matter intake， daily gain， carcass weight gain， feed intake， and feed efficiency）. The soybean-containing FTMR increased daily gain.	［92］
肉羊 Mutton sheep	FTMR增强了饲料适口性，可改善肉羊瘤胃液环境，提高肉羊的消化吸收功能和生长性能。FTMR enhances feed palatability， improves the rumen environment in meat sheep， and boosts their digestive absorption capacity and growth performance.	［61］
肉牛 Beef cattle	马铃薯废料、面条废料和豆腐渣食品副产品能够有效提升肉牛的干物质和中性洗涤纤维的消化率。Potato waste， noodle waste， and tofu residue food by-products can effectively enhance the digestibility of dry matter and NDF in beef cattle.	［93］
肉牛、阉羊 Beef cattle， wether	肉牛更倾向于采食高苹果（Malus pumila）渣含量的FTMR，但由于苹果渣中含有一定的乙醇成分，这会导致添加苹果渣的FTMR营养消化率有所降低。Beef cattle showed a preference for consuming FTMR with higher apple pomace content. However， due to the presence of ethanol in apple pomace， the nutritional digestibility of FTMR supplemented with apple pomace was reduced.	［94-95］
奶牛 Cows	饲喂低水分和中水分FTMR的奶牛干物质摄入量高于饲喂高水分FTMR的奶牛。高水分FTMR的乳脂含量较高，这抵消了产奶量的差异，导致各处理间的脂肪校正奶产量相似，使用FTMR是简化饲喂管理的良好替代方案。Cows fed low-moisture and medium-moisture FTMR exhibited higher dry matter intake than those fed high-moisture FTMR. The higher milk fat content in high-moisture FTMR offset differences in milk yield， resulting in similar fat-corrected milk production across treatments. Using FTMR provides a viable alternative for simplifying feeding management.	［9］
奶牛 Cows	尿素处理的整株玉米配制的FTMR和用同样尿素处理的玉米青贮与湿润精料混合配制的TMR对奶牛生产性能没有差异。There was no difference in dairy cow production performance between FTMR formulated with whole corn treated with urea and TMR formulated with corn silage treated with the same urea mixed with moistened concentrate feed.	［96］
奶牛 Cows	饲喂FTMR奶牛的总干物质消化率增加，干物质摄入量减少，而产奶量没有差异，各处理之间的乳脂含量和标准奶量没有差异，饲料效率较高。Cows fed FTMR exhibited increased total dry matter digestibility and reduced dry matter intake， with no difference in milk yield. There were no differences in milk fat content or standardized milk yield among treatments. Cows fed FTMR demonstrated higher feed efficiency.	［97］
奶牛 Cows	饲喂FTMR与相同的新鲜原料（青贮饲料和精料）的TMR时奶牛的生产性能相似，但饲喂FTMR的奶牛瘤胃中挥发性脂肪酸的浓度更高，FTMR的瘤胃降解性更好。Cows fed FTMR and TMR made from identical fresh ingredients （silage and concentrate） exhibited similar production performance， but those fed FTMR had higher rumen volatile fatty acid （VFA） concentrations and greater rumen degradability.	［98］
奶山羊 Milch goat	饲喂FTMR可极显著提高奶山羊干物质摄入量、产奶量、4%标准乳产量和干物质、NDF表观消化率，显著降低血清的含量。Feeding FTMR significantly increased dry matter intake， milk yield， 4% standard milk yield， and the apparent digestibility of dry matter and NDF in dairy goats， while significantly reducing serum levels.	［99］
奶牛 Cows	使用糙米替代玉米的FTMR都能够有效降低奶牛的尿氮损失，对奶牛的采食量和产奶量没有产生明显的不利影响。Replacing corn with brown rice in FTMR diets effectively reduces urinary nitrogen loss in dairy cows without significantly adversely affecting feed intake or milk production.	［100-101］
水牛 Buffalo	FTMR与酿酒谷物残渣相结合进行饲喂能够显著提高水牛的干物质摄入量。Feeding FTMR in combination with brewer’s grain residue significantly increases dry matter intake in buffalo.	［102］

动物 Animal	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
绵羊Ovis aries	FTMR的可消化能量和可消化蛋白含量较高，从而降低了粪氮排泄量；饲喂FTMR还能减少绵羊瘤胃甲烷的排放和能量损失，增加了尿氮排泄量；饲喂FTMR绵羊的瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度（饲喂后2和4 h）较高。FTMR exhibits higher digestible energy and digestible protein content， thereby reducing fecal nitrogen excretion. Feeding FTMR also decreases ruminal methane emissions and energy losses in sheep while increasing urinary nitrogen excretion. Sheep fed FTMR showed higher ruminal total volatile fatty acids （TVFA） concentrations （at 2 and 4 hours post-feeding）.	［108］
母羊Ewe	经过乳酸菌发酵液处理的FTMR饲喂给母羊后，其在营养摄入量、消化率、瘤胃发酵和氮平衡等多个指标上，均与未添加任何添加剂的FTMR没有显著差异。After feeding FTMR treated with lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid to ewes， no significant differences were observed in multiple indicators-including nutrient intake， digestibility， rumen fermentation， and nitrogen balance-compared to FTMR without any additives.	［109］
奶牛Cows	不同比例的苹果渣制作FTMR对奶牛在采食后0、2、4 h的胃肠道pH值以及TVFA水平均未产生显著影响。乙酸和戊酸的含量与苹果渣的添加比例正相关，而丙酸的含量则表现出相反的趋势，随着苹果渣比例的增加，其相对含量逐渐降低。Different proportions of apple pomace used to prepare FTMR did not significantly affect the gastrointestinal pH or TVFA levels in dairy cows at 0， 2， and 4 hours post-ingestion. Acetic acid and valeric acid content showed a positive correlation with apple pomace inclusion rate， whereas propionic acid content exhibited an opposite trend， decreasing gradually with increasing apple pomace proportion.	［95］
肉牛Beef cattle	FTMR组丙酸和丁酸浓度以及乙酸/丙酸普遍较高，而TVFA、乙酸及NH₃-N含量则呈现出相反的趋势。The FTMR group exhibited generally higher concentrations of propionic acid and butyric acid， as well as a higher acetic acid to propionic ratio， while TVFA， acetate， and NH₃-N content showed the opposite trend.	［110］
肉羊Meat sheep	FTMR饲喂肉羊后，瘤胃pH显著降低。Following FTMR feeding in meat sheep， rumen pH decreased significantly.	［61］
奶牛Cows	FTMR提高了淀粉和干物质消化率，增加了干物质摄入量，并提高了产奶量。饲喂FTMR的奶牛瘤胃中挥发性脂肪酸的浓度略高。尽管瘤胃发酵能力较强，但FTMR导致瘤胃NH₃-N的浓度也较高，尿氮排泄量较大。FTMR improved starch and dry matter digestibility， increased dry matter intake， and boosted milk production. VFA concentrations in the rumen of cows fed FTMR were slightly higher. Despite higher rumen fermentation capacity， FTMR also resulted in elevated rumen NH₃-N concentrations and increased urinary nitrogen excretion.	［111］
夏洛莱-泰国本土杂交公牛Charolais-Thai crossbred bull	FTMR的粗蛋白在瘤胃中的降解率更高。The crude protein in FTMR exhibits a higher degradation rate in the rumen.	［112］

动物Animal	研究成果 Research results	参考文献 References
韩牛 Korean cattle	FTMR饲喂韩牛时其干物质采食量和日增重显著提高，同时牛肉的剪切力显著降低，这种饲喂方式有效提升了肉质，并在一定程度上减少了生产成本。Feeding Korean cattle with FTMR significantly increased their dry matter intake and daily weight gain while markedly reducing beef shear force. This feeding method effectively improved meat quality and reduced production costs to a certain extent.	［118］
湖羊 Hu sheep	FTMR组在生长性能和肉质方面没有显著改善，但提高了瘤胃内挥发性脂肪酸的浓度，从而优化了瘤胃的发酵过程。The FTMR group showed no significant improvement in growth performance or meat quality， but it increased the concentration of rumen volatile fatty acid （VFAs）， thereby optimizing the rumen fermentation process.	［119］
奶牛 Cows	与青贮型TMR组相比，青贮型FTMR组动物的熟肉率和剪切力均较高，但动物的肉质嫩度略显不足，两组之间在肉质性状方面没有显著差异，青贮型FTMR组的粗脂肪含量还是略低于青贮型TMR组。Animals in the silage-based FTMR group exhibited higher cooked meat yield and shear force， compared to the silage-based TMR group， meat tenderness was slightly lower in the silage-based FTMR group. No significant differences in meat quality traits were observed between the two groups. The crude fat content in the silage-based FTMR group remained slightly lower than that in the silage-based TMR group.	［120］
羔羊 Lamb	FTMR组羔羊在育肥和屠宰率方面显著优于TMR组以及使用玉米秸秆的全混合日粮组。FTMR组羔羊肉中的鲜味氨基酸含量也高于其他两组，FTMR在促进口感风味物质沉积方面有优势，同时还提高了育肥性能和屠宰性能。The FTMR group lambs demonstrated significantly superior fattening performance and slaughter yield compared to both the TMR group and the corn stover-based total mixed ration group. The FTMR group also exhibited higher levels of umami amino acids in lamb meat than the other two groups. FTMR holds an advantage in promoting the deposition of flavor compounds while simultaneously enhancing fattening performance and slaughter efficiency.	［121］

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