草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (10): 207-221.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025419
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
吴佩1(
), 蒋丛泽2, 魏恺全2, 田瑞斌1, 李慧婷2, 杨宪龙2, 路永莉1(
)
收稿日期:2025-10-17
修回日期:2025-12-15
出版日期:2026-10-20
发布日期:2026-09-09
通讯作者:
路永莉
作者简介:E-mail: yongli1210@126.com基金资助:
Pei WU1(
), Cong-ze JIANG2, Kai-quan WEI2, Rui-bin TIAN1, Hui-ting LI2, Xian-long YANG2, Yong-li LU1(
)
Received:2025-10-17
Revised:2025-12-15
Online:2026-10-20
Published:2026-09-09
Contact:
Yong-li LU
摘要:
为确定陇中黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿与玉米的最佳间作行比,本研究在传统紫花苜蓿单作(A)、玉米单作(M)的基础上,设置了苜蓿||玉米5∶2间作(5A2M)、5∶3间作(5A3M)、7∶2间作(7A2M)、7∶3间作(7A3M)、9∶2间作(9A2M)和9∶3间作(9A3M)6种间作模式,系统分析了不同间作行比对间作系统干物质产量、饲用品质及水氮资源利用的影响。结果表明:间作系统干物质产量在9A2M处理达到最高(12.7 t·hm-2),较M产量(8.4 t·hm-2)显著增加了51.2%;系统粗蛋白产量在9A2M处理达到最高,为3.5 t·hm-2;营养品质方面,玉米全株粗蛋白含量最高的处理是9A3M(9.0%),间作行比对苜蓿酸性、中性洗涤纤维含量无显著影响。9A2M处理的干物质水分利用效率(38.5 kg·hm-2·mm-1)最高,较M和A处理分别显著增加了91.5%和67.4%;氮肥利用方面,在间作系统中9A2M处理的氮肥偏生产力(149.3 kg·kg-1)同样最高,较5A2M、5A3M、7A3M和9A3M处理显著提高了55.0%、61.2%、39.8%和29.7%。雷达图综合分析表明:9A2M处理表现最佳,适宜在陇中半干旱区推广。
吴佩, 蒋丛泽, 魏恺全, 田瑞斌, 李慧婷, 杨宪龙, 路永莉. 陇中半干旱区苜蓿||玉米间作行比配置对系统产量、品质及水氮利用的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(10): 207-221.
Pei WU, Cong-ze JIANG, Kai-quan WEI, Rui-bin TIAN, Hui-ting LI, Xian-long YANG, Yong-li LU. Effects of alfalfa/maize intercropping ratio on crop yield and quality, and water and nitrogen use in the semi-arid area of Longzhong[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(10): 207-221.
土层深度 Soil depth (cm) | 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 田间持水量 Field moisture capacity (%) | pH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~20 | 1.6 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 8.6 | 79.3 | 19.3 | 14.6 | 7.9 |
表1 试验地0~20 cm土层土壤理化性状
Table 1 Physicochemical properties of 0-20 cm soil layer in the test plot
土层深度 Soil depth (cm) | 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) | 速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 田间持水量 Field moisture capacity (%) | pH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~20 | 1.6 | 7.4 | 0.5 | 8.6 | 79.3 | 19.3 | 14.6 | 7.9 |
图1 试验区2024年及多年(2020-2023年)月降水量及月平均气温
Fig.1 Monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature in the test area in 2024 and multiple years (2020-2023)
处理 Treatments | 苜蓿行数 Number of alfalfa rows | 玉米行数 Number of maize rows | 玉米株距 Maize plant spacing (cm) | 小区面积 Plot area (m2) | 带宽 Bandwidth (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5A2M | 5 | 2 | 19 | 30 | 180 |
| 5A3M | 5 | 3 | 23 | 30 | 220 |
| 7A2M | 7 | 2 | 15 | 30 | 220 |
| 7A3M | 7 | 3 | 19 | 30 | 260 |
| 9A2M | 9 | 2 | 13 | 30 | 260 |
| 9A3M | 9 | 3 | 17 | 36 | 300 |
| A | 24 | ||||
| M | 42 | 30 |
表2 试验处理及种植株距、带宽和小区面积
Table 2 Experimental treatments, plant spacing, bandwidth and plot area
处理 Treatments | 苜蓿行数 Number of alfalfa rows | 玉米行数 Number of maize rows | 玉米株距 Maize plant spacing (cm) | 小区面积 Plot area (m2) | 带宽 Bandwidth (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5A2M | 5 | 2 | 19 | 30 | 180 |
| 5A3M | 5 | 3 | 23 | 30 | 220 |
| 7A2M | 7 | 2 | 15 | 30 | 220 |
| 7A3M | 7 | 3 | 19 | 30 | 260 |
| 9A2M | 9 | 2 | 13 | 30 | 260 |
| 9A3M | 9 | 3 | 17 | 36 | 300 |
| A | 24 | ||||
| M | 42 | 30 |
图3 不同间作行比对作物农艺性状的影响误差棒代表P<0.05水平下的最小显著极差数值。Error bars represent the least significant difference at P<0.05.
Fig.3 Effects of different intercropping row ratios on agronomic traits of crops
图4 不同间作行比对作物产量的影响不同小写字母代表不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05),图4b最上方不同小写字母表示各处理间紫花苜蓿3茬总产量差异显著,下同。Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among the different treatments (P<0.05), and the top lowercase letters in the Fig. 4b indicates the significant difference in the total yield of three alfalfa crops among the different treatments, the same below.
Fig.4 Effect of different intercropping row ratios on crop yield
图6 不同间作行比对作物粗蛋白含量的影响不同小写字母表示在玉米不同部位或苜蓿同一茬次在不同处理之间差异显著(P<0.05),下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in different parts of maize or the same stubble of alfalfa (P<0.05), the same below.
Fig.6 Effect of different intercropping row ratios on crude protein content of crops
作物 Crop | 处理 Treatments | 干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, %) | 可消化干物质 Digestible dry matter (DDM, %) | 总可消化养分 Total digestible nutrients (TDN, %) | 相对饲用价值 Relative feed value (RFV) | 相对饲用品质 Relative feed quality (RFQ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Maize | 5A2M | 2.4±0.1a | 71.0±1.6a | 66.5±1.6a | 135.8±1.7a | 200.5±2.8c |
| 5A3M | 3.5±0.4a | 71.9±0.5a | 67.3±0.4a | 218.7±31.7a | 321.0±10.0a | |
| 7A2M | 2.8±0.6a | 71.7±2.1a | 67.3±2.1a | 171.5±46.1a | 186.2±10.0cd | |
| 7A3M | 3.0±0.2a | 72.1±1.7a | 67.7±1.6a | 176.7±13.7a | 233.9±4.9b | |
| 9A2M | 3.0±0.6a | 73.4±3.2a | 68.9±3.2a | 177.9±46.7a | 160.3±15.4e | |
| 9A3M | 2.5±0.1a | 70.6±0.5a | 66.4±0.4a | 132.6±1.2a | 193.9±1.9cd | |
| M | 3.1±0.1a | 71.7±0.6a | 67.1±0.6a | 197.5±6.7a | 339.3±18.1a | |
| 苜蓿Alfalfa | 5A2M | 3.3±0.2a | 69.5±1.7b | 69.3±2.2ab | 178.3±14.5ab | 280.6±28.2ab |
| 5A3M | 3.2±0.2a | 68.9±1.8b | 68.5±2.1b | 171.6±13.0ab | 267.6±25.3ab | |
| 7A2M | 3.4±0.3a | 71.2±2.2a | 71.0±2.2a | 188.8±18.3a | 301.2±35.7a | |
| 7A3M | 3.2±0.2a | 68.8±1.5b | 68.7±1.9b | 169.2±12.7b | 262.9±24.7b | |
| 9A2M | 3.3±0.2a | 69.4±1.2b | 68.8±1.4b | 178.3±11.5ab | 280.7±22.4ab | |
| 9A3M | 3.4±0.2a | 69.8±1.7ab | 70.1±2.1ab | 184.5±14.2ab | 292.7±27.6ab | |
| A | 3.2±0.2a | 68.7±1.4b | 68.4±1.8b | 172.4±11.9ab | 269.2±23.1ab |
表3 不同间作行比对作物品质的影响
Table 3 Effects of different intercropping row ratios on quality of crops
作物 Crop | 处理 Treatments | 干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, %) | 可消化干物质 Digestible dry matter (DDM, %) | 总可消化养分 Total digestible nutrients (TDN, %) | 相对饲用价值 Relative feed value (RFV) | 相对饲用品质 Relative feed quality (RFQ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Maize | 5A2M | 2.4±0.1a | 71.0±1.6a | 66.5±1.6a | 135.8±1.7a | 200.5±2.8c |
| 5A3M | 3.5±0.4a | 71.9±0.5a | 67.3±0.4a | 218.7±31.7a | 321.0±10.0a | |
| 7A2M | 2.8±0.6a | 71.7±2.1a | 67.3±2.1a | 171.5±46.1a | 186.2±10.0cd | |
| 7A3M | 3.0±0.2a | 72.1±1.7a | 67.7±1.6a | 176.7±13.7a | 233.9±4.9b | |
| 9A2M | 3.0±0.6a | 73.4±3.2a | 68.9±3.2a | 177.9±46.7a | 160.3±15.4e | |
| 9A3M | 2.5±0.1a | 70.6±0.5a | 66.4±0.4a | 132.6±1.2a | 193.9±1.9cd | |
| M | 3.1±0.1a | 71.7±0.6a | 67.1±0.6a | 197.5±6.7a | 339.3±18.1a | |
| 苜蓿Alfalfa | 5A2M | 3.3±0.2a | 69.5±1.7b | 69.3±2.2ab | 178.3±14.5ab | 280.6±28.2ab |
| 5A3M | 3.2±0.2a | 68.9±1.8b | 68.5±2.1b | 171.6±13.0ab | 267.6±25.3ab | |
| 7A2M | 3.4±0.3a | 71.2±2.2a | 71.0±2.2a | 188.8±18.3a | 301.2±35.7a | |
| 7A3M | 3.2±0.2a | 68.8±1.5b | 68.7±1.9b | 169.2±12.7b | 262.9±24.7b | |
| 9A2M | 3.3±0.2a | 69.4±1.2b | 68.8±1.4b | 178.3±11.5ab | 280.7±22.4ab | |
| 9A3M | 3.4±0.2a | 69.8±1.7ab | 70.1±2.1ab | 184.5±14.2ab | 292.7±27.6ab | |
| A | 3.2±0.2a | 68.7±1.4b | 68.4±1.8b | 172.4±11.9ab | 269.2±23.1ab |
处理 Treatments | 生育季降水量 Precipitation during the growth period (mm) | 播前贮水量 Pre-sowing soil water storage capacity (mm) | 收获后贮水量 Post-harvest soil water storage capacity (mm) | 土壤贮水量变化量 Change in soil water storage capacity (mm) | 蒸散量 Evapotran- spiration (mm) | 水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity (kg·kg-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5A2M | 371.0 | 259.3 | 198.4 | 60.9 | 431.9±23.9a | 29.1±7.2abc | 96.3±16.7d |
| 5A3M | 371.0 | 248.5 | 217.2 | 31.3 | 402.3±24.8a | 36.1±5.8ab | 92.6±6.9d |
| 7A2M | 371.0 | 259.3 | 188.5 | 71.3 | 441.8±29.8a | 32.7±1.4abc | 137.3±9.5bc |
| 7A3M | 371.0 | 228.2 | 185.8 | 42.4 | 413.4±7.4a | 33.7±4.4ab | 106.8±6.6cd |
| 9A2M | 371.0 | 267.2 | 195.9 | 70.8 | 442.3±11.3a | 38.5±3.2a | 149.3±1.8b |
| 9A3M | 371.0 | 222.9 | 174.1 | 48.7 | 419.7±8.7a | 31.1±2.7abc | 115.1±4.0cd |
| A | 371.0 | 245.8 | 178.0 | 67.8 | 438.8±14.0a | 23.0±2.5bc | 200.8±16.8a |
| M | 371.0 | 242.7 | 195.2 | 47.5 | 418.5±9.4a | 20.1±0.9c | 46.7±2.8e |
表4 不同间作行比作物的蒸散量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力
Table 4 Water consumption, water use efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer for crops under different intercropping row ratios
处理 Treatments | 生育季降水量 Precipitation during the growth period (mm) | 播前贮水量 Pre-sowing soil water storage capacity (mm) | 收获后贮水量 Post-harvest soil water storage capacity (mm) | 土壤贮水量变化量 Change in soil water storage capacity (mm) | 蒸散量 Evapotran- spiration (mm) | 水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity (kg·kg-1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5A2M | 371.0 | 259.3 | 198.4 | 60.9 | 431.9±23.9a | 29.1±7.2abc | 96.3±16.7d |
| 5A3M | 371.0 | 248.5 | 217.2 | 31.3 | 402.3±24.8a | 36.1±5.8ab | 92.6±6.9d |
| 7A2M | 371.0 | 259.3 | 188.5 | 71.3 | 441.8±29.8a | 32.7±1.4abc | 137.3±9.5bc |
| 7A3M | 371.0 | 228.2 | 185.8 | 42.4 | 413.4±7.4a | 33.7±4.4ab | 106.8±6.6cd |
| 9A2M | 371.0 | 267.2 | 195.9 | 70.8 | 442.3±11.3a | 38.5±3.2a | 149.3±1.8b |
| 9A3M | 371.0 | 222.9 | 174.1 | 48.7 | 419.7±8.7a | 31.1±2.7abc | 115.1±4.0cd |
| A | 371.0 | 245.8 | 178.0 | 67.8 | 438.8±14.0a | 23.0±2.5bc | 200.8±16.8a |
| M | 371.0 | 242.7 | 195.2 | 47.5 | 418.5±9.4a | 20.1±0.9c | 46.7±2.8e |
图9 不同间作行比对间作系统作物的雷达图Yield:产量;CP yield: 粗蛋白产量Crude protein yield; RFV:相对饲用价值Relative feed value; RFQ: 相对饲用品质Relative feed quality; WUE: 水分利用效率Water use efficiency; PFPN:氮肥偏生产力Nitrogen partial factor productivity.
Fig.9 Radar plot of crops in different intercropping rows compared to intercropping systems
处理 Treatments | 周长 Perimeter | 面积 Area | 面积评价值 Area evaluation value (Vi1) | 周长评价值 Perimeter evaluation value (Vi2) | 评价函数 Evaluation function (Y) | 综合排序 Comprehensive rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5A2M | 4.5 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 5 |
| 5A3M | 5.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 4 |
| 7A2M | 5.5 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 2 |
| 7A3M | 5.0 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 4 |
| 9A2M | 5.9 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 1 |
| 9A3M | 5.0 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 3 |
| A | 5.7 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 4 |
| M | 4.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 6 |
表5 不同处理作物的雷达图综合评价结果
Table 5 Comprehensive evaluation results of radar charts with different treatments of crops
处理 Treatments | 周长 Perimeter | 面积 Area | 面积评价值 Area evaluation value (Vi1) | 周长评价值 Perimeter evaluation value (Vi2) | 评价函数 Evaluation function (Y) | 综合排序 Comprehensive rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5A2M | 4.5 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.90 | 0.73 | 5 |
| 5A3M | 5.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 4 |
| 7A2M | 5.5 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 2 |
| 7A3M | 5.0 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 4 |
| 9A2M | 5.9 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 1 |
| 9A3M | 5.0 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 3 |
| A | 5.7 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 4 |
| M | 4.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.56 | 0.46 | 6 |
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