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Effects of different plastic film mulching cultivation models on yield, water use efficiency and quality of maize LI Shang-zhong, FAN Ting-lu, ZHAO Hui, LI Cheng-de, ZHAO Gui-bin, ZHAO Gang, DANG Yi, WANG Lei, ZHANG Jian-jun, TANG Xiao-ming, WANG Shu-ying, CHENG Wan-li Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2020, 29 (10): 182-191.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020073 Abstract （453）   HTML （4）    PDF （459KB）（3595）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of different plastic film mulching cultivation models on maize yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and quality, in order to provide reference data for cultivation of dryland maize with good quality and high-yield. Four planting systems were tested in this study: a control with no plastic film mulching (NM), and three configurations of plastic film mulching; narrow plastic film mulching (NF), wide plastic film mulching (WF), and full plastic film mulching on double ridges with planting in catchment furrows (FFDRF). These various systems have been developed in the northwest dryland region from the 1970s to the present. The four planting systems were compared for soil moisture in the 0-2 m depth before sowing and harvest, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, water use efficiency and crop quality index. It was found that for the NF, WF and FFDRF treatments, respectively, average dry matter accumulation increased by 5.5%, 11.2% and 21.9% compared with NM; yield increased by 12.1%, 18.6% and 31.3% compared with NM; WUE increased by 17.0%, 24.1% and 36.0% compared with NM; test weight increased by 2.7%, 1.9% and 1.8% compared with NM and protein content decreased by 0.17, 0.14 and 0.22 percent, compared with NM. The effects of different cultivation systems on content of the fat and starch were not significant. The data show that with the evolution of cultivation practice in the use of plastic film for dryland maize cropping, the moisture conservation for crop use and crop yield have increased with successive methodology developments, but the protein content of grain has decreased. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of MAPK in plant response to abiotic stress Xin-miao ZHANG, Guo-qiang WU, Ming WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (1): 182-197.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023090 Abstract （2630）   HTML （153）    PDF （1316KB）（4602）       Knowledge map    Save Mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） is a highly conserved serine/threonine （Ser/Thr） protein kinase， occurring widely in eukaryotic intermediate reaction pathways. Plant MAPK has 11 relatively conserved sub-domains， which are all essential elements for Ser/Thr protein kinase to play its catalytic role， and its expression is regulated by reactive oxygen species， nitric oxide and hormones. MAPK phosphorylates a variety of substrates including transcription factors， protein kinases and cytoskeleton related proteins， and plays an important role in regulating plant response to abiotic stresses （salt， drought， extreme temperature， and heavy metals）. In this review， we summarize the results of research on the discovery of plant MAPK family members， their structure and classification， regulatory mechanisms， and their roles in response to various abiotic stresses. We also propose directions for future research. The information in this review provides a theoretical basis and identifies genetic resources for the genetic improvement of crops to produce new， stress-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in studies of molecular mechanisms and applications of somatic cell regeneration during genetic transformation Yu-zhu LI, Jiang-di YU, Fei-fei DING, Jia-min MIAO, Xiao-ming BAI, Shang-li SHI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 198-211.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023147 Abstract （763）   HTML （33）    PDF （578KB）（4989）       Knowledge map    Save Plant genetic transformation is the key of transgenic technology， genome editing， functional genomics research and molecular breeding. Species and genotype differences are often the main bottlenecks limiting the efficiency of genetic transformation and the wide application of gene editing technology. With the molecular mechanism of de novo shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis being gradually explored， the growth and developmental regulatory genes involved in the synthesis， response and signal transduction of auxin and cytokinin in callus formation， proliferation and regeneration are used to improve genetic transformation efficiency. In this study， we first review the different ways and means of achieving somatic cell regeneration after genetic transformation， and the molecular mechanisms of regeneration for the transformed cells through indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Then， the application of regeneration-promoting genes related to auxin and cytokinin in improving regeneration efficiency， shortening transformation time， and realizing genetic transformation of recalcitrant species and genotypes was discussed. Finally， the potential for application of regeneration-promoting genes when working with transgenic and gene-edited cells were summarized and current research directions were discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and melatonin on the heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass Hong-jian WEI, Wen-yuan HE, Yue WANG, Ming TANG, Hui CHEN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (12): 126-138.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023129 Abstract （401）   HTML （12）    PDF （3376KB）（1128）       Knowledge map    Save High temperature stress is a major factor limiting the growth and development of cool-season grasses. To investigate the effects of individual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）， exogenous melatonin， and their combined application on the growth and heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass （Lolium perenne）， a pot experiment was conducted. The current research aimed to test and analyze the effects of AMF and exogenous melatonin treatments under high temperature stress on the growth of perennial ryegrass， endogenous melatonin levels and expression of its synthesis genes， antioxidant capacity， and content of osmotic adjustment substances. The results showed that high temperature stress significantly inhibited the growth of perennial ryegrass， while exogenous melatonin treatment increased the colonization rate of AMF in the roots of perennial ryegrass. Inoculation with AMF and/or melatonin treatments promoted the growth of perennial ryegrass under high temperature stress， increased the endogenous melatonin content in the roots of perennial ryegrass， upregulated the expression of melatonin synthesis genes， reduced relative electrical conductivity （EL）， malondialdehyde （MDA） content， and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity， and enhanced the activities of root antioxidant enzymes （SOD， POD， CAT， and APX） and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL）， as well as the content of flavonoids， proline， total phenols， soluble sugars， and betaine. Notably， the combined application of AMF and melatonin showed a synergistic effect in improving the heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass. In summary， inoculation with AMF and melatonin treatment upregulated the expression of melatonin synthesis genes in the roots of perennial ryegrass， increased the endogenous melatonin content， enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities， reduced oxidative damage， and improved osmotic adjustment capacity， thereby enhancing the heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification of the Beta vulgaris ABF （ BvABF） gene family and analysis of the expression pattern in sugar beet under ABA treatment Ya-jing MENG, Guo-qiang WU, Ming WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (9): 94-110.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023379 Abstract （346）   HTML （16）    PDF （4189KB）（1107）       Knowledge map    Save Abscisic acid （ABA）-responsive （ABRE） binding factor proteins （ABF） are a unique subfamily of bZIP transcription factor proteins in plants， and play important roles in ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways. To explore and identify the biological functions and expression patterns of the BvABF gene family in sugar beet （Beta vulgaris）， in the present study， the physicochemical properties， phylogeny， chromosomal localization， gene structure， conserved motifs， cis-acting elements， secondary structure and protein interaction network of BvABFs were predicted by bioinformatics methods， and their expression patterns in roots and leaves of sugar beet under 100 μmol·L-1 ABA treatments were analyzed by qRT-PCR. A total of six BvABF genes were identified in sugar beet， and divided into groups A， B， and C， all of which contained a bZIP region. The BvABF genes are located on chromosomes 1， 3， 6， 7， and 9， and they contain 3-4 exons. The identified BvABF proteins possess 4 conserved regions， C1， C2， C3， and C4， each containing potential phosphorylation sites （R-X-X-S/T）. The C-terminal region contains a basic region and four repeating heptapeptide repeats consisting of leucine residues. The promoter region of BvABFs contained multiple hormone and light responsive elements， with 4 genes containing an ABRE element. In addition， a myeloblastosis （MYB） binding site involved in drought-inducibility （MBS）， a low-temperature-responsive element and an anaerobic responsive element were also found among the BvABF genes. Furthermore， BvABF may interact with phosphorylation-related proteins （PP2CCNBD-X2， SRK2I， SRK2E-X1， and PP2C50） and ABA receptors （PYL2， PYL4， and PYR1）. The expression patterns of BvABF were further analyzed in different tissues of sugar beet under ABA treatment， and it was found that all the BvABF genes were induced and regulated by ABA both in the roots and leaves， while different gene members exhibited different expression patterns under ABA treatment. These results suggest that BvABFs play important roles in the response of the sugar beet crop to ABA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on vigor estimation for forage seeds Qi-bo TAO, Xi-hu QIE, Qian ZHANG, Yu-xuan GAO, Ya-qi ZHANG, Rui-zhen ZHANG, Xiao-fei CHEN, Tian-xiu NIU, Xiao-tong SUN, Yu-ting NIE, Ya-ru LIU, Jia-qi HU, Shang-zhi ZHONG, Juan SUN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 200-225.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023007 Abstract （564）   HTML （14）    PDF （827KB）（3242）       Knowledge map    Save High-quality forage seeds are fundamental materials for grass-husbandry industry development and ecological restoration in China. Seed vigor is an important aspect of evaluate seed quality. The efficient vigor estimation of forage seeds is of great importance for selection of high-quality seed lots for cultivated grassland establishment and improvement of natural grassland， and is therefore critical to ensuring food and ecological security. Numerous studies on diverse forage seed vigor estimation methods and their ability to predict field performance have been carried out and published. In this study， the concepts and methodologies for forage seed vigor estimation are summarized， with particular emphasis on the estimation principles and their application in forage seed vigor estimation of some of the more commonly used methods. Coverage of this review includes forage seed physical properties， germination and seedling growth characteristics， stress testing， physiological and biochemical indicators， and advanced technologies. Future prospects in this field are also identified and discussed， to provide necessary direction for the improvement of future research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Allelopathic effects of Rhus typhina tillering seedlings on seed germination and seedling growth of three common turf species Xiao-xi ZHANG, Jia-wei HU, Xing WANG, Jiang-wen LI, Kai-xuan LIU, Ling-su CHEN, Yu-xin DONG, Zi-quan WANG, Jin-qiang CHEN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (4): 47-59.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023204 Abstract （301）   HTML （13）    PDF （7201KB）（529）       Knowledge map    Save We aimed to clarify the allelopathic effects of Chinese sumac （Rhus typhina） seedlings on common turf species and the underlying mechanisms of such effects. Three common turf species， namely Trifolium repens， Festuca arundinacea， and Lolium perenne， were cultivated in sand， and were treated with aqueous extracts of the root， bark， and leaf of R. typhina tillering seedlings. Seed germination， seedling growth， and physiological traits such as chlorophyll content， root activity， and antioxidant indexes were measured for all of the turf species. Aqueous extracts of the root， bark， and leaf of R. typhina were prepared at three concentrations： 12.5， 25.0， and 50.0 g·L-1 （dry weight/volumewater）. A principal component analysis was used to calculate the integrated principal component value （F） based on the allelopathic effects of each extract on each index. These values were then used to assess the comprehensive inhibitory effects of each treatment on each turf species. The results indicated that the allelopathic effects of R. typhina extracts on the turf species were significantly affected by the organ the extract was prepared from， the concentration of the extract， and the type of turf species being treated， and there were significant interactions among these factors （P<0.05）. All T. repens seedlings died after being treated with any of the extracts at any concentration. The seed germination and seedling growth of F. arundinacea were significantly inhibited by the root， bark， and leaf extracts of R. typhina. The effect of the root extract did not change as its concentration increased， but the inhibitory effects of bark and leaf extracts increased as their concentrations increased， with the F value decreasing by 1.07-2.77. The leaf and bark extracts of R. typhina had stronger inhibitory effects on F. arundinacea than did the root extract at the same concentration， with F values 0.98-3.23 lower in the leaf and bark extract treatments than in the root extract treatments. The inhibitory effects of R. typhina root and bark extracts on L. perenne first increased and then decreased as their concentrations increased. However， the inhibitory effect of the R. typhina leaf extract continuously increased as its concentration increased， with the F value decreasing by 1.11. In addition， extracts from all organs exhibited greater inhibitory effects on L. perenne than on F. arundinacea， with F values that were 0.64-2.96 lower in L. perenne than in F. arundinacea. Generally， the leaf extracts had stronger inhibitory effects than the root and bark extracts at concentrations of 12.5 and 50.0 g·L-1， with F values that were 0.44-1.55 lower in the leaf extract treatments than in the root and bark extract treatments. However， the bark extract had a stronger inhibitory effect than the leaf and root extracts at a concentration of 25.0 g·L-1， with F values that were 0.51-0.69 lower in the bark extract treatments than in the leaf and root extract treatments. In conclusion， these results show that F. arundinacea is the most suitable of the three tested turf species to be planted under R. typhina， and T. repens should be avoided. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrieval of soil moisture information in Xinjiang using MODIS LI Hai-Xia, YANG Jing, CHEN Ya-Ning, HAO Xing-Ming Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2017, 26 (6): 16-27.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2016331 Abstract （1388）   HTML （10）    PDF （2051KB）（1390）       Knowledge map    Save MOD13A2, MOD11A2 and field measurements were utilized to study soil moisture variation in Xinjiang during May and June. Relationships between NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and Ts (Land Surface Temperature), and EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) and Ts were investigated. The spatial pattern of the temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) and influencing factors were analyzed. Results: (1) NDVI-Ts and EVI-Ts follow the classic triangle relationship. (2) Soil moisture in Xinjiang was mainly dominated by drought conditions (0.6<TVDI<0.8); Spatially, Alta, the middle slope area of the Tianshan Mountains, and the south slopes of the Kunlun Mountains are characterized by extremely wet conditions, while the north Junggar basin and southern Tarim Basin are dry. (3) The TVDI of forested land was lowest in May while the TVDI of grassland was lowest in June; soil moisture generally increased with elevation. (4) For regions with high vegetation coverage, EVI based TVDI is more suitable than NDVI based TVDI for drought monitoring. (5) The land surface temperature was better able to reflect drought conditions compared to vegetation index. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The response to different irrigation and fertilizer treatments of two tall fescues under heat and drought stress LUO Yong, HONG Ru, YANG Lie Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2011, 20 (1): 46-54.   Abstract （950）      PDF （1192KB）（2380）       Knowledge map    Save Tall fescue is a popular turfgrass species used in Chinese transition zones but it suffers from both heat and drought stress in summer. A field study was conducted at Hefei, Anhui, in 2009, to 1) assess the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilizer treatments on regulation of drought/high temperature stress tolerances of two tall fescues (Fie phoenix and Coalnaduo), 2) determine the optimum fertilizer and irrigation treatments that result in the most drought resistance and persistence of turfgrasses. 1) The stress resistance of tall fescue under different irrigation and fertilizer treatments significantly improved, MDA contents decreased, POD activity increased, chlorophyll contents were raised, relative water contents increased, tillers and leaves per unit area were higher, and moderate irrigation improved root growth. In addition, visible turf qualities were upgraded with different fertilizer and irrigation treatments; 2) Almost all the resistances of Fie phoenix were better than those of Coalnaduo, but the differences were not significant; 3) Both irrigation and fertilization significantly improved stress resistant, but the interaction effect between irrigation and fertilization was not significant. 4) B1C1 was the optimal irrigation and fertilization culture to increase stress resistance in summer; 5) The resistant mechanism for adaption to high temperate and drought stress in summer, differed in the various varieties and was favored by breeding/selecting and culture management in summer. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(9)

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Acta Prataculturae Sinica    DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20080521

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Weed community structure in fields of Astragalus membranaceus of different ages Yan REN, Sha LIU, Fu-song LIU, Dao-qing WANG, Fa-ming WU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (5): 34-41.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020208 Abstract （516）   HTML （13）    PDF （925KB）（1006）       Knowledge map    Save Weeds are the main biological factors that inhibit the growth， development， yield， and quality of medicinal plants. Astragalus membranaceus is a perennial medicinal plant， and the structure of the weed community structure in fields of this species evolves continuously during its growth. We conducted field surveys and found 66 species of weeds belonging to 24 families and 59 genera in A. membranaceus fields. Members of the Compositae and Leguminosae were the most abundant， with 10 species in each family. The dominant weed species were Agropyron cristatum， Setaria viridis， Corispermum mongolicum， Convolvulus arvensis， and Ixeris polycephala. The weed community structure differed among fields of A. membranaceus plants of different ages. In fields of annual A. membranaceus， the weed community had low values for richness， the Shannon-Wiener index， and the Pielou index （32， 1.71， 0.49）， a high value of Simpson’s index （0.372）， and large biomass. In a field of 10-year-old A. membranaceus， the weed community had high values of the Shannon-Wiener index （3.14） and Pielou index （0.82）， a low value of Simpson’s index （0.068）， and the community structure tended to be stable. The weed community structure was similar among fields of similarly aged A. membranaceus plants， especially 3-to 5-year-old plants Sorenson’s index （0.828）. With increasing age of A. membranaceus plants， the dominant species in the weed community changed from annual seed plants to perennial small herbs to perennial large herbs/small shrubs， and the main species of community-building plants changed from C. mongolicum to A. cristatum to Achnatherum inebrians and Artemisia frigida. We detected two main modes of weed propagation in A. membranaceus fields： The guerrilla warfare mode of seed propagation exemplified by C. mongolicum； And the base area mode of rhizome propagation exemplified by A. cristatum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Techniques of N 2O emission reduction in farmland and their synergistic application with green manure Rui LIU, Dan-na CHANG, Guo-peng ZHOU, Song-juan GAO, Qiang CHAI, Wei-dong CAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2025, 34 (2): 196-210.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024111 Abstract （429）   HTML （18）    PDF （935KB）（1387）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrous oxide （N2O） is one of four the main gases linked to global warming， and agricultural production is the largest anthropogenic source of N2O emissions. N2O mainly originates from nitrification and denitrification processes in soil and is predominantly influenced by soil pH value， O2 concentration， CO2 concentration， moisture， texture， temperature， and exogenous carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） input. In recent years， China has achieved remarkable results in using green manure to reduce chemical N fertilizer application and drive soil health. However， study of the role of green manure in N2O emission is still in the early stages. The impact of planting and incorporating green manure on soil N2O emission depends on factors such as the varieties of green manure and the physicochemical properties of the soil. Among them， the influence on soil mineral N is the greatest factor. Generally， green manure can efficiently absorb soil mineral N in the fallow period， and its incorporation into the soil can reduce chemical N fertilizer application， thus decreasing N2O emission. However， green manure releases large amounts of N during its decomposition， which may increase soil N2O emissions. Combined with appropriate N2O emission reduction approaches， N2O emission in green manure-based systems can be reduced according to planting systems， crop varieties， climate conditions and soil types. In southern China’s rice-green manure rotation area， chemical N could be reduced by 40%， when adding alkaline amendments such as biochar. In northern China’s main crop-green manure rotation area， chemical N could be reduced by 15%-20%， through adding chemical inhibitors and combining mechanical deep application of chemical N fertilizers. For main crops rotated or intercropped with green manure systems in Northeast and Northwest China， chemical N could be reduced by 13%-48%， by adding nitrification inhibitors， with integrated water-fertilizer management practices and no-tillage. In main crops rotated with green manure systems of Southwest China， chemical N could be reduced by 15%-20%， through techniques such as slow-release fertilization， use of chemical inhibitors， and others. In this study we have focused on the feasibility of N2O emission reduction by combining green manure practices and exogenous reduction approaches to N2O emission， to provide practical guidance for reducing N2O emission in green manure-based systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impacts of desertification and artificial revegetation on soil bacterial communities in alpine grassland Ya-ni WANG, Yi-gang HU, Zeng-ru WANG, Yi-kang LI, Zhen-hua ZHANG, Hua-kun ZHOU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (5): 26-39.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021120 Abstract （634）   HTML （31）    PDF （4934KB）（2220）       Knowledge map    Save Characteristics of the soil microbial communities indicate the health of grasslands and quality of the environment. To elucidate the effects of desertification and artificial revegetation on the respective soil bacterial communities， four alpine grassland types including natural grassland （NG）， desertified grassland （DG）， grass-based artificial grassland （AG） and shrub-based artificial grassland （AS） in a small watershed of Guinan County， Qinghai Province were selected and qPCR and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput amplicon sequencing technologies were used to study the variation between the communities in bacterial biomass， diversity and structure. We also analyzed the key factors shaping soil bacterial community structure and their contributions based on variations in vegetation and soil properties. It was found that grassland desertification significantly reduced bacterial community biomass and α diversity （P<0.05）， but that bacterial community biomass could be almost restored to the level of undegraded grassland after 22 years of artificial revegetation. Desertification significantly increased the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota， while abundance of Proteobacteria and Planctomycetota significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Artificial revegetation promoted the succession of dominant bacteria towards the community structure found in NG， and after 22 years of artificial revegetation， most of the bacterial relative abundances paralleled those of the undegraded status. Dissimilarity in bacterial community structure was noted between NG and DG， AG and AS， community structure in AG and AS were very similar. Soil bacterial community structure significantly positively correlated with the majority of vegetation and soil physiochemical properties （P<0.05）. However， compared to soil physical （6.3%） and chemical （1.9%） properties， vegetation properties explained more variation （10.0%） in bacterial community structure. In total， the measured vegetation and soil indices explained 72.0% of variation in soil bacterial community structure， implying that vegetation and soil determine the shifts of soil bacterial community structure. Accordingly， it is essential and meaningful to strengthen vegetation and soil protection， and implement artificial revegetation in desertified grassland for protection and restoration of soil bacterial communities in Tibetan alpine grassland. However， the choice between shrub and grass planting during revegetation made little difference to the superficial soil bacterial community structure in artificial revegetation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of exogenous ABA on growth and physiological characteristics of sainfoin seedlings under NaCl stress Ge TIAN, Li-li NAN, Li-qun WANG, Xiang-xiang MA, Rong HE, Jia-yu GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2025, 34 (10): 95-106.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025022 Abstract （174）   HTML （16）    PDF （3158KB）（765）       Knowledge map    Save Soil salinization is a significant factor that limits plant nutrient uptake and affects plant growth and development. Sainfoin （Onobrychis viciifolia） is a native fabaceae species in saline-alkali regions of China， and exogenous abscisic acid （ABA） plays a positive regulatory role in enhancing plant stress resistance. This study investigates the effects of exogenous ABA on the growth and physiological characteristics of sainfoin seedlings subjected to salt stress. Using a nutrient solution sand culture method， various concentrations of ABA were sprayed on the leaves of both salt-tolerant （‘GH’， ‘GN’， ‘1994’） and salt-sensitive （‘10295’， ‘2323-2’， ‘2668’） sainfoin seedlings under a 0.8% NaCl treatment. Specifically， one control group （CK） and four treatment groups were established： 0.8% NaCl （T1）， 0.8% NaCl+0.1 mmol·L-1 ABA （T2）， 0.8% NaCl+0.2 mmol·L-1 ABA （T3） and 0.8% NaCl+0.3 mmol·L-1 ABA （T4）. The optimal concentration of ABA for alleviating salt stress was identified. The results indicate that ABA has a mitigating effect on salt stress. That plant height， leaf area， aboveground biomass， underground biomass， relative leaf water contents， root activity， K+ contents， gibberellin contents in leaves and roots， zeatin contents in leaves and roots and auxin （IAA） contents in leaves decreased with increasing salt stress. The changes in the salt-tolerant material ‘GH’ were quite significant. The plant height increased by 20.48%， while the leaf area increased by 4.63%； Additionally， the aboveground biomass saw an increase of 26.75%， and the underground biomass increased significantly by 56.66%； The relative leaf water content rose by 28.19%， and root activity experienced a substantial increase of 65.41%. Furthermore， K+ content increased by 24.36%， leaf gibberellin content rose by 47.55%， and root gibberellin content increased by 36.05%； The leaf zeatin content increased by 24.39%， while leaf zeatin saw a notable rise of 80.53%， and leaf IAA content increased by 19.20%， respectively， in 0.8% NaCl， compared to control. Additionally， malonaldehyde contents， superoxide dismutase activity， peroxidase activity， catalase activity， Na+ contents， Ca2+ contents， ABA contents in leaves and roots and IAA contents in roots were reduced in response to salt. The changes in the salt-sensitive material ‘10295’ were relatively insignificant， with malonaldehyde contents， superoxide dismutase activity， peroxidase activity， catalase activity， Na+ contents， Ca2+ contents， ABA contents in leaves， ABA contents in roots and IAA contents in roots increasing by 14.91%， 18.64%， 26.15%， 10.08%， 24.47%， 30.24%， 8.72%， 27.64%， and 30.87%， respectively， in 0.8% NaCl stress. These results indicate that exogenous ABA can mitigate oxidative damage to cells caused by salt stress， maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane system and cell osmotic pressure. In this study， 0.2 mmol·L-1 ABA demonstrated the most effective results， with a more pronounced response observed in salt-tolerant materials compared to salt-sensitive materials. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in research on fungal diseases of the genus Elymus Long-hai XUE, Jia-qi LIU, Chun-jie LI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 226-241.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023132 Abstract （475）   HTML （20）    PDF （918KB）（3196）       Knowledge map    Save Elymus species are widely used as forage grasses on the Tibetan Plateau and widely grown in alpine pasture areas such as Gansu， Qinghai， Xinjiang， Tibet and Sichuan Province， China. Disease is one of the important factors limiting the production and utilization of the genus Elymus. In sown grassland， disease will directly affect the yield and quality of forages. In natural grassland， Elymus plants are also an important vector contributing to the spread of many pathogens. This pathogen spread seriously affects the productivity of grassland agricultural ecosystems. Based on a review of published domestic and international literature， the etiology， conditions of occurrence and control measurements for Elymus diseases are reported. Domestic research progress is compared with international efforts， and future development ideas for Elymus disease research are also presented. Up to March， 2023， a total of 16 fungal diseases that can infect the leaves， leaf sheaths， stems， spikes， and seeds of Elymus had been recorded worldwide. The more important among these were rust， smut， powdery mildew， ergot， choke and leaf spot diseases. At present， the main control methods for fungal diseases of Elymus are to breed and use resistant varieties， treat seed before sowing， and increase the use of ecological management strategies and chemical controls in the field. In addition， screening or breeding new varieties of Elymus species which carry Epichlo? endophytes is expected to be one of the breakthroughs in the research into Elymus disease resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Epichloë endophytic fungi on the germination of grass seeds Chun-jie LI, Ming-xiao LANG, Zhen-jiang CHEN, Tai-xiang CHEN, Jing LIU, Yuan-yuan JIN, Xue-kai WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (3): 192-206.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020601 Abstract （675）   HTML （27）    PDF （778KB）（3045）       Knowledge map    Save Seeds are the most basic output generated in agricultural production， and seed germination plays a decisive role in survival and reproduction of species. However， the process of germination is easily affected by various environment factors. It is significant to improve germination quality in stress condition for grass planting. The establishment of the symbiotic relationship in plants with Epichlo? endophyte confers on the symbiosis higher germination rate， stronger resistance to adverse stress， and leads to the occupation of a more favourable ecological niche in the phytocoenosis. Hence， the Epichlo? endophyte has a wide impact in ecosystems， with ramifications affecting animals， plants and microorganisms within an ecosystem. This study reviewed the influence of Epichlo? endophyte infection on host grass germination under different habitats and treatments， with a focus on roles of endophyte in seed germination under natural growth conditions and various stress conditions， including allelopathy. It was found that endophyte promotes seed germination under both natural and stress conditions. However， germination responses were inconsistent in the presence of allelopathic effects. Additionally， the negative effect on germination caused by extended storage time is alleviated by endophyte infection. Building on previous research， we should prioritize research into the physiology and biochemistry of promoting germination and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in grass infected with Epichlo? endophyte， and on defining the mechanism whereby endophyte fungi influence germination， in order to identify excellent endophytic strains and explore novel ways of creating grass germplasm resources using Epichlo? endophyte. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A review and prospect of ecological threshold Bing-bing GAO, Xiao-man LIU, Jin-fang XIONG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2025, 34 (7): 210-218.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024389 Abstract （381）   HTML （32）    PDF （531KB）（577）       Knowledge map    Save Ecological threshold is integral to the nonlinear dynamics of ecosystems. It is of great significance to explore the potential ecological threshold that can be breached to implement effective preventative strategies. Here， we review recent domestic and international research on ecological threshold， dissect the concept and development of ecological threshold， and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the current ecological threshold identification methods. The application of ecological threshold is delineated to four main research domains： ecosystem conservation and restoration， global climate change mitigation， biodiversity conservation， and disaster prevention. The results of recent studies have revealed deficiencies in both theoretical and applied aspects of ecological threshold research. Building on this foundation， we propose priorities for further research on ecological threshold in China. This review offers insights and references for the conservation， restoration， and sustainable development of China’s ecosystems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification， evolution and expression analysis of the CCoAOMT family genes in Medicago sativa Qian MA, Qi YAN, Zheng-she ZHANG, Fan WU, Ji-yu ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (11): 144-156.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020429 Abstract （1389）   HTML （62）    PDF （3463KB）（3902）       Knowledge map    Save Alfalfa （Medicago sativa） is a forage legume with high feed quality widely cultivated all over the world. It contains lignins that play an important role in stress resistance of alfalfa. However， lignin seriously affects the nutritional value of alfalfa because it is difficult for livestock to digest. Therefore， it is necessary to breed alfalfa varieties with low lignin content. Caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase （CCoAOMT） is a key enzyme in the lignin synthesis pathway. In this study， the members of CCoAOMT gene family in the alfalfa genome were identified by bioinformatic methods， and the gene structure， chromosome location， phylogeny and gene expression were analysed. It was found that there were 44 MsCCoAOMT genes in the alfalfa genome. These genes were distributed on 16 chromosomes with tandem duplication， among which 36 （82%） MsCCoAOMT genes contained 5 exons. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and showed that MsCCoAOMT family genes can be classified into 5 groups. In addition， ten conserved motifs were found by predicting the motif of MsCCoAOMT protein with MEME software. qRT-PCR results indicated that most of MsCCoAOMT genes were tissue-specific in their expression. Our results provide reference information for the genetic improvement of alfalfa and development of lines with low lignin content. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulatory effects of butanediol on the expression level of endogenous hormones and related genes in creeping bentgrass under heat stress Ning ZHAO, Hui-ling MA, Ran ZHANG, Jin-qing ZHANG, Yi SHI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (12): 118-132.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021493 Abstract （415）   HTML （9）    PDF （4184KB）（678）       Knowledge map    Save This research investigated ways to improve the heat resistance of creeping bentgrass （Agrostis stolonifera） in the context of use as a turfgrass in a global warming environment. Potted seedlings of the variety Penn A4 were studied under a simulated high temperature environment （37 ℃/32 ℃， day/night） and subjected to treatments involving foliar spraying of 300 μmol?L-1 2，3-butanediol （BD） to examine effects on leaf endogenous hormone content and the related gene expression. Seedlings received a BD pretreatment before being exposed to heat stress for 0， 7 or 42 days before BD pretreatment， and then were allowed to recover at optimal temperature for 10 days. For seedlings subject to 7 days of heat stress it was found that BD application increased the levels of cytokinin， gibberellins （GA3） and jasmonic acid， decreased levels of auxin， salicylic acid， abscisic acid， and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid， and decreased the expression of related genes， thereby accelerating transpiration-driven cooling and plant vegetative growth. In addition， in plants subject to 42 days of stress， BD pre-treatment up-regulated the expression levels of various hormone-related genes， and reduced leaf hormone content by promoting endogenous hormone transport， thus inhibiting plant vegetative growth， and an energy saving whereby Penn A4 seedlings were able to resist long-term heat stress， and improving their survival probability. In summary， by regulating endogenous hormone metabolism to accelerate the growth rate and transpiration-induced cooling of Penn A4 under short-term stress， and by inhibiting the senescence and growth rate of plants under long-term stress， BD improved heat tolerance of Penn A4 creeping bentgrass. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and biological characterisation of Fusarium root rot pathogens of white clover Xu-ke ZHANG, Hong-fei XIA, Guo-li CHEN, De-zhou LI, Xiao-wei ZHANG, Ke-mei LI, Li-li WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (12): 175-187.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024109 Abstract （372）   HTML （13）    PDF （4502KB）（631）       Knowledge map    Save To determine the pathogenic species and biological characteristics of root rot in white clover （Trifolium repens） in Xinjiang， root fungi were isolated from symptomatic white clover roots collected from 11 counties （cities） in Xinjiang. The isolated fungi were identified through morphology and multi-gene sequences including ITS， EF1-α， and RPB2. Among the isolates obtained， Fusarium avenaceum accounted for 51.69%， Fusarium oxysporum 17.42%， Fusarium redolens 4.50%， and Fusarium equiseti 26.40%. Pathogenicity assays revealed all four Fusarium species to be pathogenic to white clover roots， with the following ranking of pathogenicity： F. oxysporum>F. redolens>F. equiseti>F. avenaceum. Biological characteristic results showed F. avenaceum grew well at 15-25 ℃， while the optimal mycelial growth temperature for the other three Fusarium species was 25 ℃. All four Fusarium species exhibited optimal mycelial growth at pH 7-9， with no significant differences observed under different light conditions. F. oxysporum and F. avenaceum showed optimal mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar and inulin， while F. redolens and F. equiseti grew better on Czapek's medium， with better utilization of polyol carbon sources. The optimal nitrogen source for F. avenaceum and F. equiseti was peptone， while the other two pathogens grew better on beef extract. Sporulation was best at 25-30 ℃ and pH 6-8 for all four Fusarium species. Under different light conditions， except for F. oxysporum and F. redolens showing significantly increased sporulation under 12-hour light-dark alternation， no significant differences were observed in sporulation among the species. Optimal sporulation media were potato saccharose agar for F. oxysporum and F. redolens， and oatmeal aga and corn meal agar for F. avenaceum and F. equiseti， respectively. Optimal carbon sources for sporulation were sorbitol， glucose， maltose， and soluble starch for F. avenaceum， F. oxysporum， F. redolens， and F. equiseti， respectively. The optimal nitrogen source for the former two pathogens was potassium nitrate， while for the latter two， it was yeast extract. The lethal temperature for F. oxysporum and F. redolens was 64 ℃ for 10 minutes， while for F. avenaceum and F. equiseti， it was 55 ℃ for 10 minutes. Except for F. oxysporum， the other three pathogens represent first-time occurrences on white clover and are considered newly recorded pathogens of that plant species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the seed-shattering mechanism of Poaceae plants Wen-gang XIE, Yi-yang WAN, Zong-yu ZHANG, Jun-chao ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (8): 186-198.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020579 Abstract （801）   HTML （52）    PDF （3464KB）（2709）       Knowledge map    Save Seed shattering is an adaptive characteristic of wild plants for effective reproduction and population expansion， but it adversely affects seed production. The formation， development， and degradation of the abscission zone are the direct causes of seed shattering in plants. Plant hormones produce signals that promote or inhibit seed shattering. Cell wall hydrolases can cause the degradation of cells in the abscission zone. The occurrence of these processes is regulated by polygenes and the regulatory network is complex. Research on seed shattering has been carried out in rice， wheat， and other crops， but comparatively few studies have focused on forage grasses. In this paper， we review the latest advances in research on seed shattering in poaceous plants to provide a theoretical reference for in-depth exploration of seed-shattering mechanisms and species selection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of alfalfa yields on the basis of unmanned aerial vehicle multi-spectral and red-green-blue images Yu-fei BAI, Hang YIN, Hai-bo YANG, Zhen-hua FENG, Fei LI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (12): 45-58.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024045 Abstract （560）   HTML （23）    PDF （5455KB）（885）       Knowledge map    Save Yield is a key component of the economic output of alfalfa （Medicago sativa） pasture. Timely and accurate quantification of alfalfa yield is useful to improve nutrient management and optimize planting patterns. The traditional method to estimate yield in pasture relies on destructive sampling， and there is a certain time lag in obtaining the results. In contrast， unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV）-based monitoring technologies can quickly obtain information to model yield in a non-destructive manner. However， the spectral and spatial resolutions cannot be balanced based on image information from a single sensor， so a comprehensive analysis of crop growth is impossible. It is difficult to effectively improve the accuracy of estimates based on a single UAV image. Therefore， the aim of this study was to explore the potential to combine multi-source image information from UAVs to estimate alfalfa yield during harvesting. In this study， red-green-blue （RGB） and multispectral （MS） images were collected during the alfalfa harvesting period. Based on spectral， texture， and wavelet features extracted from the RGB and MS images， two machine learning algorithms involving partial least squares （PLSR） and Gaussian process regression （GPR） algorithms were used to evaluate the robustness of the alfalfa yield estimation model. The results show that the wavelet features of RGB images were more effective for the comparison of color index and texture features. The combination of the two types of features improved the accuracy of alfalfa yield estimates to some degree. The GPR alfalfa yield estimation model combining three types of features （color index， texture， and wavelet） had high accuracy （training set coefficient of determination R2=0.76， validation set coefficient of determination R2=0.63， and RPD=1.61）. For MS images， the model built based on texture features was the most accurate （training set coefficient of determination R2=0.76， validation set coefficient of determination R2=0.63， and the ratio of prediction to deviation RPD=1.61）. The alfalfa yield estimation model based on texture features was slightly better than that based on spectral index features， and the GPR alfalfa yield estimation model constructed by combining the two types of features was very accurate （training set coefficient of determination R2=0.83， validation set coefficient of determination R2=0.58， and RPD=1.55）. The accuracy of the alfalfa yield estimation model was significantly improved when the RGB image and MS image features were fused. Particularly， the GPR model with three kinds of feature parameters （multi-spectral index， multi-spectral texture， RGB wavelet feature） was the most accurate in estimating alfalfa yield （coefficient of determination R2=0.83 in the training set， coefficient of determination R2=0.75 in the validation set， and RPD=1.98）. In conclusion， the GPR algorithm provided the best estimation results， and the estimation accuracy was improved by 13.6% compared with that of the PLSR model. These results provide a reference for remotely monitoring artificial grassland and estimating yield in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chloroplast genome characteristics of Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Diabolo’ and phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Spiraeoideae Xiang HUANG, Meng-yao HE, Zi-xuan WANG, Guang-ming CHU, Ping JIANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (3): 161-173.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023153 Abstract （389）   HTML （10）    PDF （4070KB）（936）       Knowledge map    Save Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Diabolo’ is an ornamental flowering shrub that has been introduced into China from North America in recent years. The aims of this study were to determine the structural characteristics of the chloroplast genome of P. opulifolius ‘Diabolo’ and to clarify its taxonomic status within the subfamily Spiraeoideae. The chloroplast genome of P. opulifolius ‘Diabolo’ was sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform， and the complete chloroplast genome was assembled and annotated. The chloroplast genome of P. opulifolius ‘Diabolo’ had a typical quadripartite structure， with a total length of 159131 bp， large single copy （LSC） length of 87582 bp， small single copy （SSC） length of 18829 bp， and inverted repeats a （IRa） and inverted repeats b （IRb） length of 26360 bp. A total of 130 genes were annotated， including 83 protein-coding genes， 8 ribosomal RNA （rRNA） genes， 37 transfer RNA （tRNA） genes， and 2 pseudogenes. Twelve codons （UUG， AUU， GUU， GUA， UAA， AAA， UCU， UCC， CCU， ACU， GCU， GGU） were determined. The codon usage bias was mainly affected by natural selection， and mutation was a weak influencing factor. Twenty-seven pairs of long sequence repeats and 87 simple sequence repeat loci were detected. The genes with high nucleotide polymorphism in the chloroplast genome of Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Diabolo’ were psbZ， trnG （UCC）， trnfM （CAU）， trnH （GUG）， psbA， rbcL， rpl20 and rps12. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that Physocarpus is closely related to the genus Neillia. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different ratios of amino acids in low-protein diets on muscle quality， amino acid and fatty acid composition， and vitamin and mineral contents of the longissimus dorsi muscle in Tibetan sheep Feng-shuo ZHANG, Qiu-rong JI, Ting-li HE, Qu-yang-ang-mao SU, Zhi-you WANG, Sheng-zhen HOU, lin-Sheng GUI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (3): 198-208.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023191 Abstract （296）   HTML （9）    PDF （567KB）（1462）       Knowledge map    Save The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different ratios of the amino acids lysine and methionine in low-protein diets on the muscle quality， amino acid and fatty acid composition， and vitamin and mineral contents of the longissimus dorsi muscle of Tibetan sheep. Ninety healthy male lambs of Tibetan sheep （plateau type） with similar body weight ［（15.60±0.10） kg］ were selected and randomly divided into three groups of 30. Each group had five replicates of six lambs. The protein level in the dietary concentrate was 12%， and the three groups were as follows： LP-L group （1∶1 lysine to methionine）； LP-M group （2∶1 lysine to methionine）； and LP-H group （3∶1 lysine to methionine）. The total experimental period was 97 days， including a 7-day pre-feeding period and a 90-day feeding period. Analyses of the longissimus dorsi muscle showed that： 1） The thawing loss index was significantly lower in the LP-L group than in the LP-H group （P<0.05）， and the cooking loss index and shear force index were significantly lower in the LP-L group than in the LP-M and LP-H groups （P<0.05）； 2） The different amino acid ratios did not significantly affect the amino acid composition in the longissimus dorsi muscle of each group （P>0.05）； 3） Among the unsaturated fatty acids in the longissimus dorsi muscle， trans-linoleic acid， docosahexatrienoic acid， and pentadecadienoic acid were present at significantly higher levels in the LP-L group than in the LP-M group （P<0.05）； and heptadecadienoic acid， linoleic acid， and α-linoleic acid were present at significantly higher levels in the LP-L group than in the LP-M group and the LP-H group （P<0.05）； 4） The α-vitamin E content， γ-vitamin E content， and vitamin E index of the longissimus dorsi muscle were significantly higher in the LP-L group than in the LP-M group （P<0.05）， while the calcium content was significantly higher in the LP-L group than in the LP-M group （P<0.05）. In conclusion， a diet with a 1∶1 ratio of lysine to methionine can increase the contents of unsaturated fatty acids， vitamins， and minerals in the muscle， thereby improving meat quality， and the ratio of lysine to methionine in the diet does not adversely affect the amino acid composition of the meat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of the metabolites in rhizosphere soil on microbial communities of crop intercropping system Dai-xiang XU, Jian-feng YANG, Hang SU, Jian-rong ZHAI, Cai QI, Long-gang ZHAO, Yan-jun GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (11): 65-80.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023005 Abstract （824）   HTML （48）    PDF （4788KB）（962）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the reasons why interspecific interactions affects crop yield， we comprehensively analyzed the crop yield， the soil physicochemical properties， the rhizosphere soil microbial communities and the root exudates in maize （Zea mays）-soybean （Glycine max） and sorghum （Sorghum bicolor）-soybean intercropping systems in different years， combining the Eco-Biolog microplate method and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）. Crop yield was significantly increased in the intercropping systems， and the increase of yield in 2020 was more significant than it in 2019. Compared with monoculture， intercropping increased the accumulation and absorption of available nutrients. The contents of available nutrients in the crop rhizosphere soil of the intercropping system were significantly increased. Compared with monoculture， microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents in maize， sorghum and soybean in intercropping systems were increased significantly； microorganism activities were also higher， and microbial community composition was more diverse in the rhizosphere soil of intercropped crops. Based on the metabolomic analysis， five key differential metabolites that might cause changes in microbial communities in maize rhizosphere soil were tentatively identified. Four of these appear to enrich the microorganism populations in maize rhizosphere soil， and one appears to be inhibitory. Three metabolites in sorghum rhizosphere soil were identified， two of which appear to enrich presence of microorganisms in sorghum rhizosphere soil， while the third appears to be inhibitory. Two bioactive metabolites in soybean rhizosphere soil were identified， one apparently faciliatory and one inhibitory towards microorganisms. Multivariate analysis showed that maize-soybean and sorghum-soybean intercropping systems changed the soil micro-environment and reshaped the soil microbial community structure through interspecific root interactions in rhizosphere soil， which accelerated the deposition of available nutrients， promoted the absorption of crop nutrients， and ultimately increased crop yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The species diversity and community assembly of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in typical alpine grassland in Sanjiangyuan region Cong-cong LI, Ya-xing ZHOU, Qiang GU, Ming-xin YANG, Chuan-lu ZHU, Zi-yuan PENG, Kai XUE, Xin-quan ZHAO, Yan-fen WANG, Bao-ming JI, Jing ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (1): 46-58.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020268 Abstract （623）   HTML （23）    PDF （2838KB）（1774）       Knowledge map    Save This study investigated the key processes driving arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungal community changes in typical alpine grassland ecosystems， by systematically measuring AM fungal diversity and community composition in four typical grassland ecosystems of Sanjiangyuan National Park， based on the Illumina-Miseq high-throughput sequencing method. The ecosystems evaluated were： Alpine desert， alpine steppe， alpine meadow and alpine wetland. Ecological processes structuring the fungal communities were inferred according to phylogenetic patterns and species abundance distributions in different ecosystems. It was found that： 1） The dominant genus in alpine desert， alpine meadow and alpine wetland was Glomus， while the dominant genus in alpine steppe was Diversispora. 2） The OTU richness and phylogenetic diversity index of AM fungi in alpine wetland were significantly lower than those of the other three grassland ecosystem types. 3） There were significant differences in species composition and phylogenetic composition of AM fungal communities among different grassland types. Plant community composition， soil water content， and available N∶P were the main factors affecting the composition of the AM fungal community. Soil water content was the primary determinant of the species composition of the AM fungal community， and plant community composition was a key factor in determining the phylogenetic composition of the AM fungal community. 4） AM fungal communities were all phylogenetically clustered in the four grassland types. The phylogenetic structure of AM fungal communities in the different grassland types are clustered. In alpine deserts， AM fungal community assembly is determined by stochastic processes， while in alpine grasslands， alpine meadows and alpine wetlands， AM fungal community assemblage are determined by stochastic processes and weak responses to environmental filtering. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of the degree of alpine meadow degradation on the rhizosphere soil fungal community and the ecological network of dominant species Yuan MA, Xiao-li WANG, Yu-shou MA, De-gang ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 125-137.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023106 Abstract （348）   HTML （18）    PDF （4758KB）（2586）       Knowledge map    Save Changes in the diversity and stability of the rhizosphere fungi community can reveal the adaptive mechanisms of microorganisms to degraded ecosystems. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of changes in dominant species on the diversity and stability of rhizosphere fungal communities. Samples were collected from alpine meadows on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with four different degrees of degradation （non-degraded grassland， lightly degraded grassland， moderately degraded grassland， and severely degraded grassland）. A combination of ITS rRNA gene sequencing technology， FUNGuild prediction， and molecular ecological network modeling methods was used to analyze the effects of alpine meadow degradation on rhizosphere fungal structure， functional groups， and molecular ecological networks. The results showed that the degree of grassland degradation significantly affected the Beta diversity， but not the Alpha diversity of rhizosphere soil fungi. The degree of degradation only affected the relative abundance of taxa， and had no effect on the dominant fungal communities. The dominant fungal populations in the rhizosphere soils of grasslands with different degrees of degradation were Basidiomycota， Mortierella， and Ascomycota. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size （LEfSe） identified 29 biomarkers， most of which corresponded to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. There was a major shift of rhizosphere fungal communities from symbiotic to saprophytic nutrient types with increasing severity of grassland degradation. The network analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between the number of operational taxonomic units （OTUs） of the rhizosphere fungal community and the degree of degradation of the grassland. Combined with data of the network topology parameters， these findings indicate that increasing severity of grassland degradation leads to a looser and more unstable rhizosphere fungal structure. In conclusion， alpine meadow degradation significantly changed the composition， structure， and functional types of rhizosphere fungal communities， especially those of dominant species， and reduced the stability and complexity of fungal communities. These results provide a scientific basis for further research on the adaptive responses of rhizosphere microbe communities to degradation of alpine meadows. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20220601 Abstract （1236）   HTML （98）    PDF （598KB）（1471）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bacterial diversity and community structural changes in rhizosphere soil of naked barley disturbed by root rot Xue-ping LI, Shi-yang XU, Jian-jun LI, Yong-hong QI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2025, 34 (5): 118-129.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024255 Abstract （259）   HTML （5）    PDF （3882KB）（592）       Knowledge map    Save The occurrence and spread of naked barley （Hordeum vulgare var. nudum） root rot are known to be closely related to the dynamics of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community. This study systematically investigated naked barley root rot in fields of the Tibetan Gannan Autonomous Prefecture， Gansu Province， to clarify the influences on the diversity and structure of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community disturbed by naked barley root rot. Rhizosphere soil samples with different root rot incidences were collected， and genetic characterization of the bacterial community was obtained by high-throughput sequencing. The structural dynamics and the diversity of the bacterial community were thus analyzed. Additionally， the various bacterial functional genes were annotated using COG databases. The results revealed a rich and evenly distributed bacterial species composition in the rhizosphere soil of naked barley， which comprehensively mirrors the bacterial community structure of the samples. The bacterial community of healthy samples was closest to samples with 5% incidence of root rot. Additionally， as the incidence rate of root rot increased， the bacterial communities diverged more significantly from those of healthy samples. The number of bacterial species in diseased rhizosphere soil samples increased initially and then decreased， as the root rot incidence increased. Also， the relative abundance of Proteobacteria initially increased and then decreased with increased root rot， incidence， while a contrasting trend was observed for Chloroflexi， Acidobacteria， Bacteroidetes， Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes. Similarly， the relative abundance of Bacillales， Nitrospirales， and their commonly-present families Gemmatimonadaceae， Bacillaceae， Nitrospiraceae， as well as the genera Gemmatimonas， Bacillus， and Nitrospira， including Bacillus simplex， showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Conversely， the relative abundance of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila initially decreased and then increased. The abundance of functional genes related to bacterial amino acid transport and metabolism， transcription， lipid transport and metabolism， posttranslational modification， protein turnover， chaperones in the rhizosphere soil of naked barley decreased due to the occurrence of root rot， while the abundance of genes involved in signal transduction mechanisms and energy production and conversion increased. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differential covariation characteristics in functional traits of two ephemerals of Boraginaceae in the Gurbantunggut Desert， China Xin-yue JIN, Li GONG, Meng-ting WANG, Ye TAO, Duo-qi ZHOU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 58-70.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022476 Abstract （439）   HTML （16）    PDF （1888KB）（1457）       Knowledge map    Save Ephemerals are a specialised plant group that have evolved to escape summer drought， but it is not clear whether the functional traits of different ephemeral species have the same or similar covariant characteristics. In this study， two species from the same family （Boraginaceae） but different genera widely distributed in the Gurbantunggut Desert， Xinjiang， China， Arnebia decumbens and Nonea caspica， were studied to answer this question. The data were obtained by field sampling and indoor measurement， and the differences in functional traits， allometric relationships among traits and trait covariance relationships of different species were systematically studied by reduced major axis regression， principal component analysis and plant trait network analysis. The results showed that the aboveground biomass （2.217 g·plant-1）， whole plant biomass （2.407 g·plant-1）， crown diameter （14.26 cm）， and crown diameter to height ratio （1.550） of N. caspica were significantly higher than A. decumbens （1.010 g·plant-1， 1.145 g·plant-1， 10.95 cm， and 1.138）， but the root-to-shoot ratio of the latter （0.147） was significantly greater than the former （0.091）. There were mostly significant allometric relationships （α≠1） among functional traits of the two species， e.g.， aboveground biomass allocation rates were higher than the belowground biomass （α=0.888 and 0.909）， but the biomass allocation was body size-dependent for them. The two species showed different phenotypic developmental patterns. For example， the height and crown diameter of A. decumbens grew at an equal rate （α=1.095）， while N. caspica increased crown diameter at a much higher rate than height （α=1.516）， resulting in the larger body size or ‘stumpy’ plant shape. Principal component analysis and plant trait network analysis revealed that differences in covariant characteristics among functional traits existed for the two species， and the hub traits and network topological parameters in the trait networks also differed. The study showed that even for ephemerals from different genera in the same family， the functional traits and trait association characteristics were not identical and showed a degree of species specificity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of dietary broad bean skin on growth rate， slaughter performance， organ development and meat quality of Hu sheep Zhao WANG, Jing LIU, Hao YU, Peng LI, Wei-qiang NIU, Yong-jie WAN, Yan-li ZHANG, Da-gan MAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 162-172.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022472 Abstract （429）   HTML （16）    PDF （629KB）（1201）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the effect of a dietary broad bean skin supplement on growth rate， slaughter performance， organ development and meat quality of Hu sheep. Healthy 4-month-old male Hu sheep （n=60； 27.00±2.00 kg） were randomly divided into four treatment groups of 15 animals （3 replicates in each group and 5 sheep in each replicate） and fed diets containing 0% （control， Group C）， 10% （Group I）， 20% （Group II） and 30% （Group III） broad bean skin. The trial period was 60 days. Compared with the control group， the body weight， average daily feed intake and daily gain of Hu sheep in groups fed broad bean skin were very significantly increased （P<0.01）. In Group III， the carcass weight （19.62±0.73 vs 17.75±0.86 kg） and live weight before slaughter （37.22±1.01 vs 34.76±0.71 kg） were very significantly increased （P<0.01） compared to Group C while the area of eye muscle was significantly increased （35.84±2.47 vs 27.84±0.13 cm2， P<0.05）； The liver weight tended to be increased （670.00±73.37 vs 588.00±49.87 g， P=0.071）， the rumen weight （659.40±66.44 vs 548.00±75.48 g） and small intestine weight （1107.80±150.56 vs 901.00±41.32 g） were significantly increased （P<0.05）； The cross-sectional area of muscle fiber was extremely significantly lower （584.67±32.01 vs 832.90±53.48 μm2， P<0.01）； The glutamic acid content was very significantly increased （37.74±1.64 vs 13.19±3.38 mg·g-1， P<0.01）； The contents of arginine （19.08±1.28 vs 11.25±2.39 mg·g-1） and nonessential amino acids （118.44±1.98 vs 90.59±9.56 mg·g-1） were significantly higher （P<0.05）， and the contents of valine （12.40±1.09 vs 7.98±1.61 mg·g-1， P=0.086） and essential amino acids （135.25±3.51 vs 106.79±11.14 mg·g-1， P=0.071） tended to increase. In summary， the addition of broad bean skin to the diet improved the growth rate， slaughter performance， gastrointestinal development， muscular fiber and amino acid composition of Hu sheep， and the data provide a scientific basis for ration formulation incorporating broad bean skin in the production of Hu sheep. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of biological soil crusts in different developmental stages on soil water permeability and water holding capacity in the Chinese Loess Plateau Fu-hai SUN, Bo XIAO, Sheng-long LI, Fang-fang WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (6): 54-63.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020246 Abstract （515）   HTML （6）    PDF （2085KB）（1213）       Knowledge map    Save This study was conducted to understand the effects of biocrusts （biological soil crusts） in different developmental stages on soil water permeability and water holding capacity in dryland ecosystems. We firstly selected areas with different developmental stages of biocrusts （cyanobacteria， mixture of cyanobacteria and moss， and moss）， as well as the adjacent bare soil， in a watershed named Liudaogou in the northern Loess Plateau of China， as study sites. Next， the soil water permeability of the different treatments was measured by the constant pressure head method and water holding capacity by the Welcox method. Lastly， the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water infiltration parameters （including stable infiltration rate， average infiltration rate， and cumulative infiltration amount） were obtained and analyzed to determine the effects of these biocrusts on soil water permeability and water holding capacity. It was found that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the cyanobacteria， mixture of cyanobacteria and moss， and moss biocrusts was decreased on average by 59.3%， 62.9%， and 27.6%， respectively， in contrast to that of the 0-10 cm soil. Moreover， the water infiltration parameters of the cyanobacteria， mixture of cyanobacteria and moss， and moss biocrusts was decreased on average by 37.7%， 54.4% and 18.4%， respectively， in comparison to the bare soil. Additionally， the biocrust developmental stage greatly influenced the soil water holding capacity. As compared with bare soil， the field capacity of the cyanobacteria， mixed cyanobacteria and moss， and moss biocrusts was increased changed on average by 0.97， 1.10， and 0.70 times， respectively. Correspondingly， the average volumetric water content in a drainage test （0-120 h） was changed by 1.14， 1.40， and 0.74 times， respectively. All the above results indicate that biocrusts greatly reduced surface soil water permeability and increased water holding capacity as compared with the bare soil， regardless of the different developmental stages. The biocrust comprising a mixture of cyanobacteria and moss had greater impacts on soil water conductivity and water holding capacity than the cyanobacteria biocrusts and moss biocrusts， which are possibly caused by the differences in the community structure of non-vascular plants and microbes of the biocrusts. In conclusion， the soil water permeability of biocrusts initially decreases and then increases along their developmental status from cyanobacteria to mosses in dryland ecosystems， but their soil water holding capacity increases initially and later decreases with biocrust developmental stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Using the model MaxEnt to predict plant distribution patterns of different functional groups in the alpine meadow ecosystem on Sichuan-Yunnan Plateau Zhi-yuan YOU, Shu-juan MA, Chang-ting WANG, Lu-ming DING, Xiao-yan SONG, Gao-fei YIN, Jun MAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (3): 1-12.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023146 Abstract （544）   HTML （55）    PDF （4755KB）（1660）       Knowledge map    Save This research explored the spatial distribution patterns of different main functional groups in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Sichuan-Yunnan Plateau. Data used were from the second scientific research program on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 2019 to 2021. The aim was to identify suitable habitats for functional groups， the main climatic factors affecting functional group distribution， and the change trends under climate change. The model MaxEnt was used to predict the special distribution pattern and the main relating climatic factors of four major species from four functional groups （Cyperaceae： Kobresia humilis； Poaceae： Elymus nutans； Mixed grass： Potentilla anserina and Fabaceae： Gueldenstaedtia diversifolia）. The results showed that the areas of suitable habitats for K. humilis， E. nutans， P. anserina and G. diversifolia under the current climate conditions were 110900， 92300， 171200 and 165300 km2 respectively， mainly located in the central and northern regions of the Sichuan-Yunnan Plateau. The contribution rate and response curve for environmental factors showed that the habitat suitability of the four species had similarities with their ecological environment requirements. The temperature-related factors such as annual temperature range， isothermality and annual mean temperature were the main environmental factors to affect species distribution. From the future perspective， the suitable habitat of the alpine herbage species will expand under global warming， and the suitable average altitude will increase 100-200 m， but the rate of change will tend to slow down. In conclusion， the species diversity， biomass and stability of alpine meadow ecosystems is predicted to increase with climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the physiological response of plants to low temperature and the amelioration effcectiveness of exogenous ABA Hong-tao XIANG, Dian-feng ZHENG, Ning HE, Wan LI, Man-li WANG, Shi-ya WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (1): 208-219.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020091 Abstract （1591）   HTML （92）    PDF （1223KB）（2325）       Knowledge map    Save Global climate change is producing abnormal， extreme weather and agricultural meteorological disasters linked to climate change now occur frequently. Sudden low temperature stress has become one of the most common abiotic stresses in agricultural production， and low temperature stress more generally has become one of the most common abiotic stresses in agricultural production in recent years. Low temperature stress interferes with plant growth and development， and can directly or indirectly affect physiological functions， cell membrane components and structure of the plant， thus reducing yield and quality， and seriously restricting agricultural production. Application of exogenous ABA at appropriate rates can alleviate the effects of low temperature stress on physicochemical processes. Here we systematically expound the effects of low temperature stress on the physicochemical processes of plants and clarify the mechanisms of plant responses to low temperature stress， including aspects of photosynthetic physiology， stress physiology， cell membrane components and cell structure， hormone levels， and gene expression. Furthermore， the positive effects of exogenous ABA in alleviating low temperature stress are analyzed. This paper discusses the research status and development trends with respect to the use of plant growth regulators for alleviation of low temperature stress. This topic is of great significance for stable production and preservation of agriculture， and also provides a theoretical basis for future research on plant cold resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide analysis and expression of the OSCA family genes from Medicago truncatula in response to low temperature stresses Hong-li CUI, Ming-zhe SUN, Bo-wei JIA, Xiao-li SUN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (9): 111-125.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023393 Abstract （324）   HTML （25）    PDF （6781KB）（691）       Knowledge map    Save Hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel （OSCA） is a class of hyperosmotic sensors. A total of 13 MtOSCAs genes were identified by searching the alfalfa （Medicago truncatula） genome， and named MtOSCA1.1-MtOSCA4.1 according to their homology with AtOSCAs （Mt here denotes M. truncatula， and At denotes Arabidopsis thaliana）. Chromosomal location analysis showed that the 13 MtOSCA genes were unevenly distributed on the 8 chromosomes. Furthermore， the MtOSCA family was phylogenetically divided into four subfamilies， and members from each subfamily were conserved in terms of intron-exon organization. Conserved functional domains and conserved motifs further indicated high conservatism of the MtOSCA family during evolution. Collinearity analysis suggested that MtOSCAs were closely related to GmOSCAs （Gm denotes Glycine max）， but far from AtOSCAs. Gene expression pattern analysis revealed that MtOSCAs from different subfamilies exhibited tissue specificity. The expression of MtOSCA2.5/2.6/3.1 was found to be dramatically up-regulated by low temperature stress through transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis. In addition， the promoter sequences of MtOSCAs contained numbers of light-， hormone-， and stress-responsive cis-elements. In conclusion， results presented in this study lay a solid foundation for functional characterization of MtOSCA genes in regulating alfalfa tolerance to environmental stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ecological significance of plant allelopathy and progress in allelopathy research in grassland ecosystems PING Xiao-yan, WANG Tie-mei Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2018, 27 (8): 175-184.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2017383 Abstract （812）   HTML （17）    PDF （1159KB）（2365）       Knowledge map    Save Plant allelopathy has been proven to affect ecological processes on different temporal and spatial scales (individual, population, community, ecosystem, regional, and global scales). Furthermore, allelopathy has been considered as a novel weapon against invading exotic species, and has become a hot topic in ecology in recent years. Many studies have focused on the separation, identification, release pathways, application potential, and functional mechanisms of allelopathic materials, and much progress has been made. However, the lack of a thorough clarification and summary of specific functional mechanisms of allelopathy has constrained our understanding of its ecological significance. In this paper, we summarize recent research progress and controversies about allelopathy and discuss its effects on ecological processes at different scales. We specifically focus on the grassland ecosystem, and discuss the ecological significance of allelopathy for ecological processes at different scales. We discuss the differences in, and connections between, allelopathy and interspecific competition, and explore the roles of allelopathy in community species composition, community succession, and biological invasion. We also discuss the functional mechanisms of allelopathy, and current research progress and methods used to study allelopathy in grassland ecosystems. Finally, we recommend the following topics for future research on allelopathy: 1) Comparisons among greenhouse, field, and laboratory studies on allelopathy; 2) the effects of allelopathy at regional or global levels; and 3) how allelopathy affects the defensive responses of herbaceous plants and the restoration of degraded grassland. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on ion absorption and distribution in Leymus chinensis under saline-alkaline stress Ying-kui WANG, Yu-rong YANG, De-li WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2020, 29 (12): 95-104.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020036 Abstract （433）   HTML （11）    PDF （1893KB）（1299）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the mechanism by which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） improve plants’ tolerance to saline-alkaline stress， we determined their effects on ion absorption and distribution in above- and below-ground plant parts in a pot experiment. The dominant species in Songnen grassland， Leymus chinensis， was used as the experimental material. Saline-alkaline stress increased the Na+ content and reduced the contents of K+， Ca2+， and Mg2+ in above-ground parts， enhanced Na+ transport from below-ground to above-ground parts， inhibited the transport of K+， Ca2+， and Mg2+， and altered above- and below-ground ion distribution in L. chinensis. Under saline-alkaline stress， AMF inhibited the absorption of Na+， promoted the absorption of K+， Ca2+， and Mg2+， and improved the ability of L. chinensis roots to retain Na+. The ion balance was maintained by the ion transport ratio and the cation transport selection ratio， and this improved the salt and alkali tolerance of L. chinensis. With increasing saline-alkaline stress， the hyphal colonization rate and hyphal density of AMF decreased significantly， but vesicle colonization increased. This helped the AMF store more saline-alkaline ions in the vesicles， thereby reducing the damage caused by saline-alkaline stress to L. chinensis roots. Therefore， under saline-alkaline stress， AMF enhanced the salt-alkali tolerance of L. chinensis by inhibiting absorption of Na+， by using the vesicle structure to help the root intercept Na+， and by promoting the absorption of K+， Ca2+， and Mg2+. The results suggest that the L. chinensis-AMF symbiosis has the potential to improve the health of grasslands affected by salinization-alkalization. In addition， these results provide insights into the mechanisms by which AMF enhance plants’ salt-alkali tolerance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ecological value and its spatiotemporal dynamic patterns of grassland in China Jia-hui LI, Lin HUANG, Jiang-wen FAN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (12): 1-13.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023058 Abstract （650）   HTML （86）    PDF （5832KB）（1857）       Knowledge map    Save As China’s largest terrestrial ecosystem and one of the important natural resources， grasslands provide a series of ecosystem services which contribute to human well-being. However， there are still wide expanses of grassland suffering from various degrees of degradation， and requiring urgent conservation and restoration action to improve their quality， function and stability. Accounting of grassland ecological value provides an effective means to monitor the changes in and assess the combined importance of multiple grassland ecosystem functions. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of grassland ecological value in China from 2000 to 2020. It then assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the value of key ecological services of grasslands， including windbreak and sand fixation， water conservation， forage supply and carbon sequestration. Next， adaptation strategies for optimizing and enhancing the grassland ecological value in China were proposed. It was found that in 2020， the ecological value of China’s grassland was 2.47×104 billion CNY， and the value was 7.6 million CNY·km-2， among which the value per unit area of windbreak and sand fixation and species richness maintenance were relatively high， accounting for 27.3% and 25.8% of the total， respectively. In the past 20 years， more than 90% of China’s grassland area has shown an increasing trend in ecological value. This applies especially to grassland located on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau， the northern Loess Plateau， and the eastern and central parts of Inner Mongolia indicate a rapid growth. Moreover， the sum of grassland ecological values of Mongolia， Tibet， Qinghai， Sichuan and Xinjiang accounted for about 67.4% of China’s total ecological value. In the past 20 years， Shaanxi， Beijing， Ningxia， Tianjin， and Shanxi showed a relatively high growth rate in grassland ecological value （>65%）. Finally， China’s grasslands were divided into three categories and twelve subcategories， based on grassland protection and restoration strategies focusing on different key ecological services. Our study offers significant insights for assigning various protection and restoration priorities to achieve sustainable growth in grassland ecological value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different salt stresses on triticale seed germination Chen MENG, Xue-li LU, Ju-ying WANG, Yun-chong WEI, Cheng-sheng ZHANG, Yi-qiang LI, Zong-chang XU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (12): 171-180.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023068 Abstract （403）   HTML （22）    PDF （1012KB）（1278）       Knowledge map    Save Soil salinization is an important factor that restricts agricultural production. Triticale has high yields and shows strong stress resistance， so it has the potential to improve saline-alkali land. In this study， triticale seeds were treated with five kinds of salts （NaCl， KCl， Na2SO4， MgSO4， NaHCO3） at different concentrations （10， 25， 50， 100 and 200 mmol·L-1） and compound salt solutions （NaHCO3∶NaCl∶Na2SO4=1∶15∶84） at concentrations of 0.05%， 0.15%， 0.30%， 0.60% and 1.20% （w/v）. The germination rate， germination potential， germination index， vigor index， seedling length， and root length of triticale germinating seeds and seedlings under different salt stresses were analyzed. The salt tolerance of triticale under different salt stresses was comprehensively evaluated by a principal component analysis and membership function analysis. The results show that the germination rate， germination potential， germination index， and vigor index of triticale seeds decreased gradually as the concentration of each salt increased， and treatment with high concentrations of salts significantly inhibited the germination of the triticale seeds. The seedling length and root length of triticale seedlings also showed a decreasing trend with increasing salt concentrations. Among the salts， NaHCO3 had the strongest inhibitory effect. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the main indicators for evaluating the salt tolerance of triticale were germination rate， germination index， and root length. The ranking of membership function values showed that triticale had relatively high tolerance to mixed salt treatments and the lowest tolerance to NaHCO3. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Signaling in the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between endophytes and their hosts TIAN Pei, NAN Zhi-Biao Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2017, 26 (4): 196-210.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2016176 Abstract （362）   HTML （2）    PDF （1105KB）（2815）       Knowledge map    Save Symbioses between fungi and plants have occurred naturally and widely during long-term evolution. This relationship makes both fungi and plants more adaptable to environmental changes. Endophytes form symbiotic associations with temperate grasses including Festuca and Lolium spp. The establishment and maintenance of these mutualistic associations involves mutual communication between the endophyte and the host. The growth of these endophytes is strictly intercellular and tightly regulated, and is synchronized with the growth of the host. Using this unique growth pattern, the endophyte does not trigger the host defense response and establishes a precise communication and regulatory pathway with the host. This communication will likely involve many well-known signaling pathways. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and second messenger signaling pathways involving cAMP and calcium are the main pathways for signal transduction. Here, we review the endophyte growth pattern in the host, and discuss research on the genes involved in signaling pathways between the endophyte and host using modern molecular technologies. The information gained so far can be used to predict the possible functions of these pathways in endophyte associations, and provides a reference for further in-depth analyses of the communication network between the endophyte and the host. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics