草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 27-39.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024302
收稿日期:2024-07-31
修回日期:2024-09-12
出版日期:2025-05-20
发布日期:2025-03-20
通讯作者:
李正鹏
作者简介:E-mail: lipengzheng131@163.com基金资助:
Wen-jin LIU(
), Fu-zhen JIANG, Kai-bin QI, Ming-dan SONG, Zheng-peng LI(
)
Received:2024-07-31
Revised:2024-09-12
Online:2025-05-20
Published:2025-03-20
Contact:
Zheng-peng LI
摘要:
木里煤矿区地处高寒地带,经多年开采后生态破坏严重,土壤贫瘠,导致生态恢复困难且恢复成本较高。因此,筛选出一套高效率、低成本的生态恢复方案尤为重要。试验依托于青海省大面积的恢复方案设计了不同施肥量和播种量组合的两因素三水平完全组合试验,施肥量设3个水平,分别为低施肥F1(羊板粪165 m3·hm-2+有机肥7.5 t·hm-2+牧草专用肥75 kg·hm-2)、中施肥F2(羊板粪330 m3·hm-2+有机肥15 t·hm-2+牧草专用肥150 kg·hm-2)、高施肥F3(羊板粪495 m3·hm-2+有机肥22.5 t·hm-2+牧草专用肥225 kg·hm-2);播种量设3个水平,分别为低播量S1(60 kg·hm-2)、中播量S2(120 kg·hm-2)、高播量S3(180 kg·hm-2),共构建了9种恢复处理,分别为低施肥低播量(F1S1)、低施肥中播量(F1S2)、低施肥高播量(F1S3)、中施肥低播量(F2S1)、中施肥中播量(F2S2)、中施肥高播量(F2S3)、高施肥低播量(F3S1)、高施肥中播量(F3S2)、高施肥高播量(F3S3)。本研究主要通过探究不同恢复处理下矿区植被生长状况及土壤质量变化,结合灰色关联度分析和熵权TOPSIS方法,对不同恢复方案的综合效果进行全面评价。结果显示,施肥量与播种量的恢复处理显著促进了矿区的植被恢复(P<0.05),中高施肥处理下植被盖度超过70%,植被密度达到8826~10447株·m-2,地上生物量显著增加至445.51~559.47 g·m-2。不同恢复处理显著改善了土壤物理特性(P<0.05),中高施肥处理下土壤容重平均降至0.94 g·cm-3,随施肥量的增加,自然含水量显著增加,在高施肥中播量(F3S2)和中施肥高播量(F2S3)处理达到39.31%和38.28%。高播种量处理下,土壤饱和持水量与毛管持水量显著提升(P<0.05),在高施肥高播量(F3S3)处理下最高分别为91.14%和81.39%。土壤养分特性方面,中高施肥处理有机质平均增加26.23%,pH值平均降至7.5,呈中性偏碱。且随着施肥量的增加氮、磷、钾等关键养分显著提升(P<0.05)。选取测定的植物和土壤指标进行灰色关联度和熵权TOPSIS分析,结果显示,中施肥高播量(F2S3)的恢复方案在生态效益和经济效益上具有双重优势。综上所述,本研究认为中施肥高播量(F2S3),即采用羊板粪330 m3·hm-2、有机肥15 t·hm-2、牧草专用肥150 kg·hm-2以及播种量180 kg·hm-2的恢复方案可作为青海省木里矿区生态恢复的优先参考方案。
刘文谨, 蒋福祯, 祁凯斌, 宋明丹, 李正鹏. 不同施肥量和播种量对高寒矿区植被恢复和土壤质量的影响及综合评价[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(5): 27-39.
Wen-jin LIU, Fu-zhen JIANG, Kai-bin QI, Ming-dan SONG, Zheng-peng LI. Effects of different fertilization and sowing amounts on vegetation restoration and soil quality in alpine mining areas and comprehensive evaluation[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 27-39.
类型 Type | 全氮 Total nitrogen (%) | 全磷 Total phosphorus (%) | 全钾 Total potassium (%) | 有机质 Organic matter (%) | 土壤酸碱度 Soil pH | 含水率 Moisture content (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 羊板粪Sheep manure | 1.168 | 0.738 | 1.396 | 41.43 | 7.86 | 35.08 |
| 商品有机肥Commercial organic fertilizer | 1.044 | 0.715 | 1.657 | 31.74 | 7.76 | 28.82 |
表1 肥料的基本理化性质
Table 1 Basic physical and chemical properties of fertilizers
类型 Type | 全氮 Total nitrogen (%) | 全磷 Total phosphorus (%) | 全钾 Total potassium (%) | 有机质 Organic matter (%) | 土壤酸碱度 Soil pH | 含水率 Moisture content (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 羊板粪Sheep manure | 1.168 | 0.738 | 1.396 | 41.43 | 7.86 | 35.08 |
| 商品有机肥Commercial organic fertilizer | 1.044 | 0.715 | 1.657 | 31.74 | 7.76 | 28.82 |
图1 不同处理下的植物生长状况不同大写字母表示各指标在不同施肥量间差异显著(P<0.05),不同小写字母表示各指标在同一施肥量下不同播种量间差异显著(P<0.05);施肥量(F1、F2、F3)、播种量(S1、S2、S3)、天然草地(NG)。实线为天然草地参考值。下同。Different uppercase letters indicated significant differences in each index under different fertilization amount (P<0.05), and different lowercase letters indicated significant differences in each index under the same fertilization amount and different sowing amount (P<0.05). Fertilization levels are denoted as F1, F2, and F3, while seeding rates are denoted as S1, S2, and S3. NG represents natural grassland. The solid line is the reference value of natural grassland. The same below.
Fig.1 Plant growth under different treatments
图2 不同处理下的土壤水分状况BS表示裸露矿地;虚线为裸露矿地的参考值。下同。BS represents bare slag. The dotted line is the reference value of the bare slag. The same below.
Fig.2 Soil water status under different treatments
恢复处理 Recovery processing | 羊板粪 Sheepboard manure | 有机肥 organic fertilizer | 牧草专用肥Special forage fertilizer | 草种 Grass seed | 机械破碎 Mechanical disruption | 机械施肥 Mechanized application | 机械旋耕 Mechanical rotary tillage | 机械播种 Mechanical seeding | 铺设无纺布Lay non-woven fabric | 总成本 Total cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1S1 | 36300 | 7875 | 180 | 2490 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 65370 |
| F1S2 | 36300 | 7875 | 180 | 4980 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 67860 |
| F1S3 | 36300 | 7875 | 180 | 7470 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 70350 |
| F2S1 | 72600 | 15750 | 360 | 2490 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 109725 |
| F2S2 | 72600 | 15750 | 360 | 4980 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 112215 |
| F2S3 | 72600 | 15750 | 360 | 7470 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 114705 |
| F3S1 | 108900 | 23625 | 540 | 2490 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 154080 |
| F3S2 | 108900 | 23625 | 540 | 4980 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 156570 |
| F3S3 | 108900 | 23625 | 540 | 7470 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 159060 |
表2 不同恢复方案总投入成本
Table 2 Total input cost of different restoration schemes (CNY·hm-2)
恢复处理 Recovery processing | 羊板粪 Sheepboard manure | 有机肥 organic fertilizer | 牧草专用肥Special forage fertilizer | 草种 Grass seed | 机械破碎 Mechanical disruption | 机械施肥 Mechanized application | 机械旋耕 Mechanical rotary tillage | 机械播种 Mechanical seeding | 铺设无纺布Lay non-woven fabric | 总成本 Total cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1S1 | 36300 | 7875 | 180 | 2490 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 65370 |
| F1S2 | 36300 | 7875 | 180 | 4980 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 67860 |
| F1S3 | 36300 | 7875 | 180 | 7470 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 70350 |
| F2S1 | 72600 | 15750 | 360 | 2490 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 109725 |
| F2S2 | 72600 | 15750 | 360 | 4980 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 112215 |
| F2S3 | 72600 | 15750 | 360 | 7470 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 114705 |
| F3S1 | 108900 | 23625 | 540 | 2490 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 154080 |
| F3S2 | 108900 | 23625 | 540 | 4980 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 156570 |
| F3S3 | 108900 | 23625 | 540 | 7470 | 6000 | 1200 | 1275 | 1200 | 8850 | 159060 |
恢复方案 Recovery processing | 关联度 Degree of association | 排序结果 Sort results |
|---|---|---|
| F3S2 | 0.914 | 1 |
| F2S3 | 0.912 | 2 |
| F3S3 | 0.910 | 3 |
| F2S2 | 0.907 | 4 |
| F3S1 | 0.907 | 5 |
| F1S2 | 0.904 | 6 |
| F2S1 | 0.898 | 7 |
| F1S1 | 0.893 | 8 |
| F1S3 | 0.883 | 9 |
表3 关联度分析
Table 3 Correlation analysis
恢复方案 Recovery processing | 关联度 Degree of association | 排序结果 Sort results |
|---|---|---|
| F3S2 | 0.914 | 1 |
| F2S3 | 0.912 | 2 |
| F3S3 | 0.910 | 3 |
| F2S2 | 0.907 | 4 |
| F3S1 | 0.907 | 5 |
| F1S2 | 0.904 | 6 |
| F2S1 | 0.898 | 7 |
| F1S1 | 0.893 | 8 |
| F1S3 | 0.883 | 9 |
恢复方案 Recovery processing | 正理想解释距离 Positive ideal solution distance (D+) | 负理想解释距离 Negative ideal solution distance (D-) | 相对接近度 Relative proximity (C) | 排序 结果 Sort results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F2S3 | 0.139 | 0.255 | 0.647 | 1 |
| F2S2 | 0.150 | 0.228 | 0.604 | 2 |
| F1S3 | 0.200 | 0.238 | 0.544 | 3 |
| F2S1 | 0.177 | 0.195 | 0.524 | 4 |
| F3S3 | 0.241 | 0.260 | 0.519 | 5 |
| F3S2 | 0.231 | 0.228 | 0.497 | 6 |
| F1S2 | 0.242 | 0.230 | 0.488 | 7 |
| F1S1 | 0.260 | 0.240 | 0.480 | 8 |
| F3S1 | 0.251 | 0.188 | 0.428 | 9 |
表4 熵权-TOPSIS评价结果
Table 4 Entropy weight-TOPSlS evaluation results
恢复方案 Recovery processing | 正理想解释距离 Positive ideal solution distance (D+) | 负理想解释距离 Negative ideal solution distance (D-) | 相对接近度 Relative proximity (C) | 排序 结果 Sort results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F2S3 | 0.139 | 0.255 | 0.647 | 1 |
| F2S2 | 0.150 | 0.228 | 0.604 | 2 |
| F1S3 | 0.200 | 0.238 | 0.544 | 3 |
| F2S1 | 0.177 | 0.195 | 0.524 | 4 |
| F3S3 | 0.241 | 0.260 | 0.519 | 5 |
| F3S2 | 0.231 | 0.228 | 0.497 | 6 |
| F1S2 | 0.242 | 0.230 | 0.488 | 7 |
| F1S1 | 0.260 | 0.240 | 0.480 | 8 |
| F3S1 | 0.251 | 0.188 | 0.428 | 9 |
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