氮磷运筹对环青海湖地区寒生羊茅种子生产的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025375

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探明氮磷配施措施对寒生羊茅种子产量的影响，以期为种子生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。采用双因素随机区组试验设计，在环青海湖地区开展了连续两年的寒生羊茅施肥试验，设置4个氮肥水平和3个磷肥水平，对3龄和4龄寒生羊茅种子产量及构成因子与经济效益进行了测定和分析。结果表明：氮磷配施显著改善寒生羊茅农艺性状，株高、茎粗、干草产量及穗长较对照均有不同程度提升，其中株高在不同年份最优处理下分别达107.4、110.5 cm，茎粗最优处理下两年分别为1.1、1.3 mm，干草产量最优处理下两年分别达6.27、6.41 t·hm^-2，穗长最优处理下两年分别为14.5、15.9 cm；氮磷配施同时显著调控种子产量构成因子，生殖枝数随施氮量的增加呈“先增后减”趋势，最优处理下较对照分别提升71.8%、49.6%，千粒重对磷肥响应显著，最优处理下较对照分别提升23.58%、13.98%，且相关性分析表明实际种子产量与生殖枝数、千粒重呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）关系；不同类型种子产量均受氮磷调控，潜在种子产量、表现种子产量、实际种子产量在各年份最优处理下较对照均有明显提升，其中实际种子产量 2023 年最优处理达0.92 t·hm^-2，2024年最优处理达0.78 t·hm^-2；经济效益方面，2023年最高增收达5.72×10³ CNY·hm^-2、最高肥料贡献率达38.96%，2024年最高增收达2.80×10³ CNY·hm^-2、最高肥料贡献率达 23.26%，且氮肥120 kg·hm^-2与磷肥600 kg·hm^-2配施处理两年经济效益均稳定高效；综合寒生羊茅种子产量及产量组分指标的隶属函数分析结果表明，氮肥120 kg·hm^-2与磷肥600 kg·hm^-2配施为研究区最优施肥方案。

关键词: 寒生羊茅, 氮磷配施, 种子产量, 肥料贡献率, 经济效益

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） application on the seed yield of Festuca kryloviana， with an overall goal to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for its seed production. A field experiment with a two-factor randomized complete block design was conducted over two consecutive years in the Qinghai Lake region. F. kryloviana was cultivated under four nitrogen application levels and three phosphorus application levels， and the seed yield， its component factors， and economic benefits of 3-year-old （2023） and 4-year-old （2024） F. kryloviana were determined and analyzed. The results show that the combined application of N and P significantly improved the agronomic traits of F. kryloviana. All treatment groups showed increases in plant height， stem diameter， hay yield， and spike length compared with the control， although the magnitude of these increases varied. Specifically， under optimal treatments in 2023 and 2024， the maximum plant height reached 107.4 and 110.5 cm， respectively； the stem diameter reached 1.1 and 1.3 mm， respectively； the hay yield reached 6.27 and 6.41 t·ha^-1， respectively； and the spike length reached 14.5 and 15.9 cm， respectively. The combined application of N and P also significantly affected seed yield components. The number of reproductive branches initially increased and then decreased as the N application rate increased， and in 2023 and 2024 shoot numbers were increased by 71.8% and 49.6%， respectively， in the optimal treatments compared with the control group. The 1000-seed weight showed a significant response to P application， with increases of 23.58% and 13.98% in 2023 and 2024， respectively， in the optimal treatments compared with the control group. Correlation analyses indicated that the actual seed yield had extremely significant positive correlations with the number of reproductive branches and 1000-seed weight （P<0.01）. Furthermore， different seed yield indexes （potential seed yield， expressed seed yield， and actual seed yield） were all regulated by N and P. Each year， the seed yields were obvious higher in the optimal treatments than in the control group. The actual seed yield reached 0.92 t·ha^-1 in the optimal treatment in 2023 and 0.78 t·ha^-1 in the optimal treatment in 2024. In terms of economic benefits， in 2023， the maximum yield increase was 5.72×103 CNY·ha^-1， and the maximum fertilizer contribution rate was 38.96%； in 2024， the maximum yield increase was 2.80×103 CNY·ha^-1， and the maximum fertilizer contribution rate was 23.26%. Notably， the treatment with 120 kg·ha^-1 N combined with 600 kg·ha^-1 P resulted in stable and high economic benefits in both years. A membership function analysis of seed yield and its components revealed that the combined application of 120 kg·ha^-1 N and 600 kg·ha^-1 P is the optimal fertilization scheme for this crop in this study area.

Key words: Festuca kryloviana, nitrogen-phosphorus combined application, seed yield, fertilizer contribution rate, economic benefit

余琰昊, 闫萌, 牛浴林, 秦燕. 氮磷运筹对环青海湖地区寒生羊茅种子生产的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(9): 22-33.

Yan-hao YU, Meng YAN, Yu-lin NIU, Yan QIN. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus management on seed production of Festuca kryloviana in the Qinghai Lake region[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(9): 22-33.

图/表 11

参考文献 39

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处理 Treatment	氮肥施量 Nitrogen fertilizer application	磷肥施量 Phosphorus fertilizer application	处理 Treatment	氮肥施量 Nitrogen fertilizer application	磷肥施量 Phosphorus fertilizer application
N₀P₀	0	0	N₂P₀	120	0
N₀P₁	0	300	N₂P₁	120	300
N₀P₂	0	600	N₂P₂	120	600
N₁P₀	60	0	N₃P₀	180	0
N₁P₁	60	300	N₃P₁	180	300
N₁P₂	60	600	N₃P₂	180	600

处理 Treatment	氮肥施量 Nitrogen fertilizer application	磷肥施量 Phosphorus fertilizer application	处理 Treatment	氮肥施量 Nitrogen fertilizer application	磷肥施量 Phosphorus fertilizer application
N₀P₀	0	0	N₂P₀	120	0
N₀P₁	0	300	N₂P₁	120	300
N₀P₂	0	600	N₂P₂	120	600
N₁P₀	60	0	N₃P₀	180	0
N₁P₁	60	300	N₃P₁	180	300
N₁P₂	60	600	N₃P₂	180	600

因子 Factors	株高Plant height		茎粗Stem diameter		干草产量Hay yield		穗长Spike length
因子 Factors	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer （N）	27.931	<0.001	49.085	<0.001	7.987	<0.001	1.701	0.167
磷肥Phosphorus fertilizer （P）	4.112	0.017	5.526	0.005	0.167	0.847	3.741	0.025
年份Year （Y）	29.026	<0.001	65.652	<0.001	6.704	0.011	35.282	<0.001
氮肥×磷肥N×P	2.613	0.018	4.673	<0.001	1.961	0.075	6.000	<0.001
氮肥×年份N×Y	3.786	0.011	4.036	0.008	0.632	0.595	4.730	0.003
磷肥×年份P×Y	0.345	0.708	4.736	0.010	0.484	0.617	0.407	0.666
氮肥×磷肥×年份N×P×Y	1.280	0.266	0.367	0.899	0.810	0.564	1.748	0.110

因子 Factors	株高Plant height		茎粗Stem diameter		干草产量Hay yield		穗长Spike length
因子 Factors	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer （N）	27.931	<0.001	49.085	<0.001	7.987	<0.001	1.701	0.167
磷肥Phosphorus fertilizer （P）	4.112	0.017	5.526	0.005	0.167	0.847	3.741	0.025
年份Year （Y）	29.026	<0.001	65.652	<0.001	6.704	0.011	35.282	<0.001
氮肥×磷肥N×P	2.613	0.018	4.673	<0.001	1.961	0.075	6.000	<0.001
氮肥×年份N×Y	3.786	0.011	4.036	0.008	0.632	0.595	4.730	0.003
磷肥×年份P×Y	0.345	0.708	4.736	0.010	0.484	0.617	0.407	0.666
氮肥×磷肥×年份N×P×Y	1.280	0.266	0.367	0.899	0.810	0.564	1.748	0.110

因子 Factors	生殖枝数Number of reproductive branches		小花数 Number of florets		小穗数 Number of spikelet		每穗粒数 Number of grains per panicle		千粒重 1000-seed weight
因子 Factors	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
氮肥Nitrogen fertilizer （N）	26.758	<0.001	4.655	0.004	2.041	0.112	4.050	0.009	8.251	<0.001
磷肥Phosphorus fertilizer （P）	3.071	0.050	41.967	<0.001	60.192	<0.001	10.523	0.002	3.626	0.030
年份Year （Y）	18.999	<0.001	43.130	<0.001	59.184	<0.001	10.170	0.002	123.208	<0.001
氮肥×磷肥N×P	1.132	0.348	0.363	0.901	1.225	0.298	0.296	0.938	1.996	0.072
氮肥×年份N×Y	6.363	<0.001	0.817	0.487	3.040	0.032	0.737	0.532	3.937	0.010
磷肥×年份P×Y	3.207	0.044	0.187	0.829	1.683	0.190	0.950	0.390	2.640	0.076
氮肥×磷肥×年份N×P×Y	3.522	0.003	1.009	0.423	0.784	0.584	0.550	0.769	1.698	0.127