四种覆土处理对高寒煤矿区排土场渣山植被恢复的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019446

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过覆土措施对高寒煤矿区排土场渣山表层进行土壤重构,加速植被生长是高寒矿区植被恢复的关键技术问题。本研究通过在青海木里煤田圣雄煤矿建立试验小区,比较覆土0 (对照)、覆土5 (FT-5)、覆土10 (FT-10)和覆土15 cm(FT-15)4种不同覆土处理对高寒矿区排土场渣山植被恢复的影响,研究高寒矿区排土场渣山表层土壤重构技术,为高寒矿区植被恢复提供科学依据。采用由垂穗披碱草、中华羊茅、青海冷地早熟禾、青海草地早熟禾、星星草5种牧草混播种植方案开展研究。结果表明,垂穗披碱草盖度在所有播种牧草中最大,是混播优势牧草,覆土处理小区垂穗披碱草高度逐年增加。4种覆土处理植被3年平均总盖度排序结果为覆土15 cm(74.6%)>覆土10 cm(70.8%)>覆土5 cm(64.3%)>对照(59.8%)。随处理时间延长,各处理间牧草植株密度差异显著性越来越大。经过3年试验,对照小区牧草产量同覆土小区存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。产量最高的是覆土10 cm小区,达到每小区(453.6±38.4) g·m^-2,是对照区域的1.94倍。通过相关性分析发现,牧草高度、密度分别与速效氮含量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.578和r=0.619,P<0.05),产量也呈极显著正相关(r=0.839,P<0.01),有机质含量同小区产量显著相关(r=0.592,P<0.05)。经推算,覆土5、10、15 cm成本分别为20000、40000 和60000元·hm^-2。覆土可以有效促进植物生长,提高植被的高度、盖度和密度,覆土10 cm是高寒煤矿区相对比较理想的覆土重构措施。

关键词: 覆土, 高寒矿区, 植被恢复, 牧草, 排土场渣山

Abstract: Reconstructing the soil matrix by covering coalmine spoils with soil is a key method for ameliorating the soil properties of the spoils, and accelerating vegetation recovery in minefields located in high-elevation frigid areas. In this study, a field experiment was conducted in the Shengxiong coal minefield at Muli, Qinghai Province. Field experiment treatments involved covering coalmine spoil with soil to four depths [0 (Control), 5, 10, and 15 cm] to identify the outcomes in each case and identify optimal vegetation restoration methods. Five forage species were trialed in this study: Elymus nutans, Festuca sinensis, Poa crymophila var. ‘Qinghai', Poa pratensis var. ‘Qinghai', and Puccinellia tenuiflora. It was found that ground cover of E. nutans was the highest among the tested species, and its height increased with time. The average vegetation cover after 3 years for the four soil cover treatments ranked: 15 cm (74.6%)>10 cm (70.8%)>5 cm (64.3%)>control (58.8%). During the study period, the difference in plant density between different treatments became progressively more significant. There was an extremely significant difference in the yield of aboveground biomass between the control plot and the soil-covered plots (P<0.01). The highest yield of aboveground biomass (453.6±38.4) g·m^-2 occurred in the treatment with 10 cm soil cover. This was nearly 2 times higher than in the control treatment. A significantly positive correlation was observed between soil nitrogen concentration and height (r= 0.578) and density (r=0.6198) of herbage (P<0.05). Similarly, there was an extremely significant positive correlation between aboveground biomass yield and soil available nitrogen content (r=0.839, P<0.01). In turn, soil organic matter content was significantly correlated with plot biomass yield (r=0.592, P<0.05). It is estimated that the cost of covering with soil to 5, 10 and 15 cm depth is, respectively, 20000, 40000 and 60000 CNY·hm^-2. The results demonstrate that soil covering can effectively promote plant growth and improve the height, ground cover and density of vegetation. Soil covering of mine spoil to 10 cm depth is an economical and effective method to restore the vegetation in open mining areas in alpine grassland.

Key words: soil covering, alpine mining area, vegetation restoration, herbage, coal mine spoils

王锐, 李希来, 张静. 四种覆土处理对高寒煤矿区排土场渣山植被恢复的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(7): 40-51.

WANG Rui, LI Xi-lai, ZHANG Jing. Effects of four different soil-covering measures on vegetation restoration of coal mine spoils in an alpine area[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(7): 40-51.

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