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Function of high-affinity potassium transporters in maintaining ion homeostasis and other plant responses to abiotic stresses Xiao-han YANG, Guo-qiang WU, Ming WEI, Bei-chen WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 190-202.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022207 Abstract （415）   HTML （20）    PDF （1917KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save Potassium ions （K+）play an important role in plant growth and development as well as in resistance to various abiotic stresses. High-affinity K+ transporters （HKT） are one of the most important cation transporter families， and the members of this family are extensively involved in the absorption and transport of K+ and sodium ions （Na+） in plants. Many studies have shown that the expression of HKT family genes is regulated by several factors， such as calcium ions （Ca2+）， humic acid， and cytosine methylation. The HKT proteins mediate long-distance Na+ transport， maintain homeostasis of K+ and magnesium ions （Mg2+）， and play a key role in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In this review， we summarize the results of research on the discovery of HKT family members， their structure and classification， biological function， gene expression patterns， regulatory mechanisms， and their roles in responses to abiotic stresses. We also propose directions for further research. The information in this review provides a theoretical basis and identifies genetic resources for the genetic improvement of crops to produce new， stress-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of MAPK in plant response to abiotic stress Xin-miao ZHANG, Guo-qiang WU, Ming WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (1): 182-197.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023090 Abstract （403）   HTML （33）    PDF （1316KB）（393）       Knowledge map    Save Mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） is a highly conserved serine/threonine （Ser/Thr） protein kinase， occurring widely in eukaryotic intermediate reaction pathways. Plant MAPK has 11 relatively conserved sub-domains， which are all essential elements for Ser/Thr protein kinase to play its catalytic role， and its expression is regulated by reactive oxygen species， nitric oxide and hormones. MAPK phosphorylates a variety of substrates including transcription factors， protein kinases and cytoskeleton related proteins， and plays an important role in regulating plant response to abiotic stresses （salt， drought， extreme temperature， and heavy metals）. In this review， we summarize the results of research on the discovery of plant MAPK family members， their structure and classification， regulatory mechanisms， and their roles in response to various abiotic stresses. We also propose directions for future research. The information in this review provides a theoretical basis and identifies genetic resources for the genetic improvement of crops to produce new， stress-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An evaluation of a remote sensing method based on optimized triangular vegetation index （TVI） for aboveground shrub biomass estimation in shrub-encroached grassland Zheng-yong XU, Bin SUN, Wang-fei ZHANG, Yi-fu LI, Zi-yu YAN, Wei YUE, Si-han TENG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 1-14.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022488 Abstract （379）   HTML （52）    PDF （2836KB）（549）       Knowledge map    Save Shrub-encroachment onto grassland is becoming an important ecological problem in grassland ecosystems， and accurate estimation of the shrub above-ground biomass （AGB） in shrub-encroached grassland vegetation plays a significant role in research into regional ecosystem carbon cycles. Due to the dual effects of soil background noise and differences in vegetation growth structure characteristics， the traditional vegetation indices are extremely unstable for model-building involving shrub-encroached grassland AGB estimation. To solve this problem， in this study we developed a novel way by optimizing the triangular vegetation index （TVI） using Sentinel-2 remote sensing data for shrub-encroached grassland AGB estimation. The results showed that： 1） In the area dominated by herbaceous vegetation， TVI calculated using a combination of green， red-edge and near-infrared （ R_{\mathrm{560}} ， R_{\mathrm{705}} and R_{\mathrm{865}} ） performed best with an R2 of 0.684； in the area dominated by shrub vegetation， the TVI again performed best with R2= 0.368. 2） When analyzing the sensitivity of the 12 commonly used vegetation indexes to soil noise， the enhanced vegetation index （EVI） was the most sensitive to soil noise in the area dominated by herbaceous vegetation； in the area dominated by shrub vegetation， the modified soil adjusted vegetation index （MSAVI） was the most sensitive. 3） In the area dominated by herbaceous vegetation， the optimized vegetation index grassland triangular vegetation index （GTVI） performed better than TVI with the value of R_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{2}} （coefficient of determination cross validation） increased by 0.153 and the value of R M S E_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}} decreased by 12.222 g·m-2； in the area dominated by shrub vegetation， GTVI performed better than TVI and the R_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{2}} value increased 0.029， while the R M S E_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}} （root mean square error cross validation） decreased 1.684 g·m-2. 4） The estimation results acquired by GTVI showed the highest accuracy when compared with the results estimated by the commonly used 12 vegetation indices. The results of this study are expected to provide a scientific basis and reference AGB estimation in shrub-encroached grassland using vegetation indices extracted from remote sensing data. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Monitoring of rodent damage areas in grassland using unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing technology Rui HUA, Daerhan BAO, Rui DONG, Zhuang-sheng TANG, Bin CHU, Yuan-yuan HAO, Li-min HUA Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 71-82.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022234 Abstract （370）   HTML （21）    PDF （3311KB）（233）       Knowledge map    Save Rodent pests are the greatest and most widespread biological problem affecting pastoral land in China and their impact can reach ‘disaster’ level. Obtaining accurate data for rodent-damaged areas in grassland is a priority for evaluating the degree of pest damage and for devising pest management strategies. At present， survey grid and mapping methods are the main methods used to identify rodent-damaged areas in grassland. However， both of those methods have problems in terms of low efficiency and poor accuracy， so they do not meet the requirements for precise management of grassland pests. According to the principles of ecology and statistics， we used unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） remote sensing technology and a stratified sampling method to detect damage areas from plateau pika， a dominant rodent pest on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. These trials were conducted at four townships in Maqu County in Gansu Province. First， we selected the primary investigation area according to its suitability for rodents. Then， the first survey area was divided according to different habitat types into secondary survey plots， and each plot was divided into a grid. A certain number of quadrats in the secondary sample plots was randomly sampled， each as a three-level sample with a UAV survey. According to the average area of rodent pest damage across multiple quadrats， the damaged area in each secondary plot was calculated. The areas of damage in all the secondary plots were added to obtain the total pest-damaged area in the primary investigation area. The total area of grassland in the test area was 4.6×105 ha， the area suitable for plateau pika was 2.5×105 ha， and the area of plateau pika damage in the test area was 1.05×104 ha. There were 50 sampling sites in total， and each site had an area of 1 ha. Taking one site as a sample， it takes one person 20 min to complete the work in terms of UAV flying and image interpretation. Compared with the grid survey method and mapping method， this new method can detect areas of rodent damage in grassland on a larger scale because it is more efficient， accurate， and cost-effective. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The grassland agriculture of Mongolia and its capacity to inform development in China Zhi-peng HUANG, Yi HUANG, Quan-jun YANG, Chao XIA, Yan ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 1-15.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022265 Abstract （348）   HTML （52）    PDF （1778KB）（436）       Knowledge map    Save Mongolia borders on northern China， has abundant grassland resources and grassland-based livestock husbandry is the pillar industry there. Based on the literature and statistical data， this study surveys the development status of grassland agriculture in Mongolia from three aspects： reform of the pastoral institutional system， the grassland resources， and the development of a grazing-based livestock industry. Our study also analyzes the differences between Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Grassland agriculture in Mongolia has undergone three stages of institutional reforms， the post-transformation period began at 1990 and is ongoing till now. The grassland itself is collectively owned and the livestock is privately owned. Under the influences of climate change， over exploitation of grassland， expansion of cultivated land and urban areas， and mining pollution， the grassland area has decreased and the ecological status of the grassland is gradually deteriorating. The proportions for each of Mongolia’s five categories of livestock remain stable but with regional variability and differences. The growth in total livestock numbers is much higher in Mongolia than in Inner Mongolia， China. In recent years， the grazing-based livestock husbandry has faced a problem of an aging population. As a result， the proportion of animal husbandry output value within the national economy has gradually declined and the industrial chain urgently needs to be improved. Finally， this study proposes implications for Mongolia and offers information relevant to the development of grassland agriculture in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accumulation and functions of polyamines in plants under drought stress Wen-juan WANG, Shang-li SHI, Long HE, Bei WU, Chan-chan LIU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 186-202.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022303 Abstract （338）   HTML （7）    PDF （2273KB）（275）       Knowledge map    Save Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that causes reductions in crop yields. Polyamines are a class of low molecular weight aliphatic nitrogenous bases in plants. They have strong biological activity and are involved in a range of physiological processes such as plant organogenesis， embryogenesis， bud differentiation， leaf senescence， pollen tube growth， and fruit development and ripening. They also play important roles in plants under drought stress. In this paper， we review research on the anabolism and catabolism of polyamines， their functions under abiotic stress， and differences in their accumulation among species/varieties of plants under drought stress. We also discuss studies on the effects of exogenous polyamines and those using transgenic approaches to elucidate the roles of polyamines at the physiological level. The body of research on polyamines has shown that they enhance drought resistance by improving plant growth and development， photosynthetic capacity， accumulation of osmoregulatory substances， and antioxidant capacity， and that they participate in signal transduction at the molecular level in plants under drought stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal changes in grassland fractional vegetation cover in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2020 and a future forecast Hui-long ZHANG, Xiu-chun YANG, Dong YANG, Ang CHEN, Min ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (8): 1-13.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022370 Abstract （337）   HTML （145）    PDF （5420KB）（286）       Knowledge map    Save Inner Mongolia is an important green ecological barrier in northern China， and grassland degradation in this region is of great concern. Fractional vegetation cover （FVC） is one of the most direct indicators of grassland ecological status. At present， it is still a challenge to build an accurate FVC estimation model for dynamic analysis of a large region over a long period of time. In this study， we used a large ground survey dataset， MODIS remote sensing data， and meteorological data from 2000 to 2020， and applied the random forest model for FVC partition modeling and prediction. The Sen+Mann-Kendall trend analysis method and Hurst index method were used to analyze the spatio-temporal changes in the FVC and its future trends. The main results were as follows： 1） The precision of each partition of the random forest model was better than that of the whole region， which effectively reduced the impact of spatial heterogeneity. 2） In Inner Mongolia， the grassland FVC generally showed a spatial pattern of being high in the east and low in the west， with obvious spatial differences. 3） In the past 21 years， the FVC of grassland in Inner Mongolia showed a fluctuating upward trend overall， the area of increased FVC was larger than the area of decreased FVC， and the magnitude of the extremely significant increase and significant increase was greater than that of the extremely significant decrease and significant decrease. 4） In the future， the grassland FVC in Inner Mongolia will generally improve. The area of FVC growth is larger than the area of FVC decrease， and the area with extremely significant growth and significant growth accounts for a high proportion （25.9%） of the total area. It is predicted that vegetation growth will develop well in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of litter decomposition with different qualities on soil organic carbon content and its stability in grassland on the Loess Plateau Xin GUO, Huan LUO, Xue-mei XU, Ai-xia MA, Zhen-yan SHANG, Tian-hu HAN, De-cao NIU, Hai-yan WEN, Xu-dong LI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 83-93.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022349 Abstract （291）   HTML （23）    PDF （1062KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save Plant litter is the most important source of soil organic carbon （SOC）， and the quality of litter may affect the amount and stability of newly formed SOC. In this study， we evaluated the effects of decomposition of litters of different quality （AS： Artemisia sacrorum stem， SR： Stipa bungeana root， SL： S. bungeana leaf， SAL： Sophora alopecuroides leaf）， which were selected from the typical grassland of the Loess Plateau in the middle of Gansu Province， on SOC and its stability. According to their chemical composition， litters were divided into high-quality litters （higher soluble components content and lower lignin content） and low-quality litters （lower soluble components content and higher lignin content）. The litters were co-incubated with soil to study the decomposition process and determine how it affected SOC content and stability. Compared with low-quality litters （AS and SR）， high-quality litters （SAL and SL） had a relatively higher decomposition rate due to their higher content of labile components and lower carbon/nitrogen （C/N）. After decomposition for 2 years， the SOC content had increased in each treatment. The increases in SOC and the formation efficiency of new carbon （C） were significantly higher in the high-quality litter treatments than in the low-quality litter treatments. These results indicated that， compared with low-quality litters， high-quality litters made a greater contribution to SOC sequestration after decomposition. The amounts of all soil aggregate components did not vary significantly among treatments. After decomposition for 2 years， the SOC content in <0.053 mm soil aggregates was significantly increased in all the treatments. The SOC content and efficiency of new C formation in <0.053 mm soil aggregates were significantly higher in the high-quality litter treatments than in the low-quality litter treatments. Overall， these results show that， compared with low-quality litter， high-quality litter more readily forms stable mineral-associated organic matter after decomposition. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on remote sensing discrimination techniques for grassland botanical species Meng-ge HUANG, Xin-hong WANG, Ling-ling MA, Xue-hua YE, Xiao-hua ZHU, Wei-ping KONG, Ning WANG, Qi WANG, Guang-zhou OUYANG, Qing-chuan ZHENG, Xiao-xin HOU, Ling-li TANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 167-185.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022278 Abstract （282）   HTML （21）    PDF （1661KB）（336）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland is an important resource bank for regional economic development and a crucial ecological reservoir for the security of China’s land-based ecological environment. Remote sensing technology is rapid， efficient， and low-cost， and therefore provides the mainstream technical means for large-scale grassland monitoring. The use of remote sensing technology to discriminate grassland species is an important way to monitor the population dynamics and botanical community succession in grassland. Such information is conducive to the timely and accurate detection of changes in the grassland ecological environment and provides an important reference for the scientific management of grassland ecosystems and the construction of an ecologically aware civilization. This study focuses on the problem of remote sensing discrimination of grassland species， clarifies the technical process of grassland species discrimination and introduces the latest research progress. Technical difficulties are covered from three perspectives： The characteristics of the main remote sensing data sources for grassland species discrimination and their acquisition techniques， important grassland species discrimination features and their mining techniques and the current commonly used grassland species discrimination methods and models. This study concludes that hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing and their fusion technologies have application prospects in the remote sensing discrimination of grassland species， and that the deep mining of multidimensional features and the effective combination of complementary features can improve the accuracy of grassland species discrimination. This study identifies the main problems of the current remote sensing discrimination technology for grassland species， and opens the prospect of the future precise discrimination of grassland species through remote sensing technology and thereby provides a theoretical reference for a thorough understanding of the field of remote sensing identification of grassland species and in-depth research on grassland species discrimination. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal analysis of the alpine grassland carrying capacity in Qinghai Province considering a supply-consumption relationship Jie GAO, Xin-quan ZHAO, Wen-ting LIU, Xiao-xia YANG, Chun-ping ZHANG, Yang YU, Quan CAO, Yu-zhen LIU, Xue ZHANG, Quan-min DONG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 1-12.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022192 Abstract （272）   HTML （30）    PDF （5579KB）（271）       Knowledge map    Save Qinghai Province is an important part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To achieve the sustainable use of grassland resources in this region， it is important to explore the local grass-livestock balance and determine the spatial and temporal trends in the carrying capacity of its grassland ecosystem. In this study， we focused on animal husbandry in Qinghai Province， and combined remote sensing image data with livestock statistics to analyze the carrying state of grassland ecosystems in this province. It was found that： 1） According to the statistical yearbook provided by the Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics， the number of grazing livestock in Qinghai Province increased by 25.35% between 2005 and 2020. In terms of livestock structure， Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture are dominated by yak breeding， while Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture， Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Haidong City are dominated by sheep breeding. 2） The consumption of grassland resources in Qinghai Province increased by 13.21% over 16 years， showing an overall increasing trend with differences among administrative regions. 3） The number of prefectures with severe overloading of livestock in Qinghai Province dropped to fewer than three in 2010 for the first time， and the best overall grass-livestock balance was in 2013. In general， the animal-grazing pressure has decreased over time. Sorted by region， Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture showed the most obvious increase in carrying pressure， and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture showed the most obvious decrease in animal-grazing pressure. The results showed that the number of grazing livestock in Qinghai Province has increased between 2005 and 2020， but there has been a tendency for the grazing pressure to ease， with each administrative region showing some variability in livestock structure and changes in grazing pressure. This highlights the importance of adapting measures to local conditions. These results provide a scientific basis for the ecological management of alpine grasslands and the development of the livestock industry in Qinghai Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrieval of grassland aboveground biomass based on airborne LiDAR and SuperView-1 data Kai-hong XU, Zhao SHI, Lei-chao MA, Ping WANG, Ang CHEN, Xing WANG, Ming CHENG, Yue-xin XIAO, Rong-tan WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 40-49.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022199 Abstract （257）   HTML （23）    PDF （5196KB）（229）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland aboveground biomass （AGB） is an important indicator in grassland monitoring. It is an important index when designing strategies for the ecological protection and rational utilization of grassland resources. In addition， it is of great significance for the sustainable development and scientific management of grassland. In this study， shrub grassland in Xing’an County， Guangxi was the subject of the research， and data were obtained from airborne LiDAR data and high-resolution multispectral satellite images. The retrieval of grassland AGB was investigated using data collected from 89 field quadrats in 2021 and five basic regression models. The accuracy of different indicators and models was evaluated by root mean square error （RMSE）， mean absolute error （MAE）， and R-square values. It was found that grass height metrics were very important information for grassland AGB retrieval. We calculated correlation coefficients between pairs of indexes. In terms of vegetation indexes， the highest correlation coefficient was between the enhanced vegetation index （EVI） and AGB （0.666）. In terms of vegetation height indexes， the highest correlation coefficient was between average grass height （CHMmean） and AGB （0.686）. In terms of combined indexes， the highest correlation coefficient was between the ratio vegetation index （RVI）×CHMmean and AGB （0.735）. The accuracy and verification results showed that the minimum RMSE of the EVI models was 292.047 g·m-2， the minimum RMSE of CHMmean models was 245.084 g·m-2， and the minimum RMSE of RVI×CHMmean models was 225.872 g·m-2. Our results show that grass height information can be effectively extracted from airborne LiDAR data， and although there is an obvious underestimation， it still has great application potential in research on grassland AGB. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of plant diversity and aboveground productivity and their relationship driven by subshrub expansion Mei-hui LI, Yu-hua LI, Xin-hui YAN, Hang-hang TUO, Meng-ru YANG, Zi-lin WANG, Wei LI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 27-39.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022367 Abstract （247）   HTML （27）    PDF （4008KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save Shrub/subshrub expansion can significantly change the original vegetation landscape and its ecological processes. However， there is still a lack of systematic research on the characteristics of grassland plant diversity， aboveground productivity， and their relationship driven by subshrub expansion. In this study， the typical grassland of Yunwu Mountain in Ningxia on the Loess Plateau was selected as the study site. Grasslands with subshrub expansion at three levels of intensity （light， moderate， and heavy） were selected， and natural grassland without subshrub expansion served as the control. We analyzed species diversity， community level plant functional traits， functional diversity， and aboveground productivity and their intrinsic relationships. The results showed that： 1） The composition and structure of the grassland community changed significantly under the driver of subshrub expansion. The subshrub species Artemisia sacrorum replaced the original herb as the new dominant grassland species， which resulted in a significant decrease in species diversity. 2） Compared with the control， sites with subshrub expansion showed significantly decreased community-level leaf dry matter content， but increased community-level specific leaf area， and leaf carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus contents. There was no significant difference in functional richness， while functional dispersion and functional evenness had significant differences under different expansion intensities. 3） Subshrub expansion significantly increased the aboveground biomass and litter biomass of the community， which was manifested as a significant increase in the biomass of weeds and a significant decrease in the biomass of legumes. However， grass biomass increased significantly under severe subshrub expansion. 4） The aboveground productivity of the grassland community was negatively correlated with species diversity， community-level leaf dry matter content， and functional dispersion， while positively correlated with leaf carbon， leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus contents at community level. The results of a random forest model and ANOVA further showed that community-level functional traits explained 68.28% of the variation in aboveground productivity， and that the community-level leaf nitrogen content and leaf dry matter content were the most important explanatory factors. The species diversity index was able to explain 64.38% of variation， while the interpretability of the functional diversity index was 11.16%. Our results showed that， with increasing subshrub expansion， species shifted to a strategy of rapid growth and resource acquisition， and the degree of species niche differentiation increased. Compared with functional diversity， plant functional traits and species diversity explained higher proportions of variation in the above-ground productivity of the community. The results of this study provide a foundation for further studies on the regime shift theory of natural grasslands on the Loess Plateau. These findings will also be useful for designing adaptability and sustainable management strategies for grasslands under shrub/subshrub expansion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of internal reference genes of Lactobacillus strain OL77 and determination of CspP expression patterns under low-temperature and low-pH stress Ji-kuan CHAI, Ze-liang JU, Gui-qin ZHAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 147-158.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022183 Abstract （243）   HTML （19）    PDF （2946KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save The aim of this study was to explore aspects of gene expression under low temperature and low pH in the cold-tolerant bacterium Pediococcus pentosaceus OL77， which was selected during low-temperature ensiling. To investigate the cold tolerance mechanism of P. pentosaceus OL77， we obtained its CspP gene by homologous cloning. GeNorm， NormFinder， BestKeeper， and RefFinder procedures were used to select internal reference genes with stable expression in OL77 under low-temperature and low-pH stress as detected using SYBR-Green real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （RT-qPCR）. The selected internal reference genes were then used to analyze the transcriptional profile of CspP under low temperature. It was found that the relatively stably expressed internal reference genes of OL77 under low-temperature and low-pH stress were Ldh， tufa， and 6PGDH， while GAPDH and GyrA were not stably expressed. A gene fragment of CspP was obtained by homologous cloning， and its relative transcript levels in OL77 at 0， 1， 3， 6， 12 and 24 h of treatment at 25， 15 and 5 ℃ were analyzed using Ldh and 6PGDH as internal reference genes. The transient expression of CspP increased sharply under low temperature. Its transcript level was increased by 86 times at 5 ℃ compared with that at 25 ℃， suggesting that it plays roles in the cold tolerance of OL77. The cold tolerance of OL77 may result from increased expression of a cold shock protein at low temperature. Our findings suggest that CspP could be used as a cold tolerance indicator gene for OL77. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ecological value and its spatiotemporal dynamic patterns of grassland in China Jia-hui LI, Lin HUANG, Jiang-wen FAN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (12): 1-13.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023058 Abstract （241）   HTML （36）    PDF （5832KB）（364）       Knowledge map    Save As China’s largest terrestrial ecosystem and one of the important natural resources， grasslands provide a series of ecosystem services which contribute to human well-being. However， there are still wide expanses of grassland suffering from various degrees of degradation， and requiring urgent conservation and restoration action to improve their quality， function and stability. Accounting of grassland ecological value provides an effective means to monitor the changes in and assess the combined importance of multiple grassland ecosystem functions. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of grassland ecological value in China from 2000 to 2020. It then assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the value of key ecological services of grasslands， including windbreak and sand fixation， water conservation， forage supply and carbon sequestration. Next， adaptation strategies for optimizing and enhancing the grassland ecological value in China were proposed. It was found that in 2020， the ecological value of China’s grassland was 2.47×104 billion CNY， and the value was 7.6 million CNY·km-2， among which the value per unit area of windbreak and sand fixation and species richness maintenance were relatively high， accounting for 27.3% and 25.8% of the total， respectively. In the past 20 years， more than 90% of China’s grassland area has shown an increasing trend in ecological value. This applies especially to grassland located on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau， the northern Loess Plateau， and the eastern and central parts of Inner Mongolia indicate a rapid growth. Moreover， the sum of grassland ecological values of Mongolia， Tibet， Qinghai， Sichuan and Xinjiang accounted for about 67.4% of China’s total ecological value. In the past 20 years， Shaanxi， Beijing， Ningxia， Tianjin， and Shanxi showed a relatively high growth rate in grassland ecological value （>65%）. Finally， China’s grasslands were divided into three categories and twelve subcategories， based on grassland protection and restoration strategies focusing on different key ecological services. Our study offers significant insights for assigning various protection and restoration priorities to achieve sustainable growth in grassland ecological value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of microplastics on the growth and physiological characteristics of alfalfa （ Medicago sativa） Chao-nan LI, Lei WANG, Ji-qiang ZHOU, Chang-xing ZHAO, Xiao-rong XIE, Jin-rong LIU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 138-146.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022237 Abstract （237）   HTML （17）    PDF （2550KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions to comprehensively understand the toxic effects and ecological risks of microplastics on the grassland agro-ecosystem. Two types of microplastics， low density polyethylene （mLDPE） and polylactic acid （mPLA）， were added to soil at five different doses （0.1%， 0.5%， 1%， 5%， 10%， w/w， dry soil weight）. The growth and physiological characteristics of alfalfa （Medicago sativa） plants growing in these treatments were evaluated and compared with those of plants in the control （no microplastics）. The results showed that a high concentration （10%） mPLA reduced the biomass， total chlorophyll content， and net photosynthetic rate of alfalfa plants， while mLDPE significantly decreased the aboveground biomass and net photosynthetic rate of alfalfa plants. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content and the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， and catalase （CAT） increased as the dose of MPs increased. Compared with the control， the 10% mPLA treatment group showed a 67.30% higher MDA content and 56.68% and 85.63% higher activities of SOD and CAT， respectively. Among the mLDPE treatments， only the 10% dose significantly affected SOD and POD activities. The results of this study show that the toxic effect of microplastics on alfalfa is related to both the type and concentration of the microplastics. High concentrations of mPLA strongly affected alfalfa plants by damaging the photosynthetic system， decreasing plant photosynthesis， and causing oxidative damage， resulting in growth inhibition， which had a stronger influence than mLDPE. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on the regulation of seed aging by reactive oxygen species and telomeres Shou-jiang SUN, Pei-sheng MAO, Li-ru DOU, Zhi-cheng JIA, Ming SUN, Wen MA, Cheng-ming OU, Juan WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (8): 202-213.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022417 Abstract （235）   HTML （9）    PDF （1955KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save Seeds enable plants to survive in harsh environmental conditions and can transmit genetic information from their parents to the next generation. Seed vigor is an important character in agriculture， which directly affects the field emergence rate and crop yield. However， due to seed aging， seed vigor decreased during storage. In order to effectively protect genetic resources and reduce the huge economic losses caused by seed aging to agricultural production， it is necessary to explore the mechanism of seed aging in order to understand the causes of seed aging and a series of important events that occur in the aging process. During seed storage， high temperature and humidity are the two main factors to accelerate seed aging. The oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species （ROS） is the main reason. ROS can interact with any biological macromolecule， leading to protein damage， lipid peroxidation， chromosomal telomere structure abnormality and various cell components damage caused by DNA damage. In addition， ROS may also induce programmed cell death， leading to seed aging. At the initial stage of imbibition， the seeds will repair some damage， but if they cause great damage to key structures， they will fail to repair， and the seeds will lose their vitality permanently， so they cannot germinate normally in a relatively short time. The exact mechanism of seed aging has not been fully studied. Based on this， this study mainly reviewed the generation and elimination of ROS during seed aging， the influence of ROS on biological macromolecules， the response of chromosome telomere system to seed aging， and the research progress of genes related to seed aging， which is of great significance for understanding the causes of seed aging and analyzing the mechanism of seed aging. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal dynamic variation of temperate grassland classes in Inner Mongolia in the last 20 years Zhi-gui YANG, Jian-guo ZHANG, Jin-rong LI, Hong-yan YU, Li CHANG, Shu-hua YI, Yan-yan LYU, Yu-zhuo ZHANG, Bao-ping MENG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (9): 1-16.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022405 Abstract （235）   HTML （21）    PDF （4734KB）（179）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland classification is essential for rational utilization and effective protection of grassland resources and also crucial for maintaining sustainable development of grassland ecosystems. There has been considerable achievement in documenting spatio-temporal changes in land use types， but few reports on the spatio-temporal dynamic variation of grassland classes at the regional scale. Hence， this study explored the spatio-temporal variation of temperate grassland classes in Inner Mongolia. Several grassland class identification methods were constructed based on remote sensing vegetation index， meteorology， soil， topography， unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） data and machine learning algorithms. Then the spatio-temporal variation was analyzed based on the optimal classification method. It was found that： 1） Among all the remote sensing classification characteristics and indexes evaluated， the importance values of precipitation and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） for grassland classification were higher than those of other indexes in the study area， and the cumulative contribution of the importance values of first 18 classification characteristics and indexes was more than 85%； 2） The random forest （RF） model gave the highest classification accuracy and was superior to other methods in grassland class identification in Inner Mongolia， with an overall accuracy of 82.16% and Kappa coefficient of 0.76； 3） In the past 20 years， the transition between grassland classes in Inner Mongolia has been intense， and has mainly occurred through transition among the classes typical steppe， desert steppe and desert. Compared with the grassland types in the 1980s， the grassland types in 2000-2009 changed from wet to dry， while the grassland types in 2010-2019 changed from dry to wet. The results of this study provide a scientific evaluation of the changes in grassland type in Inner Mongolia under global climate change and as a result of human activities， and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for planning sustainable grassland development in Inner Mongolia. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of soil organic phosphorus mineralization to alpine meadow degradation and temperature Hong-yu QIAN, Yu-lin PU, Shan-xin LANG, Yi-ran LI, Nan-ding ZHOU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 15-27.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022469 Abstract （226）   HTML （38）    PDF （4008KB）（351）       Knowledge map    Save Clarification of the mineralization characteristics of organic phosphorus in degraded grassland soils at different temperatures can provide basic data and a theoretical framework for the scientific management of soil phosphorus nutrients during the ecological recovery of degraded grassland. In this research， an aerobic culture method at constant temperature and humidity was used to investigate the mineralization characteristics and temperature responses of organic phosphorus in non-degraded （ND） meadow， and lightly degraded （LD）， moderately degraded （MD） and heavily degraded （HD） soils on the Zoige Plateau. It was found that the mineralization rate of organic phosphorus showed no obvious change in the early stage （0-30 d）， increased rapidly in the middle stage （30-60 d）， and gradually stabilized in the late stage （60-120 d） when the four types of meadow soils were cultured at 5-15 ℃. Meadow degradation had no significant effect on soil organic phosphorus mineralization at low temperature （5-10 ℃）. However， soil organic phosphorus mineralization was significantly reduced in MD and HD soils at high temperature （≥15 ℃）. Compared with ND， the net mineralization rate of organic phosphorus in MD and HD soils decreased by 52.8% and 56.8%， respectively， at 15 ℃， and the constant B0 of soil organic phosphorus mineralization decreased by 29.5% and 40.4%， respectively. Furthermore， the temperature sensitivity of soil organic phosphorus mineralization decreased gradually with increased severity of meadow degradation. For example， the temperature sensitivity coefficient y" of organic phosphorus mineralization in ND soil was significantly higher than that in MD and HD soils by 221.1% and 306.7%， respectively. In summary， the degradation of alpine meadow reduced the mineralization and temperature sensitivity of soil organic phosphorus， which would be predicted to result in further reduction of soil phosphorus availability， and exacerbate any problem of phosphorus limitation in degraded grassland ecosystems arising from ongoing global warming. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of research on hormone regulation of branching or tillering in plants Fen-qi CHEN, Jin-qing ZHANG, Hui-ling MA Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 212-225.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023118 Abstract （217）   HTML （17）    PDF （1243KB）（431）       Knowledge map    Save Branching （or tillering in grasses and related taxa） is an important trait of plant architecture and the result of axillary bud initiation and growth， which plays a crucial role in determining the seed yield of crops and forage yield. Multiple hormones and their interactions play key regulatory roles in the occurrence， growth and development of plant branching or tillering. In addition， environmental factors also regulate branching or tillering by changing the hormone contents and their balances within the plant. This study reviews multiple aspects of the mechanisms by which plant branching or tillering is regulated various hormones， including auxin， cytokinin， strigolactones， brassinosteroids， abscisic acid and gibberellins， ethylene， jasmonic acid， and complex regulatory networks formed by the interaction of different hormone signals. The aim is to establish a foundation for using hormone regulation mechanisms to cultivate new high-yielding crop plant growth forms with ideal plant architecture. The current issues with hormone regulation mechanisms controlling plant branching or tillering are also analyzed， and future research directions for hormone regulation mechanisms controlling plant branching or tillering are discussed， with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for using hormones to cultivate good varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of the metabolites in rhizosphere soil on microbial communities of crop intercropping system Dai-xiang XU, Jian-feng YANG, Hang SU, Jian-rong ZHAI, Cai QI, Long-gang ZHAO, Yan-jun GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (11): 65-80.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023005 Abstract （215）   HTML （22）    PDF （4788KB）（203）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the reasons why interspecific interactions affects crop yield， we comprehensively analyzed the crop yield， the soil physicochemical properties， the rhizosphere soil microbial communities and the root exudates in maize （Zea mays）-soybean （Glycine max） and sorghum （Sorghum bicolor）-soybean intercropping systems in different years， combining the Eco-Biolog microplate method and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）. Crop yield was significantly increased in the intercropping systems， and the increase of yield in 2020 was more significant than it in 2019. Compared with monoculture， intercropping increased the accumulation and absorption of available nutrients. The contents of available nutrients in the crop rhizosphere soil of the intercropping system were significantly increased. Compared with monoculture， microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents in maize， sorghum and soybean in intercropping systems were increased significantly； microorganism activities were also higher， and microbial community composition was more diverse in the rhizosphere soil of intercropped crops. Based on the metabolomic analysis， five key differential metabolites that might cause changes in microbial communities in maize rhizosphere soil were tentatively identified. Four of these appear to enrich the microorganism populations in maize rhizosphere soil， and one appears to be inhibitory. Three metabolites in sorghum rhizosphere soil were identified， two of which appear to enrich presence of microorganisms in sorghum rhizosphere soil， while the third appears to be inhibitory. Two bioactive metabolites in soybean rhizosphere soil were identified， one apparently faciliatory and one inhibitory towards microorganisms. Multivariate analysis showed that maize-soybean and sorghum-soybean intercropping systems changed the soil micro-environment and reshaped the soil microbial community structure through interspecific root interactions in rhizosphere soil， which accelerated the deposition of available nutrients， promoted the absorption of crop nutrients， and ultimately increased crop yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of aeolian activity to grazing intensities in the desert steppe， Northern China Xin-lei LIU, He-qiang DU, Xiu-fan LIU, Ya-wei FAN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (7): 1-11.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022310 Abstract （214）   HTML （26）    PDF （3816KB）（180）       Knowledge map    Save In this research we studied the effect of grazing intensity on aeolian sand movement in order to develop greater understanding the aeolian dynamic process and techniques for more accurately evaluating and preventing wind-blown sand disasters. The research was conducted at the Urat Desert-Grassland Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the desert grassland of Inner Mongolia was the subject of our investigation. Two grassland types were studied： Shrub dominated grassland （SDG） and grass dominated grassland （GDG） and there were three grazing intensities： Prohibiting grazing as control （CK）， moderate grazing intensity （MG） and heavy grazing intensity （HG）. The near-surface wind speed profile， particle size distribution， wind-sand flow structure and other related parameters were measured and analyzed. It was found that： 1） The surface aerodynamic roughness length of the two grassland types was significantly influenced by grazing intensity and the effect of grazing intensity on the aerodynamic roughness length of GDG was greater than that on SDG. 2） Grassland type and grazing intensity had significant effects on soil erodible particle content （P<0.05）. With increase in grazing intensity， the content of soil erodible particles progressively decreased and the soil texture became coarser. 3） The aeolian sand flow functions in grazing areas all followed power functions， and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.97. The horizontal sand fluxes in MG plots （6.468 g·m-1·d-1） and HG plots （9.294 g·m-1·d-1） were 7.13 and 10.25 times higher than those in CK plots （0.907 g·m-1·d-1）， respectively. The impacts of sand transport height and grazing intensity on sediment transport rate in SDG were less than in GDG. The above results showed that the influence of grazing disturbance on aeolian sand activity in GDG was much greater than that in SDG， and the horizontal sediment flux under grazing was much more than that of CK， even for MG. Therefore， decisions on grazing strategy based solely on vegetation carrying capacity are still seriously inadequate. In order to maintain the sustainable development of animal husbandry， the intensity of surface aeolian sand activity should be considered as an important index when developing grazing strategy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Responses of soil water conservation function and soil physicochemical properties to a range of degradation conditions in alpine meadows of the Three River Headwater Region Yu SUN, Yong-sheng YANG, Qi HE, Jun-bang WANG, Xiu-juan ZHANG, Hui-ting LI, Xing-liang XU, Hua-kun ZHOU, Yu-heng ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 16-29.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022291 Abstract （213）   HTML （18）    PDF （3137KB）（246）       Knowledge map    Save The soil water-holding capacity and physicochemical properties are important indicators of the water conservation function of soil， and it is important to understand how these factors change under various condition for the ecological protection and restoration of alpine meadows. In this study， we analyzed the effects of different degradation levels on the soil water-holding capacity and physicochemical properties of soil in alpine meadows， as well as correlations between these factors， in both field and laboratory-based experiments. The filed experiments were conducted in Maqin County， Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture， in the Three River Headwater Region. The main findings were as follows： 1） The saturation water-holding capacity， capillary water-holding capacity， and field water-holding capacity of the 0-10 cm soil horizon of alpine meadows decreased with increasing severity of degradation. The degradation level had the most significant effect on the water-holding capacity in the 0-5 cm soil surface horizon. Compared with soil at the native vegetation site， soil at the heavily degraded site showed significantly decreased （P<0.05） saturation water-holding capacity， capillary water-holding capacity， and field water-holding capacity in 0-5 cm soil horizon decreased by 51.99%， 56.28%， and 59.93%， respectively. 2） With increasing severity of degradation， the total nitrogen， total phosphorus， and total carbon contents in the 0-5 cm soil horizon gradually decreased， but there was no significant change in total potassium content. Compared with soil at the native vegetation site， the soil at the heavily degraded site showed significantly decreased （P<0.05） contents of total C， total N， and total P in the 0-5 cm soil horizon decreased by 41.95%， 65.88%， and 21.82%， respectively. As the severity of degradation increased， the soil organic carbon content and total porosity showed a decreasing trend， and soil pH and bulk density showed a significant increasing trend. 3） A redundancy analysis showed that saturated water-holding capacity， capillary water-holding capacity， and field water-holding capacity were significantly correlated with total soil N and capillary porosity （P<0.05）， and the positive correlation with capillary porosity was highly significant （P<0.01）. The saturated water-holding capacity， capillary water-holding capacity， and field water-holding capacity were significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density and pH （P<0.05）， Capillary porosity and soil total K were not correlated with the field water-holding capacity， but were the main factors determining saturated hydraulic conductivity. These findings indicate that alpine meadow degradation has the most significant effect on the top soil horizon and strengthening the protection of the top soil horizon is the key to maintaining the water conservation function of the soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of planting ratio on the stability of forage yield and population density in two alfalfa-grass mixtures Ting YE, Xiao-juan WU, Yi-xiao LU, Sheng-juan LIU, Zhuo-hui JIANG, Hui-min YANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 127-137.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022205 Abstract （209）   HTML （20）    PDF （882KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save The planting ratio is one of the main factors affecting the suitability and stability of mixed forage crop plantings， and it differs among different regions and areas because of differences in climate and soil conditions. In the rainfed area of the Longdong Loess Plateau of China， it is urgent to generate mixed alfalfa （Medicago sativa） forage crop plantings with an optimized combination and mixing ratio. In this study， to reveal the stability of mixed grasslands under different combinations and mixing ratios， we analyzed the dynamics of forage yield and population density in two different mixtures； alfalfa-smooth bromegrass （Bromus inermis） （MB） and alfalfa-timothy grass （Phleum pratense） （MP）. Three alfalfa∶grass planting ratios were established： 7∶3， 5∶5 and 3∶7. The controls were alfalfa only and grass only. The planting ratio significantly affected the stability of forage yield and the population density of MP and MB， and the stability of community structure decreased with grassland age. The yield of alfalfa and grass and total yield were significantly higher for MB than for MP at all ages except 2 years and 5 years. As the proportion of alfalfa increased in the two mixtures， the total forage yield initially increased and then decreased at the 2-， 4- and 5-year ages， but only increased at the 3-year age. With the increase in the proportion of alfalfa in the two types of mixture， the relative yield dissimilarity coefficient of alfalfa decreased and then increased （except for 3-year MB）， while there were inconsistent changes for the grasses. In MP， the relative population density dissimilarity coefficient of alfalfa and grass initially decreased and then increased with increasing proportions of alfalfa， and the stability of community structure was the weakest in the 5∶5 MP treatment. In MB， the relative population density dissimilarity coefficient of alfalfa and grass increased with increasing proportions of alfalfa only in the 5-year grasslands. In conclusion， compared with MP， MB can significantly increase forage yield and better maintain community stability. In the rainfed Loess Plateau area， it is recommended to establish an alfalfa-smooth bromegrass mixture with a planting ratio of 7∶3， and to replant or supply fertilizer in the fifth year. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ecosystem service value evaluation and temporal-spatial evolution characteristics in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province based on LUCC Yun-liang LIANG, Jie LI, Yan-hua LU, Guang LI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 13-26.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022232 Abstract （208）   HTML （11）    PDF （4645KB）（268）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to clarify the impact of land-use changes on ecosystem service values， based on land use/cover change （LUCC） for the agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province in 2000， 2010， and 2020. We used an equivalence factor to quantitatively assess the ecosystem service value of the agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province， then used a spatial autocorrelation analysis method to study the temporal-spatial changes in ecological service values in each township unit. It was found that： 1） From 2000 to 2020， the main land-use types in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province were grassland， cultivated land， and woodland. During the period from 2000 to 2020， the areas of grassland， woodland， and construction land increased， while the areas of cultivated land and wetlands decreased. 2） From 2000 to 2020， the total value of ecosystem services in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province increased by 11.2358×108 yuan， and regulatory services dominated in all periods. Regulation of water flows and climate had large ecological service values. Grassland and woodland played significant roles in maintaining the value of hydrological and climatic regulation services， and were the key land-use types to maintain the total ecosystem service value （ESV） in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province. 3） The ESV showed a strong positive spatial correlation， with an overall significant spatial pattern of agglomeration， and the spatial evolution of high- and low-value agglomerations remained stable. These results provide a scientific basis for formulating appropriate ecological protection policies， and for establishing a long-term strategy for ecological protection and restoration in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between plasticity and invasiveness in the anatomical structure of the fine roots of the invasive species Xanthium strumarium Mei-shan CHEN, Xian CHEN, Xiao-zhen MAN, Chuang LIU, Jia-lin TONG, Bo QU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 118-126.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022240 Abstract （196）   HTML （7）    PDF （4346KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save Fine roots affect plant growth because they are an important organ for the absorption of groundwater and nitrogen. Plant growth can be supported by adjustments in the morphology and anatomy of fine roots under different environmental conditions. The great majority of invasive plants are dominant species in the community. The aim of this study was to explore whether the root anatomical structure of an invasive plant allows it to acquire more resources compared with a native species. Therefore， we compared the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on anatomical structure between the invasive species， Xanthium strumarium， and a native species， Xanthium sibiricum. Paraffin sections were used to study various functional traits such as root diameter， cortical thickness， stele diameter， and the aerenchyma area of fine roots formed in different growth environments. The results showed that the aerenchyma area was wider in X. strumarium than in X. sibiricum. Under high-resource conditions， the root diameter of X. strumarium was smaller than that of X. sibiricum. Under sufficient nitrogen conditions， the cortex was thinner and the endodermis and xylem were smaller in X. strumarium than in X. sibiricum under excess water conditions， but under sufficient water conditions， the total xylem area was smaller in X.strumarium than in X. sibiricum. The above results indicate that the plasticity of the aerenchyma and cortical structures is a major factor affecting the anatomical structure of X.strumarium， and the plasticity of the anatomical structure of the root is relatively stable in response to a heterogeneous environment. The anatomical structural plasticity of X.strumarium confers growth advantages in various environments. Compared with X. sibiricum， X.strumarium has fine roots with more highly evolved anatomical structure and plasticity. This is an important factor in its efficient invasion strategy of high underground resource use with a low consumption cost. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and function analysis of MsPPR1 in alfalfa under drought stress Shao-peng WANG, Jia LIU, Jun HONG, Ji-zhen LIN, Yi ZHANG, Kun SHI, Zan WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (7): 49-60.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022425 Abstract （196）   HTML （15）    PDF （4774KB）（306）       Knowledge map    Save Drought is an important environmental factor affecting plant growth， development and yield. pentatricopeptide repeats （PPR） family proteins play important roles in plant growth， development， stress response and other physiological processes. In this study， an MsPPR1 gene was cloned from alfalfa （Medicago sativa） cv. Zhongmu No.1， and the drought resistance function of MsPPR1 was investigated through decreasing its expression in alfalfa using a virus induced gene silencing method and heterologous overexpression in tobacco （Nicotiana benthamiana）. It was found that the open reading frame contains 3213 bp， encoding 1070 amino acids， and the relative molecular weight of the encoded protein is 121.65 kDa. MsPPR1 is a typical member of the PPR protein family， containing multiple PPR repeat domains and locating in the cytoplasm. MsPPR1 was expressed most in leaves， followed by stems and roots， and least in flowers and induced by drought， mannitol and abscisic acid treatments. The expression of MsPPR1 was decreased by the virus induced gene silencing technology in alfalfa， and decrease of MsPPR1 expression significantly reduced the drought resistance of the plants. The MsPPR1-silenced plants were more wilted， the relative water content was significantly reduced， and the relative electrolyte permeability was significantly increased. The heterologous overexpression of MsPPR1 in tobacco enhanced the drought resistance of transgenic tobacco， while the malondialdehyde content significantly decreased and the proline content increased. This study indicates that MsPPR1 is a positive regulatory factor of alfalfa drought resistance and provides a candidate gene for molecular breeding of alfalfa for drought resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative and nutrient characteristics of dominant species in different age classes on the Loess Plateau of Eastern Gansu Cheng-xia ZHANG, Le-ta WA, Xiao-ming MOU, Sheng-hua CHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 61-70.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022212 Abstract （194）   HTML （6）    PDF （2486KB）（88）       Knowledge map    Save The aim of this study was to determine the quantitative characteristics of a plant population， including different age classes， to explore how it adapts to interference by environmental factors and livestock grazing. Previous studies on the quantitative characteristics of plant population in grassland lack age-level data. In this study， we determined the quantitative characters and nutrient characteristics of a three species plant clusters （Stipa bungeana， Lespedeza davurica， and Artemisia capillaris） in the typical steppe of the Loess Plateau， and separated the plant population into different age classes. It was found that： 1） The quantitative characters of the three plants were weakly influenced in the 6th and 11th years by rotational grazing； 2） The three plant species were ranked， from weakest to strongest influence of grazing on the plant cluster characteristics at each age class， as follows： A. capillaris<S. bungeana and L. davurica. The plant cluster characteristics of the three plant species increased with age class in two grazing years. The crown width and base diameter of L. davurica and the crown width， base diameter， and tiller number of S. bungeana were lower in the juvenile age class than in the other age classes. 3） The phosphorus content in S. bungeana was lower in the juvenile age class than in the reproductive and presenile+senile age classes， but higher in the juvenile age class than in the older age classes of L. davurica and A. capillaris. In the three plant species， the crude protein content was lower in the presenile+senile age class than in the juvenile and reproductive age classes， while the acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents were lower in the juvenile and reproductive age classes than in the presenile+senile age class. The contents of phosphorus， calcium， potassium， and magnesium in each age class were lower in S. bungeana than in L. davurica and A. capillaris. These results show that age classes can be effectively determined by the characteristics of tillers or branches and the “hollowing” （bald spots in the clusters） of species. The quantitative characters of these plants remained relatively stable under rotational grazing on the Loess Plateau， and the effect of livestock grazing on plant quantitative characteristics depended mainly on the age class. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on vigor estimation for forage seeds Qi-bo TAO, Xi-hu QIE, Qian ZHANG, Yu-xuan GAO, Ya-qi ZHANG, Rui-zhen ZHANG, Xiao-fei CHEN, Tian-xiu NIU, Xiao-tong SUN, Yu-ting NIE, Ya-ru LIU, Jia-qi HU, Shang-zhi ZHONG, Juan SUN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 200-225.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023007 Abstract （194）   HTML （11）    PDF （827KB）（370）       Knowledge map    Save High-quality forage seeds are fundamental materials for grass-husbandry industry development and ecological restoration in China. Seed vigor is an important aspect of evaluate seed quality. The efficient vigor estimation of forage seeds is of great importance for selection of high-quality seed lots for cultivated grassland establishment and improvement of natural grassland， and is therefore critical to ensuring food and ecological security. Numerous studies on diverse forage seed vigor estimation methods and their ability to predict field performance have been carried out and published. In this study， the concepts and methodologies for forage seed vigor estimation are summarized， with particular emphasis on the estimation principles and their application in forage seed vigor estimation of some of the more commonly used methods. Coverage of this review includes forage seed physical properties， germination and seedling growth characteristics， stress testing， physiological and biochemical indicators， and advanced technologies. Future prospects in this field are also identified and discussed， to provide necessary direction for the improvement of future research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Species diversity and phylogenetic diversity in Bayinbrook alpine grasslands： elevation gradient distribution patterns and drivers Zi-li LYU, Bin LIU, Feng CHANG, Zi-jing MA, Qiu-mei CAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (7): 12-22.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022328 Abstract （192）   HTML （13）    PDF （1322KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save Coastal gradient studies of plant community species diversity and phylogenetic diversity can clarify the influence of environmental conditions on community construction and can provide insight into community construction mechanisms. This research studied the trends in plant community species diversity and phylogenetic diversity and their environmental drivers along an altitude gradient from 2200-3000 m. a.s.l. in Bayinbrook alpine meadow， to explore the influence of environmental factors in the processes of species coexistence and diversity maintenance in community construction. It was found that： 1） With increase in altitude， the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson diversity index of the community showed a unimodal change trend， with peaks at 2400 and 2600 m， respectively. The community Pielou uniformity index showed a gradual downward trend； the PD index showed a downward trend as a whole， and the phylogenetic structure gradually changed from a dispersed status to an aggregated status. 2） The phylogenetic structure indexes NTI and NRI showed a significant negative correlation with the species diversity index （P<0.05）， and the PD index and species diversity index showed a significant positive correlation （P<0.05）. 3） The degree of influence of various soil factors on different diversity indices differed； NH4+-N content was the main factor affecting species diversity and phylogenetic indexes， followed by total potassium content. Soil total nitrogen content had significant effects on NTI （P<0.05）. NRI was significantly affected by total potassium content （P<0.05）， the phylogenetic impact index PD was significantly affected by total phosphorus （P<0.05）， and species diversity index was significantly affected by pH （P<0.01）. The species diversity and phylogenetic diversity of coastal altitude gradient communities are interrelated， and the two show different response strategies along the altitude gradient due to the influence of environmental factors. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of phosphorus application and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on alfalfa yield and phosphorus use efficiency Xiao-xia AN, Ying-ying ZHANG, Chun-hui MA, Man LI, Qian-bing ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 71-84.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022251 Abstract （188）   HTML （10）    PDF （1430KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the effects of phosphorus application and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on dry matter yield， phosphorus content and soil alkaline phosphatase activity （AKP） of alfalfa， the soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus of alfalfa under different inoculation and phosphorus application regimes were analyzed. The relationship between alfalfa dry matter yield and inoculation and phosphorus application and the relationship between yield and various other indicators were further clarified. In this experiment， a two-factor completely randomized design was adopted. Four inoculation treatments were included： Single inoculation with Funneliformis mosseaes （Fm， T1）， Glomus etunicatum （Ge， T2）， double inoculation （Fm×Ge， T3） and no fungal treatment （CK， T0）. As the second factor， four phosphorus application levels were included： P2O5 0 （P0）， 50 （P1）， 100 （P2）， 150 （P3） mg·kg-1 making a total of 16 treatments defining the fungus-phosphorus interaction. Each treatment was repeated 10 times. It was found that： 1） With the same inoculation treatment， the dry matter yield， phosphorus content of leaves， stems and roots， soil pH value and alkaline phosphatase activity of alfalfa all initially increased first and then decreased with increasing phosphorus application. All reached the maximum value in the P2 treatment， and the yield of the alfalfa P fertilization treatment was significantly greater than the no P fertilization treatment （P<0.05）. The content of available phosphorus and total phosphorus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil increased gradually with increasing phosphorus application rate， and the agronomic efficiency of alfalfa phosphorus fertilizer showed a decreasing trend with increase in phosphorus application rate. 2） With the same inoculation treatment， dry matter yield， phosphorus content of plant leaves， stems and roots， rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil available phosphorus， total phosphorus content， phosphorus use efficiency， soil alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly greater than that of uninoculated treatment （P<0.05）， and the soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents were maximised in the T3 treatment. The pH value of soil in the double inoculation treatment was significantly lower than that in the uninoculated treatment （P<0.05）， and reached the minimum value in the T3 treatment. Based on these results， the phosphorus application （P2O5） treatment of 100 mg·kg-1， coupled with the mixed inoculation of the two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could could be recommended and this treatment effectively promoted the absorption of available phosphorus in the soil by the roots of alfalfa plants， improved the efficiency of phosphorus use， and enhanced dry matter yield in alfalfa. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of enclosure and long-term mowing on vegetative reproduction characteristics of Leymus chinensis and Arundinella hirta populations in the Songnen Grassland， China Ji FENG, Zhi-kuo LIU, Hai-yan LI, Yun-fei YANG, Jian GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 50-60.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022203 Abstract （187）   HTML （11）    PDF （1599KB）（136）       Knowledge map    Save Vegetative reproduction is one of the main ways in which clonal grasses regenerate their populations. It is useful to determine the potential population that can be regenerated to predict the spatial structure and dynamics of the population. Enclosure and long-term mowing can directly or indirectly affect plant growth and reproductive strategies. In this study， we compared and analyzed the composition， size， and vegetative propagation capacity of potential populations generated by tillers and rhizomes of the common dominant species Leymus chinensis and the accompanying species Arundinella hirta under enclosure and long-term mowing treatments in the Songnen Grassland. It was found that the potential populations of the two grasses under enclosure and long-term mowing were composed of buds and juvenile tillers derived from tillers and rhizomes. The potential populations of L. chinensis and A. hirta were composed of three and two age classes， respectively. The first age class accounted for the highest proportion of the potential population. Compared with enclosure， long-term mowing significantly promoted the output of buds from tillers and rhizomes of both grasses， and this promotion effect was stronger for L. chinensis than for A. hirta. The number of juvenile tillers produced by tillers and rhizomes of L. chinensis was significantly higher than in A. hirta under both enclosure and long-term mowing. Long-term mowing significantly promoted the potential population increase of L. chinensis， but was not conducive to the formation of an A. hirta potential population. Long-term mowing promoted the vegetative propagation capacity， but not to a significant level. The vegetative reproduction strategy of L. chinensis under enclosure was to produce a large number of buds and some juvenile tillers to enhance the potential population. Its vegetative reproductive strategy under long-term mowing was to produce a large number of juvenile tillers to grow into tillers after successfully overwintering. The vegetative reproduction strategy of A. hirta under enclosure was to produce buds only， while that under long-term mowing was to produce a similar proportion of buds and juvenile tillers. Overall， L. chinensis and A. hirta populations had the same adaptive characteristics， in that young age-class tillers and rhizomes had a high vegetative propagation capacity under enclosure and long-term mowing， and the formation of juvenile tillers was promoted under long-term mowing. At the same time， differences in the vegetative propagation strategies of L. chinensis and A. hirta appear to explain why L. chinensis is the dominant species and A. hirta is the accompanying species in this study area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of grazing exclusion on soil organic carbon and stoichiometry characteristics of soil microbial biomass in sagebrush desert Si-yuan LI, Yu-xuan CUI, Zong-jiu SUN, Hui-xia LIU, Hua-wei YE Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 58-70.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022267 Abstract （187）   HTML （12）    PDF （5321KB）（150）       Knowledge map    Save This research aimed to clarify soil microbial biomass eco-stoichiometry characteristics in desert montane grassland in the years following grazing exclusion. Soil organic carbon accumulation and its relationship in degraded desert grassland to soil organic carbon （SOC）， soil microbial biomass carbon （MBC）， nitrogen （MBN）， phosphorus （MBP）and their stoichiometric ratios were analyzed in the 0-50 cm soil layer of sagebrush desert grasslands from Xinyuan， Bole， Manasi， Hutubi and Qitai counties on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains for 4-7 years following grazing exclusion. The relationships between soil organic carbon （SOC）， soil MBC， MBN， MBP and their stoichiometric ratios were analyzed by structural equation modeling （SEM）. It was found that the SOC content of sagebrush desert grassland in the 0-50 cm soil horizon after grazing exclusion was significantly reduced by 15.52% compared with the control （P<0.05）， while the overall changes of soil MBC， MBN， MBP， MBC∶MBN， MBC∶MBP and MBN∶MBP were not significant. SOC was significantly positively correlated with MBC， MBN， and MBP （P<0.01）， and negatively correlated with MBC∶MBN and MBC∶MBP， and the relationship between SOC and MBN∶MBP changed from significantly positive to negative after grazing exclusion （P<0.01）. SEM showed that soil MBC， MBN， MBP and their stoichiometric ratios data directly explained 46% of data variation for SOC accumulation， and MBN had the strongest effect on soil organic carbon （P<0.001）， while grazing exclusion reduced the effect of soil MBC and MBN on soil organic carbon accumulation and increased the direct effect of soil MBP. In conclusion， the effects of 4-7 years of grazing exclusion on soil microbial biomass eco-stoichiometry characteristics of sagebrush desert grassland were not significant， and MBN was the most influential determining factor for soil organic carbon accumulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An evaluation of drought resistance of five forage legumes based on a quantile model Zhan-jun WANG, Bo JI, Tong JI, Qi JIANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 187-199.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021048 Abstract （187）   HTML （26）    PDF （4190KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save This research systematically analyzed the suitable water conditions for forage growth in order to screen high-quality drought resistant forages for arid areas. Five perennial leguminous forages （Astragalus melilotoides， Lespedeza potaninii， Lespedeza davurica， Coronilla varia， and Astragalus cicer） were studied， and agronomic traits （number of green leaves and plant height） were systematically analyzed. The trade-off relationship between plant growth and soil moisture supply， using the RMSD （root mean square distance） for plant size and soil moisture content as quantile model variables to determine the soil moisture threshold needed to maintain normal growth of plants， while recording a multivariate score of physiological indicators under drought stress. This drought resistance evaluation showed that： 1） The higher the drought stress， the greater the negative impact on the chlorophyll and plant height of the forage； However， a moderate drought can promote the growth and development of the forage. 2） With respect to the tolerance of different forages to drought stress， differences were found in the degree and scope of exposure， with the soil moisture thresholds of plant green leaves number for A. melilotoides， L. potaninii and A. cicer being 17%， 10% and 5%， respectively， while the soil moisture thresholds of plant height are A. melilotoides， 16%； L. potaninii， 14% and A. cicer 10% and quantile models for other variables failed the significance test. 3） From the evaluation and analysis of seven physiological indicators， the drought resistance of the five leguminous forage species was ranked： L. potaninii>L. davurica>C. varia>A. cicer>A. melilotoides. 4） Based on the combination of soil water content threshold and drought physiological evaluation， the selection of L. potaninii for severe drought can be used as the selective pasture for severe drought， and L. potaninii for moderate drought can be used as the selective pasture for moderate drought. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in research on the interactions among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi， rhizobia， and plants Hai-xia DUAN, Qian SHI, Sheng-ping KANG, Hai-qing GOU, Chong-liang LUO, You-cai XIONG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (5): 166-182.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023225 Abstract （186）   HTML （13）    PDF （1282KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） and rhizobia play crucial roles in plant productivity， microbial community structure， and soil quality. As such， they are key organisms for achieving sustainable ecosystem development. Over time， a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship develops between AMF and rhizobia， and this relationship is essential for effective biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption. Such effective symbioses reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers， thereby facilitating sustainable agricultural practices. However， studies have shown that various environmental factors can hinder the formation of symbiotic relationships between AMF and rhizobia. Therefore， it is necessary to systematically explore the mechanism of the AMF-rhizobia interaction and the factors that affect it. On the basis of a literature review and qualitative comparative analysis， we described the process and mechanism by which plant roots released exudates to stimulate rhizobia and AMF to produce nodulation factors and mycorrhizal factors， thereby activating signaling pathways involved in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between rhizobia-AMF and plants. This review summarized the results of research on the synergism and interaction between AMF-rhizobia and plants， and the biological and abiotic factors affecting the AMF-rhizobia symbiosis and interactions. We highlighted the current gaps in knowledge related to the mechanisms of the symbiotic relationships among AMF， rhizobia， and plants， and discussed the reasons for the slow development of microbial fertilizers. Finally， we discussed future research directions at the theoretical， technical， and application levels. Further research will provide novel ideas and methods for using AMF and rhizobia to promote sustainable agricultural development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Economic cost assessment of global invasive plants Guang-hua ZHAO, Ming-long GAO, Duo WANG, Shi-qi FAN, Jian TANG, Kuo SUN, Xuan-ye WEN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (5): 16-24.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023220 Abstract （185）   HTML （41）    PDF （2111KB）（264）       Knowledge map    Save Among invasive species， plants comprise the most diverse and numerous biological groups. Assessing the economic cost of invasive plants is an important part of risk management and is essential for the development of policies for control or eradication. In this study， based on the InvaCost database， we assessed the economic costs of global invasive plants from 1970 to 2017. The main results were as follows： 1） The conservative economic cost of invasive plants from 1970 to 2017 was 194.365 billion U.S. dollars （USD）， 4.049 billion USD per year on average， of which the direct economic loss amounted to 100.468 billion USD， accounting for 51.69% of the total. 2） Among 64 countries and regions， the United States has borne the highest economic costs， followed by Australia， and China ranks third with costs of 20.831 billion USD （equivalent to 140.707 billion RMB）. Notably， Eichhornia crassipes has been the most expensive invasive plant species globally， with the costs of its damage exceeding the combined costs of invasive plants ranking 5th to 10th. 3） Over the past five decades， the economic cost of invasive plants has shown an upward trend. Model estimates suggest that the possible cost of invasive plants in 2017 ranged from 3.438 billion to 10.452 billion USD， with the highest confidence value being 7.725 billion USD. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the severity of invasive plant threats and provide a scientific basis for more proactive invasive plant management in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of exogenous melatonin on root development and physiological and biochemical characteristics of maize seedlings under drought stress Ying JIANG, Hui-hong ZHANG, Chang WEI, Zheng-yang XU, Ying ZHAO, Fang LIU, Ge-zi LI, Xue-hai ZHANG, Hai-tao LIU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (9): 143-159.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022480 Abstract （185）   HTML （17）    PDF （7533KB）（171）       Knowledge map    Save This research studied the effect of spraying exogenous melatonin on drought resistance of maize seedlings， and explored the mechanism of melatonin alleviation of drought stress in maize variety Zhengdan 985. A hydroponic experiment was conducted， using polyethylene glycol （PEG-6000） to simulate drought stress. The effects of melatonin at different concentrations （0， 10， 50， 100 μmol·L-1； MT0， MT10， MT50， MT100， respectively） on the growth， root configuration and diameter characteristics， photosynthetic characteristics， antioxidant capacity and osmotic content of maize seedlings under drought stress were studied. Multivariate analysis of the maize seedling drought resistance under the various treatments was undertaken using the subordinate function value method. Compared with the treatment without melatonin， spraying 50 μmol·L-1 melatonin had the best effect， and significantly increased plant height， aboveground fresh and dry weight， underground fresh and dry weight， stem tolerance index and root tolerance index of the seedlings. The total root length （RL）， root surface area （SA）， root volume （RV） and root tip number （RT） of maize seedlings were also increased significantly by melatonin application. The RL of the finest diameter category （0-0.5 mm） and the SA and RV of the second diameter category （0.5-1.0 mm）， were also significantly increased. Across the treatments， the proportions of total RL and SA （82.40% and 47.32%， respectively） in the （0-0.5 mm） diameter range were highest in the 50 μmol·L-1 melatonin treatment. In this treatment， compared to the control， shoot malondialdehyde （MDA） levels were decreased by 20.17% （P<0.05）， shoot soluble protein content was maximized， the soluble protein content of underground parts was increased by 49.14%， and leaf photosynthetic rate （Pn） and stomatal conductance （Gs） were increased by 85.83% and 32.81%， respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） in shoots and underground organs were also significantly increased. The order of drought resistance of the four treatments under drought stress was MT50>MT10>MT100>MT0. Exogenous application of 50 μmol·L-1 melatonin effectively regulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes and osmotic regulation in the aboveground and underground parts of maize seedlings， reduced the MDA content， increased the photosynthetic capacity， and beneficially regulated the soluble protein content， ascorbate （AsA） content， glutathione （GSH） content， SOD activity， POD activity， APX activity and CAT activity in the aboveground and underground parts of maize seedlings. The biomass and elongation of maize seedlings were increased， the detrimental effect of drought stress on root configuration was reduced， and the drought resistance of maize seedlings was improved. These results provide a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of melatonin alleviation of drought stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of hybrid turf strengthening methods on the quality and safety performance of football field turf Wei-hao DOU, Gui-long SONG, Lie-bao HAN, Jia-bao CHEN, Xiao-hui YANG, Yong-qiang QIAN, Bo-kun ZOU, Yu-feng CHEN, Xiao-hong LIANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (8): 104-114.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022377 Abstract （185）   HTML （10）    PDF （4997KB）（178）       Knowledge map    Save Reinforced hybrid turf is one of the most effective turf construction technologies to improve the quality and sports performance of football field turf. Reinforced hybrid turf is divided into three types： Fiber-reinforced hybrid turf， carpet hybrid turf， and stitched hybrid turf. In this study， natural turf （control， CK）， fiber-reinforced hybrid turf （sand+0.4% coconut fibre）， carpet hybrid turf， and plant fibre hybrid turf were subjected to a long-term sustained moderate traffic treatment， and their apparent quality， playing quality， and safety performance were evaluated and compared. The three kinds of reinforced hybrid turfs performed better than did CK， but to varying degrees. The apparent quality and sports performance of the reinforced turfs were better than those of CK， indicating that reinforcement can effectively slow down the decline in the apparent quality and sports quality of turf under sustained moderate traffic. Among the various turfs， the stitched hybrid turf performed better in terms of turf coverage， turf rotation friction， and rebound performance； And the fiber hybrid turf performed better in terms of normalized difference vegetation index， turf density， turf surface hardness， and head injury criterion. Compared with CK， the carpet hybrid turf performed better in terms of turf density， rotational friction， and rebound performance， but these effects were not significant or stable. The results show that these three kinds of reinforced hybrid turf are effective solutions to improve and stabilize the apparent quality and playing quality of turf. The use of appropriate reinforced hybrid turf will ensure that turf safety performance meets the relevant international standards and requirements. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Seed-borne bacterial diversity of oat and functional analysis based on Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing Zhen-fen ZHANG, Rong HUANG, Xiang-yang LI, Bo YAO, Gui-qin ZHAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (7): 96-108.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022427 Abstract （183）   HTML （17）    PDF （5568KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save In this study， the high-throughput sequencing analysis method was used to analyze the difference in bacterial abundance， alpha diversity， beta diversity and species composition of bacterial communities in seven oat varieties from different regions. The PICRUSt and FAPROTAX functional prediction methods were used to analyze the differences in abundance among the seed-borne bacteria in various bands. The results showed： 1） A total of 5187 bacterial OTUs were obtained from the seven oat varieties， mainly belonging to 33 phyla， 180 orders and 435 genera. 2） Based on the abundance and annotation information of the OTUs， we found that Proteobacteria， Chloroflexbacteria， Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in the bacterial communities of the seven oat varieties. At the order level， the most abundant groups were Rickettsiales and Sphingomonadales. Dominant genera were Sphingomonas， Solibacter and Pseudarthrobacter. 3） The results of α diversity and β diversity analysis suggest that the bacterial community diversity and community structure of different oat varieties were quite different. Notably， variety LXY-5 had the largest alpha diversity. Additionally， LEFSe analysis further showed that the biomarkers differed by species for different oat cultivars. 4） The functional prediction analysis using PICRUSt and FAPROTAX showed that the bacterial community in the oat seed samples mainly comprised three metabolic categories： metabolism， organic systems and human diseases， which could be classified into 42 KEGG and 24 COG secondary metabolic pathways. Moreover， a total of 52 metabolic pathways were obtained after FAPROTAX functional annotation. This study provides a theoretical basis for clarifying the diversity of the bacterial load of oat seed， and potentially can contribute to development of new genetic resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese grassland insurance development model， practical difficulties and system construction Tao QIN, Cai-xia ZHU, Jian-he WANG, Jin ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 226-246.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022471 Abstract （182）   HTML （7）    PDF （5348KB）（318）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland is an important ecological security barrier， animal husbandry base and carbon reservoir carrier in China， and building a risk guarantee system with grassland insurance as the core is of great value for protecting the grassland ecological environment， promoting rural revitalization in pastoral areas and achieving the ‘dual carbon’ goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060，and it plays a key role in global climate governance. Through literature review and qualitative comparative analysis， it is found that the United States， Canada and France， among others， have established different forms of grassland product insurance systems， with index insurance as the core mechanism to transfer forage risks. However， Chinese grassland insurance is currently in the exploration stages. A current pilot phase， has not yet established a product system that is aligned with Chinese national conditions. During the pilot work， many constraints have emerged. There are some difficulties in collecting premiums， the promotion of the system lacks uniformity， the product supply power is insufficient， there is no theoretical basis for determination of premium rates， and the cost of determining loss claims is too high. Therefore， China needs to improve the grassland insurance policy system and product system as soon as possible， and build a linkage mechanism for central and local premium subsidies. Improvement of the multi-level disaster risk protection system and innovation introduction should include： The development model of a “comprehensive insurance+index insurance”； Development of diversified insurance products to meet the diversified risk management needs of insured entities； Promotion of the process of grassland risk zoning and rate determination， and establishing a differentiated dynamic pricing mechanism； Formulation of unified technical standards for survey and loss assessment； Improvement of the underwriting claim mechanism； Improvement of the level of grassland insurance technology and enhancement of the innovation level； And increase in the service capabilities of insurance products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Grassland investigation， monitoring and evaluation： international experience and insight Ya-xian ZHANG, Jiang-wen FAN, Sui-zi WANG, Hai-yan ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 203-213.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022273 Abstract （179）   HTML （10）    PDF （686KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland investigation， monitoring and evaluation （GIME） is the foundation for understanding the current situation and development dynamics of grassland resources. China’s GIME system has problems of a weak foundation， slow update and tardy development， which lead to an obscure information base and unclear definition of trends relating to grassland resources in China. Therefore the need for more sophiticated management of grassland can’t be met. The wider management of China’s grassland resource is at the stage of institutional reform and functional transformation. Based on experience from countries that possess abundant grassland resources， optimization and refinement of a GIME system would be conducive to the improvement of national grassland oversight. This study systematically summarizes the experience from construction of GIME systems in America， Canada and Australia and this experience offers valuable guidance for development of grassland supervision systems in China. International experience implies that certain practices， such as implementing multi-time scale fine monitoring， setting ample monitoring indicators， researching and applying advanced technologies， building a field observatory network， developing an integrated data management platform and a mechanism of data sharing， expanding the application range of outcomes， forming professional technical teams， and encouraging public participation， will better fulfill demands for multi-objective and more sophisticated grassland management for different stakeholders， and as such which deserve widespread promotion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics