陕北黄土区不同植被恢复模式植被与土壤耦合关系研究

doi:10.11686/cyxb2020458

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植被与土壤耦合协调关系是退耕还林还草工程高效实施与可持续发展的重要依据。通过对陕北黄土区针叶纯林、阔叶纯林、针阔混交林、乔灌复层林、灌木林和天然草地6种不同植被恢复模式植被和土壤的全面调查与采样分析，建立植被与土壤耦合关系评价指标体系，综合运用层次分析法和熵权法确定各表征指标的权重，构建了不同植被恢复模式植被与土壤耦合协调度模型。结果表明：不同植被恢复模式对土壤水分和养分影响差异显著，针阔混交林的土壤环境综合评价最好，乔灌复层林最差。不同植被恢复模式的植被郁闭度、生物量、营养元素含量和生物多样性指数均存在显著差异，针阔混交林的植被群落综合评分最高，天然草地最低。土壤环境因子与植被生物量、营养元素及生物多样性密切相关。不同植被恢复模式耦合协调度依次为针阔混交林（0.767）>阔叶纯林（0.661）>天然草地（0.655）>灌木林（0.646）>针叶纯林（0.628）>乔灌复层林（0.234），其中针阔混交林为中级协调同步发展型，阔叶纯林属于初级协调同步发展型，天然草地属于初级协调植被滞后型，灌木林和针叶纯林均处于初级协调土壤滞后型，乔灌复层林则为中度失调土壤损益型。陕北黄土区植被恢复重建宜种植针阔混交林，还需加强植被抚育和土壤管理，避免配置乔灌复层林。

关键词: 陕北黄土区, 植被, 土壤, 耦合关系, 恢复模式

Abstract:

The coupling coordination relationship between vegetation and soil is an important basis for the efficient implementation and sustainable development of the Grain for Green Project. Based on investigations and analyses of vegetation and soil in six different vegetation restoration models （coniferous forest， hardwood forest， coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ［theropencedrymion］， arbor-shrub forest， shrubwood， and natural grassland） in the Loess region of Northern Shaanxi Province， an evaluation index system of the coupling relationship between vegetation and soil was established. The weight value of each index was determined by an analytic hierarchy process and entropy method， then models for the degree of coupling coordination between vegetation and soil were constructed. It was found that different vegetation restoration models had significantly different effects on soil moisture and nutrient contents. The comprehensive evaluations indicated that the soil environment in theropencedrymion was the best， and that in arbor-shrub forest was the worst. We detected significant differences in vegetation canopy density， biomass， nutrient element contents， and biodiversity indexes among different vegetation restoration models. The comprehensive evaluations showed that the vegetation community in theropencedrymion showed the fastest development， and that in natural grassland showed the slowest development. Soil environmental factors were significantly correlated with vegetation biomass， nutrient elements， and biodiversity. The vegetation-soil coupling coordination index of theropencedrymion， hardwood forest， natural grassland， shrubwood， coniferous forest， and arbor-shrub forest was 0.767， 0.661， 0.655， 0.646， 0.628， and 0.234， respectively. The development of vegetation and soil in theropencedrymion exhibited an intermediate synchronously coordinated type， while that in the arbor-shrub forest exhibited a moderately imbalanced soil-loss type. The vegetation-soil coupling coordination in other vegetation restoration models was at the primary coordination level. The development of vegetation and soil in hardwood forest was of a synchronous type. Vegetation development in natural grassland lagged behind soil development， while soil development lagged behind vegetation development in shrubwood and coniferous forest. Therefore， theropencedrymion should be selected preferentially for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the Loess region of Northern Shaanxi Province， while arbor-shrub forest should be avoided. The level of vegetation and soil management should be enhanced in the Grain for Green Project.

Key words: Northern Shaanxi Province, vegetation, soil, coupling relationship, restoration models

濮阳雪华, 王月玲, 赵志杰, 黄娟, 杨宇. 陕北黄土区不同植被恢复模式植被与土壤耦合关系研究[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(5): 13-24.

Xue-hua PUYANG, Yue-ling WANG, Zhi-jie ZHAO, Juan HUANG, Yu YANG. Coupling relationships between vegetation and soil in different vegetation restoration models in the Loess region of Northern Shaanxi Province[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(5): 13-24.

图/表 10

参考文献 31

1	Fu B J， Wang S， Liu Y， et al. Hydrogeomorphic ecosystem responses to natural and anthropogenic changes in the Loess Plateau of China. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences， 2017， 45： 223-243.
2	Yang L， Zhang Z H， Li Z S. Effects of large-scale re-vegetation on soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau： Problems and perspectives. Acta Ecologica Sinica， 2019， 39（20）： 7382-7388.
	杨磊，张子豪，李宗善. 黄土高原植被建设与土壤干燥化：问题与展望. 生态学报， 2019， 39（20）： 7382-7388.
3	Jiao F， Wen Z M， An S S. Changes in soil properties across a chronosequence of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China. Catena， 2011， 86（2）： 110-116.
4	Wang Y Q， Shao M A， Zhang C C， et al. Choosing an optimal land-use pattern for restoring eco-environments in a semiarid region of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Ecological Engineering， 2015， 74： 213-222.
5	Tian N N， Zhang J J， Ru H， et al. Soil moisture and nutrient characteristics of soil and water conservation forests in Loess Plateau of Western Shanxi Province. Science of Soil and Water Conservation， 2015， 13（6）： 61-67.
	田宁宁，张建军，茹豪，等. 晋西黄土区水土保持林地的土壤水分和养分特征. 中国水土保持科学， 2015， 13（6）： 61-67.
6	Wang N， Bi H X， Kong L X， et al. Soil water compensation characteristic of Robinia pseudoacacia forestlands with different densities in the Loess region of Western Shanxi Province. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation， 2019， 33（4）： 255-262.
	王宁，毕华兴，孔凌霄，等. 晋西黄土区不同密度刺槐林地土壤水分补偿特征. 水土保持学报， 2019， 33（4）： 255-262.
7	Ge J M， Wang S， Fan J， et al. Soil nutrients of different land-use types and topographic positions in the water-wind erosion crisscross region of China’s Loess Plateau. Catena， 2020， 184： 104243.
8	Fan J， Wang Q J， Jones S B， et al. Soil water depletion and recharge under different land cover in China’s Loess Plateau. Ecohydrology， 2016， 9（3）： 396-406.
9	Wang C， Wang S， Fu B J， et al. Soil moisture variations with land use along the precipitation gradient in the North-South transect of the Loess Plateau. Land Degradation & Development， 2017， 28（3）： 926-935.
10	Zhao Y L， Wang Y Q， Wang L， et al. Exploring the role of land restoration in the spatial patterns of deep soil water at watershed scales. Catena， 2019， 172： 387-396.
11	Zhang H， Liu J J. Distribution of soil nutrient under different land use and relationship between soil nutrient and soil granule composition in Loess hilly region. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology， 2016， 36（11）： 80-85.
	张宏，刘建军. 黄土沟壑区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分及其与土壤颗粒组成关系. 中南林业科技大学学报， 2016， 36（11）： 80-85.
12	Cui X H， Hao Y， Qiu Y. Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in Danangou catchment in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Beijing Normal University （Natural Science）， 2016， 52（4）： 472-478.
	崔旭辉，郝羽，邱扬. 黄土高原大南沟小流域土壤养分空间分异特征. 北京师范大学学报（自然科学版）， 2016， 52（4）： 472-478.
13	Ma Q H， Zhang G H， Gen R， et al. Evaluation on soil quality of different land use types in Zhifanggou watershed of the Loess Plateau. Research of Soil and Water Conservation， 2018， 25（4）： 30-35， 42.
	马芊红，张光辉，耿韧，等. 黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同土地利用类型土壤质量评价. 水土保持研究， 2018， 25（4）： 30-35， 42.
14	Cortois R， Schröder G T， Weigelt A， et al. Plant-soil feedbacks： Role of plant functional group and plant traits. Journal of Ecology， 2016， 104（6）： 1608-1617.
15	Liang X H， Zhang K B， Qiao X. Relationship between soil moisture and nutrients and plant diversity of Caragana microphylla community in semi-arid loess region. Ecology and Environmental Sciences， 2019， 28（9）： 1748-1756.
	梁香寒，张克斌，乔厦. 半干旱黄土区柠条林土壤水分和养分与群落多样性关系. 生态环境学报， 2019， 28（9）： 1748-1756.
16	Liu D H， Yang Y C. Coupling coordinative degree of regional economy-tourism-ecological environment： A case study of Anhui Province. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin， 2011， 20（7）： 892-896.
	刘定惠，杨永春. 区域经济-旅游-生态环境耦合协调度研究—以安徽省为例. 长江流域资源与环境， 2011， 20（7）： 892-896.
17	Peng W X， Song T Q， Zeng F P， et al. Models of vegetation and soil coupling coordinative degree in grain for green project in depressions between Karst hills. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering， 2011， 27（9）： 305-310.
	彭晚霞，宋同清，曾馥平，等. 喀斯特峰丛洼地退耕还林还草工程的植被土壤耦合协调度模型. 农业工程学报， 2011， 27（9）： 305-310.
18	Liu Y B， Song X F. Coupling degree model and its forecasting model of urbanization and ecological environment. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology， 2005， 34（1）： 91-96.
	刘耀彬，宋学峰. 城市化与生态环境的耦合度及其预测模型研究. 中国矿业大学学报， 2005， 34（1）： 91-96.
19	Zhang Q F， Wu F Q， Wang L， et al. Coupling coordinated development of ecological-economic system in Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology， 2011， 22（6）： 1531-1536.
	张青峰，吴发启，王力，等. 黄土高原生态与经济系统耦合协调发展状况. 应用生态学报， 2011， 22（6）： 1531-1536.
20	Xu M， Zhang J， Liu G B， et al. Analysis on vegetation-soil coupling relationship in gullies with different vegetation restoration patterns. Journal of Natural Resources， 2016， 31（12）： 2137-2146.
	徐明，张健，刘国彬，等. 不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合关系评价. 自然资源学报， 2016， 31（12）： 2137-2146.
21	Luo Q H， Ning H S， Chen Q M. Relation between vegetation and soil of Haloxylon ammodendron plantation in the process of sand-fixation. Journal of Desert Research， 2018， 38（4）： 780-790.
	罗青红，宁虎森，陈启民. 人工梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）林固沙过程中植被与土壤耦合关系. 中国沙漠， 2018， 38（4）： 780-790.
22	Li H， Lu J Y， Wei T X， et al. Evaluation on coupling characteristics of vegetation and soil systems under different microrelief in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University， 2019， 37（2）： 192-198， 214.
	李豪，卢纪元，魏天兴，等. 陕北黄土高原不同微地形下植被-土壤系统耦合特征研究. 四川农业大学学报， 2019， 37（2）： 192-198， 214.
23	Bao S D. Soil agrochemical analysis （Third Edition）. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2000.
	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析（第三版）. 北京：中国农业出版社， 2000.
24	Puyang X H， Wang C C， Gou Q P， et al. Relationship between vegetation community and soil moisture in the loess region of Northern Shaanxi Province. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2019， 28（11）： 184-191.
	濮阳雪华，王春春，苟清平，等. 陕北黄土区植被群落特征与土壤水分关系研究. 草业学报， 2019， 28（11）： 184-191.
25	Yang L， Wei W， Chen L D， et al. Soil desiccation in deep soil layers under different vegetation types in the semi-arid loess hilly region. Geographical Research， 2012， 31（1）： 71-81.
	杨磊，卫伟，陈利顶，等. 半干旱黄土丘陵区人工植被深层土壤干化效应. 地理研究， 2012， 31（1）： 71-81.
26	Lu X Y， Zhang H J， Cheng J H， et al. Study on soil nutrients under different plantations in loess hilly region in Western Shanxi. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences， 2012， 41（8）： 81-84.
	陆晓宇，张洪江，程金花，等. 晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林下土壤养分性质研究. 河南农业科学， 2012， 41（8）： 81-84.
27	Ehrenfeld J G， Ravit B， Elgersma K. Feedback in the plant-soil system. Annual Review of Environment and Resources， 2005， 30： 75-115.
28	Zhang Z N， Wu G L， Wang D， et al. Plant community structure and soil moisture in the semi-arid natural grassland of the Loess Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2014， 23（6）： 313-319.
	张志南，武高林，王冬，等. 黄土高原半干旱区天然草地群落结构与土壤水分关系. 草业学报， 2014， 23（6）： 313-319.
29	Li N N， Zhang G H， Wang H， et al. Properties of vegetation succession on shallow landslide deposits in loess hilly and gully region and the related response of soil nutrient. Mountain Research， 2018， 36（5）： 669-678.
	李宁宁，张光辉，王浩，等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区浅层滑坡堆积体植被演替特征及土壤养分响应. 山地学报， 2018， 36（5）： 669-678.
30	Ru H L， Zhang H D， Jiao F， et al. Relation analysis of herbaceous community characteristics and soil moisture and nutrients on micro-scale topography typical section in the Hilly Loess Plateau region， China. Acta Agrestia Sinica， 2016， 24（4）： 776-782.
	汝海丽，张海东，焦峰，等. 黄土丘陵区微地形条件下草本群落特征与土壤水分及养分关系分析. 草地学报， 2016， 24（4）： 776-782.
31	Yang J， Sun Z J， Bademu Q Q G， et al. Effects of enclosure years on vegetation functional groups diversity and soil total nutrients characters of sandy desert grassland. Chinese Journal of Grassland， 2018， 40（4）： 102-110.
	杨静，孙宗玖，巴德木其其格，等. 封育对草地植被功能群多样性及土壤养分特征的影响. 中国草地学报， 2018， 40（4）： 102-110.

植被恢复模式 Vegetation restoration model	植被类型 Vegetation type	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Gradient (°)	坡向 Slope aspect	郁闭度 Canopy density (%)	栽植密度 Planting density (plant·hm^-2)
针叶纯林 Coniferous forest	油松、侧柏 P. tabuliformis, P. orientalis	1405~1447	21~25	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	53~71	1450~2225
阔叶纯林 Hardwood forest	刺槐、山杏、小叶杨 R. pseudoacacia, A. sibirica, P. simonii	1412~1443	16~27	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	57~78	875~1550
针阔混交林 Theropencedrymion	山杏×油松、小叶杨×油松 A. sibirica×P. tabuliformis, P. simonii × P. tabuliformis	1424~1452	15~24	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	61~77	1325~1625
乔灌复层林 Arbor-shrub forest	侧柏+沙棘、山杏+沙棘 P. orientalis+H. rhamnoides, A. sibirica+H. rhamnoides	1406~1430	20~25	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	71~85	3825~4675
灌木林 Shrubwood	沙棘、柠条 H. rhamnoides, C. korshinskii	1409~1455	20~28	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	64~85	6400~9600
天然草地 Natural grassland	-	1404~1438	19~24	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	-	-

植被恢复模式 Vegetation restoration model	植被类型 Vegetation type	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Gradient (°)	坡向 Slope aspect	郁闭度 Canopy density (%)	栽植密度 Planting density (plant·hm^-2)
针叶纯林 Coniferous forest	油松、侧柏 P. tabuliformis, P. orientalis	1405~1447	21~25	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	53~71	1450~2225
阔叶纯林 Hardwood forest	刺槐、山杏、小叶杨 R. pseudoacacia, A. sibirica, P. simonii	1412~1443	16~27	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	57~78	875~1550
针阔混交林 Theropencedrymion	山杏×油松、小叶杨×油松 A. sibirica×P. tabuliformis, P. simonii × P. tabuliformis	1424~1452	15~24	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	61~77	1325~1625
乔灌复层林 Arbor-shrub forest	侧柏+沙棘、山杏+沙棘 P. orientalis+H. rhamnoides, A. sibirica+H. rhamnoides	1406~1430	20~25	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	71~85	3825~4675
灌木林 Shrubwood	沙棘、柠条 H. rhamnoides, C. korshinskii	1409~1455	20~28	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	64~85	6400~9600
天然草地 Natural grassland	-	1404~1438	19~24	半阳坡 Half sunny slope	-	-

目标层 Target layer	准则层 Criteria layer	权重值 Weight value	指标层 Indicator layer		综合权重值 Composite weight value
目标层 Target layer	准则层 Criteria layer	权重值 Weight value	表征指标 Characteristic index	权重值 Weight value	综合权重值 Composite weight value
植被群落 Vegetation community	生长特性 Growth characteristic	0.185	郁闭度 Canopy density	0.584	0.108
	生长特性 Growth characteristic	0.185	生物量 Biomass	0.416	0.077
	养分效应 Nutrient effect	0.334	全氮 Total N	0.374	0.125
			全磷 Total P	0.300	0.100
			全钾 Total K	0.326	0.109
	物种多样性 Biodiversity	0.481	物种丰富度 Species richness	0.224	0.108
			Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index	0.335	0.161
			Pielou指数Pielou index	0.252	0.121
			Simpson指数Simpson index	0.189	0.091
土壤环境 Soil environment	物理性状 Physical characteristic	0.309	容重 Bulk density	0.265	0.082
	物理性状 Physical characteristic	0.309	含水量 Water content	0.735	0.227
	养分水平 Nutrient level	0.691	pH值 pH value	0.103	0.071
			有机质 Organic matter	0.236	0.163
			全氮 Total N	0.178	0.123
			碱解氮 Alkali hydrolyzed N	0.127	0.088
			有效磷 Available P	0.175	0.121
			速效钾 Available K	0.181	0.125

目标层 Target layer	准则层 Criteria layer	权重值 Weight value	指标层 Indicator layer		综合权重值 Composite weight value
目标层 Target layer	准则层 Criteria layer	权重值 Weight value	表征指标 Characteristic index	权重值 Weight value	综合权重值 Composite weight value
植被群落 Vegetation community	生长特性 Growth characteristic	0.185	郁闭度 Canopy density	0.584	0.108
	生长特性 Growth characteristic	0.185	生物量 Biomass	0.416	0.077
	养分效应 Nutrient effect	0.334	全氮 Total N	0.374	0.125
			全磷 Total P	0.300	0.100
			全钾 Total K	0.326	0.109
	物种多样性 Biodiversity	0.481	物种丰富度 Species richness	0.224	0.108
			Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index	0.335	0.161
			Pielou指数Pielou index	0.252	0.121
			Simpson指数Simpson index	0.189	0.091
土壤环境 Soil environment	物理性状 Physical characteristic	0.309	容重 Bulk density	0.265	0.082
	物理性状 Physical characteristic	0.309	含水量 Water content	0.735	0.227
	养分水平 Nutrient level	0.691	pH值 pH value	0.103	0.071
			有机质 Organic matter	0.236	0.163
			全氮 Total N	0.178	0.123
			碱解氮 Alkali hydrolyzed N	0.127	0.088
			有效磷 Available P	0.175	0.121
			速效钾 Available K	0.181	0.125

耦合协调度 Coupling coordination degree	耦合协调类型 Coupling coordination type	耦合协调等级 Coupling coordination level	P (x)/S (y)	耦合协调特征 Coupling coordination characteristic
0<D≤0.1	失调型 Imbalance type	极度失调 Extreme imbalance	P (x)/S (y)>1.2 0.8≤P (x)/S (y)≤1.2 P (x)/S (y)<0.8	土壤损益型 Soil loss type 共损衰退型 Both loss recession type 植被损益型 Vegetation loss type
0.1<D≤0.2		严重失调 Serious imbalance
0.2<D≤0.3		中度失调 Moderate imbalance
0.3<D≤0.4		轻度失调 Mild imbalance
0.4<D≤0.5		濒临失调 Endangered imbalance
0.5<D≤0.6	协调型 Coordination type	勉强协调 Barely coordination	P (x)/S (y)>1.2 0.8≤P (x)/S (y)≤1.2 P (x)/S (y)<0.8	土壤滞后型 Soil lag type 同步发展型 Synchronous development type 植被滞后型 Vegetation lag type
0.6<D≤0.7		初级协调 Primary coordination
0.7<D≤0.8		中级协调 Intermediate coordination
0.8<D≤0.9		良好协调 Good coordination
0.9<D≤1.0		优质协调 Superior coordination