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草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11): 81-97.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024479

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于高分辨质谱法的甘肃青贮紫花苜蓿真菌毒素污染特征

唐璎(), 刘晓静()   

  1. 甘肃农业大学草业学院,草业生态系统教育部重点实验室,甘肃省草业工程实验室,中-美草地畜牧业可持续发展研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03 修回日期:2025-03-03 出版日期:2025-11-20 发布日期:2025-10-09
  • 通讯作者: 刘晓静
  • 作者简介:E-mail: liuxj@gsau.edu.cn
    唐璎(1986-),女,甘肃兰州人,在读博士。E-mail: tangying8642@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32171674);兰州市人才创新创业项目(2023-RC-40);甘肃省科技厅重点研发项目(20YF8NA130)

Characteristics of mycotoxin contamination in silage alfalfa from Gansu as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry

Ying TANG(), Xiao-jing LIU()   

  1. College of Pratacultural Science,Gansu Agricultural University,Key Laboratory of Pratacultural Ecosystem,Ministry of Education,Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province,Sino-US Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability,Lanzhou 730070,China
  • Received:2024-12-03 Revised:2025-03-03 Online:2025-11-20 Published:2025-10-09
  • Contact: Xiao-jing LIU

摘要:

为了解甘肃省内青贮紫花苜蓿饲料中真菌毒素污染状况,本研究采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS),通过优化色谱、质谱条件,选择凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography, GPC)与固相萃取(solid-phase extraction, SPE)双重净化模式降低基质效应,对甘肃省内14个地(州、市)84个取样点的青贮紫花苜蓿饲料中18种真菌毒素进行了检测。结果显示:本研究中优化后的UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS可一次性精准检验青贮紫花苜蓿中18种真菌毒素。甘肃省内青贮紫花苜蓿中检出率较高的真菌毒素分别是黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1, AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(aflatoxin B2, AFB2)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、伏马毒素B1(fumonisin B1, FB1)、伏马毒素B2(fumonisin B2, FB2)、伏马毒素B3(fumonisin B3, FB3)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN),并且在样品检出了隐蔽型真菌毒素D3G(deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, D3G)和15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ACDON)。在84个取样点中,文县、陇县地区青贮紫花苜蓿样本中检出了18种真菌毒素,其中AFB1、赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)、T-2毒素(T-2 toxin, T-2)、DON、FB1、FB2、ZEN的含量显著超出参考限值(P<0.05);平凉、庆阳、天水、定西、白银、兰州地区青贮紫花苜蓿样本中共有17种真菌毒素检出,主要以AFB1、AFB2、黄曲霉毒素G1(aflatoxin G1, AFG1)、黄曲霉毒素M1(aflatoxin M1, AFM1)、DON、FB1、FB2、FB3、ZEN、D3G、15-ACDON为主,其中部分地区AFB1、DON、FB1这3种真菌毒素含量超出参考限值;武威、金昌、张掖、酒泉青贮紫花苜蓿样本中检出9种真菌毒素,以AFB1、DON、FB1、ZEN为主,且均未超出参考限值;甘南迭部县、夏河县、临夏积石山县的青贮紫花苜蓿中未检出任何18种真菌毒素。甘肃境内的青贮紫花苜蓿中真菌毒素含量和种类呈明显的区域性特征,本研究建立的UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS可大通量、高精度一次性检验青贮紫花苜蓿中18种真菌毒素,尤其是能准确检测容易漏检的隐蔽型真菌毒素。通过Pearson相关性和冗余分析发现,青贮期平均气温和海拔是影响青贮紫花苜蓿中真菌毒素含量及种类的重要因素,其解释度分别达59.70%和31.20%。

关键词: 甘肃, 紫花苜蓿, 青贮, 真菌毒素, 关联性分析

Abstract:

This study employed ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry with optimized chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS), to investigate the contamination status of mycotoxins in silage alfalfa from Gansu Province. By optimizing chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions and adopting a dual purification mode of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) to reduce matrix effects, mycotoxin levels in silage alfalfa samples from 84 sampling sites in 14 regions of Gansu Province were analysed. The results indicated that the optimized UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS developed in this study could accurately and simultaneously detect 18 mycotoxins in silage alfalfa, namely: aflatoxins B1 and B2, G1 and G2 and M1 and M2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1 and AFM2, respectively), ochratoxins A, B and C (OTA, OTB and OTC, respectively), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), fuminosin B1, B2 and B3 (FB1, FB2 and FB3, respectively), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol-3-glycoside (D3G) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ACDON). The most frequently detected toxins included AFB1, AFB2, DON, FB1, FB2, FB3, and ZEN, along with masked toxins such as D3G and 15-ACDON. Among the 84 sampling sites, all 18 mycotoxins were detected in samples from Long County and Wen County, with AFB1, OTA, T-2, DON, FB1, FB2, and ZEN significantly exceeding reference tolerance limits (P<0.05). In Pingliang, Qingyang, Tianshui, Dingxi, Baiyin and Lanzhou, 17 mycotoxins were detected, primarily AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, DON, FB1, FB2, FB3, ZEN, D3G and 15-ACDON, with 3 mycotoxins (AFB1, DON, FB1) exceeding reference tolerance limits. In Wuwei, Jinchang, Zhangye, and Jiuquan, 9 toxins were detected, primarily AFB1, DON, FB1, and ZEN, all within reference tolerance limits. No mycotoxins were detected in samples from Diebu County, Xiahe County, Jishishan County in the Gannan and Linxia regions. This study demonstrates that the developed UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HEMS method enables high-throughput, highly accurate detection of 18 mycotoxins in silage alfalfa, including masked mycotoxins that are prone to being overlooked. Mycotoxin concentrations and types in Gansu ensiled alfalfa exhibited distinct regional characteristics. Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis revealed that average temperature during the ensiling period and altitude were the significant factors influencing mycotoxins content and types, with explanatory powers of 59.70% and 31.20%, respectively.

Key words: Gansu, alfalfa, silage, mycotoxins, association analysis