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Nitrogen fertilizer threshold and uncertainty analysis of typical grassland on the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountains Qi-fei HAN, Long YIN, Chao-fan LI, Run-gang ZHANG, Wen-biao WANG, Zheng-nan CUI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (1): 19-32.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023097 Abstract （109）   HTML （14）    PDF （3820KB）（475）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of climate change and increasing human activities， a series of ecological problems have emerged in arid and semi-arid regions as one of the important and very vulnerable components of the terrestrial ecosystem. Exploring the impact of climate change and human activities on the net primary productivity （NPP） is of great significance for the rational use of natural resources and the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Nitrogen fertilization is a way to promote increased NPP and appropriate fertilization can improve the NPP of grassland. To further explore the potential use of N fertilization， this study investigated four grassland types， alpine meadow （AM）， mid-mountain forest meadow （MMFM）， low mountain dry grassland （LMDG） and plain desert grassland （PDG）， distributed along the altitude gradient on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains， and employed a denitrification-decomposition model to analyze the NPP responses of the typical grassland ecosystem in this region to the application of different nitrogen fertilizers， and reveal the nitrogen fertilizer threshold and the optimal fertilization strategy. It was found that： 1） Appropriate nitrogen addition led to an increase in NPP of all types of grassland ecosystems， but there was a threshold value for the response of grassland NPP to fertilizer application， and different types of grassland NPP had different threshold values. There was no unified optimal fertilization method applicable to the four types of grassland. LMDG grassland ecosystem is the most sensitive to nitrogen application. 2） The maximum NPP in PDG grassland was achieved by applying 100 kg·ha-1 nitrate twice a year， and the maximum NPP was 68.72 g C·m-2·yr-1. The maximum NPP fertilization strategy in LMDG grassland is 260 kg·ha-1 of urea applied twice a year， and the maximum NPP value is 263.28 g C·m-2·yr-1. The maximum NPP of MMFM was achieved by applying 80 kg·ha-1 of urea once a year， and the maximum NPP is 171.22 g C·m-2·yr-1. In AM grassland， anhydrous ammonia reached the maximum value of NPP （114.62 g C·m-2·yr-1） with the minimum amount of fertilizer （60 kg·ha-1） and was the best nitrogen fertilizer in this grassland type. 3） The result of Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis shows that PDG and LMDG is more sensitive to fertilization time， and the effect of fluctuation in fertilizer application rate variation on LMDG and MMFM is more obvious. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of research on hormone regulation of branching or tillering in plants Fen-qi CHEN, Jin-qing ZHANG, Hui-ling MA Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 212-225.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023118 Abstract （215）   HTML （15）    PDF （1243KB）（427）       Knowledge map    Save Branching （or tillering in grasses and related taxa） is an important trait of plant architecture and the result of axillary bud initiation and growth， which plays a crucial role in determining the seed yield of crops and forage yield. Multiple hormones and their interactions play key regulatory roles in the occurrence， growth and development of plant branching or tillering. In addition， environmental factors also regulate branching or tillering by changing the hormone contents and their balances within the plant. This study reviews multiple aspects of the mechanisms by which plant branching or tillering is regulated various hormones， including auxin， cytokinin， strigolactones， brassinosteroids， abscisic acid and gibberellins， ethylene， jasmonic acid， and complex regulatory networks formed by the interaction of different hormone signals. The aim is to establish a foundation for using hormone regulation mechanisms to cultivate new high-yielding crop plant growth forms with ideal plant architecture. The current issues with hormone regulation mechanisms controlling plant branching or tillering are also analyzed， and future research directions for hormone regulation mechanisms controlling plant branching or tillering are discussed， with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for using hormones to cultivate good varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on plant coumarin biosynthesis pathway and the genes encoding the key enzymes Zhen DUAN, Fan WU, Qi YAN, Ji-yu ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (1): 217-228.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020485 Abstract （1633）   HTML （96）    PDF （967KB）（1127）       Knowledge map    Save Coumarins， the important secondary metabolites of plants， derive from phenylpropanoids metabolism pathway， have a variety of biological activities and play an important role in plant growth and development and stress response. Here， the research progress of coumarin biosynthesis pathway and the genes encoding the key enzymes involved in coumarin biosynthesis were reviewed， and the phylogenetic evolution of the UDP-glucosyltransferase （UGT） gene family were analyzed. Moreover， the current research issues on coumarin biosynthesis were summarized and the future research directions were prospected in order to provide references for studying the coumarin biosynthesis and follow-up research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and identification of two potassium solubilizer strains and their effects on the yield and quality of alfalfa Yan-jia WANG, Bo-ang HU, Jia-xin CHEN, Li-ting XU, Lin YAO, Li-rong FENG, Chang-hong GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (12): 139-149.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023036 Abstract （137）   HTML （11）    PDF （2822KB）（554）       Knowledge map    Save The study aimed to isolate and screen high-efficiency potassium solubilizing bacteria （KSB）， and to quantify the effects of KSB application on plant yield and quality. The KSB strains were screened by silicate bacteria media from the rhizosphere soil of alfalfa （Medicago sativa）， and subsequently the strains were identified by morphological， 16S rDNA sequence， and physiological and biochemical analysis. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of inoculation with KSB strains on the yield and quality of alfalfa. Two high-efficiency KSB strains XLT-4 and XLT-7 were obtained with potassium solubilization rates of 10.53% and 9.75%>CK， and identified as Priestia megaterium and Peribacillus frigoritolerans， respectively. These two KSB strains had the metabolic capacity for phosphorus solubilization， siderophore-production and indole acetic acid secretion. Inoculation with XLT-4 and XLT-7 significantly increased plant height， root length， dry and fresh weight above ground and below ground， root activity， the contents of P， K and crude protein in leaves， while the contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were significantly lower than in CK plants. In addition， the inoculation of the two KSB also improved the enzyme activity and available potassium content in alfalfa rhizosphere soil. In this study， the two KSB strains made a major contribution to improving the yield and quality of alfalfa， and these two organisms are high quality strain resources for the development of microbial preparations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the seed-shattering mechanism of Poaceae plants Wen-gang XIE, Yi-yang WAN, Zong-yu ZHANG, Jun-chao ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (8): 186-198.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020579 Abstract （493）   HTML （36）    PDF （3464KB）（510）       Knowledge map    Save Seed shattering is an adaptive characteristic of wild plants for effective reproduction and population expansion， but it adversely affects seed production. The formation， development， and degradation of the abscission zone are the direct causes of seed shattering in plants. Plant hormones produce signals that promote or inhibit seed shattering. Cell wall hydrolases can cause the degradation of cells in the abscission zone. The occurrence of these processes is regulated by polygenes and the regulatory network is complex. Research on seed shattering has been carried out in rice， wheat， and other crops， but comparatively few studies have focused on forage grasses. In this paper， we review the latest advances in research on seed shattering in poaceous plants to provide a theoretical reference for in-depth exploration of seed-shattering mechanisms and species selection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of MAPK in plant response to abiotic stress Xin-miao ZHANG, Guo-qiang WU, Ming WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (1): 182-197.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023090 Abstract （402）   HTML （33）    PDF （1316KB）（392）       Knowledge map    Save Mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） is a highly conserved serine/threonine （Ser/Thr） protein kinase， occurring widely in eukaryotic intermediate reaction pathways. Plant MAPK has 11 relatively conserved sub-domains， which are all essential elements for Ser/Thr protein kinase to play its catalytic role， and its expression is regulated by reactive oxygen species， nitric oxide and hormones. MAPK phosphorylates a variety of substrates including transcription factors， protein kinases and cytoskeleton related proteins， and plays an important role in regulating plant response to abiotic stresses （salt， drought， extreme temperature， and heavy metals）. In this review， we summarize the results of research on the discovery of plant MAPK family members， their structure and classification， regulatory mechanisms， and their roles in response to various abiotic stresses. We also propose directions for future research. The information in this review provides a theoretical basis and identifies genetic resources for the genetic improvement of crops to produce new， stress-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The mechanism of PGPR regulating plant response to abiotic stress Guo-qiang WU, Zu-long YU, Ming WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (6): 203-218.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023276 Abstract （60）   HTML （2）    PDF （927KB）（83）       Knowledge map    Save Salt alkali， drought and other abiotic stresses are important environmental factors that limit plant growth and yield. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR）， as beneficial microorganisms colonizing plant roots， have been shown to have a capacity for use as biological agents， thereby harnessing their functions for human benefit. This methodology has advantages compared to traditional agricultural chemicals， including low cost， high efficiency， and environmental protection. PGPR have been documented to not only promote plant growth and crop yield， but also to significantly improve the tolerance of plants to abiotic stress. In this study， the definition and types of PGPR， their biological functions and their role in plant response to abiotic stress such as salinity， drought， high and low temperature， and heavy metals were reviewed， and future research directions were also explored. The results from this study provide a foundation for further research on PGPR mediated plant stress resistance and the development and application of these biological agents. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variations in vegetation cover and its relationship with climate change and human activities in Mongolia during the period 1982-2015 Jia-meng DU, Gang BAO, Si-qin TONG, Xiao-jun HUANG, Wendurina, Meili, Yu-hai BAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (2): 1-13.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020311 Abstract （893）   HTML （72）    PDF （4783KB）（939）       Knowledge map    Save Dynamics of vegetation change on different spatial and temporal scales in Mongolia were analysed for the period from 1982 to 2015， based on GIMMS NDVI3g data （global inventory monitoring and modeling system normalized difference vegetation index-3rd generation）， climate data， and data on vegetation type from 1982 to 2015. Spatial patterns， trends of change in those patterns， and the main reasons for differences in vegetation type were examined using trend analysis， partial correlation analysis and residual analysis. The average NDVI in Mongolia in the growing season increased gradually from the south to the north across Mongolia over the 34-year period， showed significant latitudinal differences， and decreased as the altitude increased. In the growing season， the NDVI displayed characteristic features in particular time periods， notably a significant increase between 1982 and 1994 and between 2007 and 2015， and a significant decrease between 1994 and 2007. Across the whole of Mongolia， linear regression model indicated an increasing trend in the values of the NDVI during the growing season at the rate of 0.0005 NDVI per year， and changes in the index were closely related to increasing precipitation， with a partial correlation coefficient of 0.74. In the case of spatial distribution， areas with significant increase in vegetation were distributed mainly in the Great Lakes Region in the west， the Hangayn Mountains， the Gobi Altai Mountains， and the northern forest areas. The responses of vegetation to climatic factors varied with the season and the region. On the whole， the NDVI increased in three seasons， and the fluctuation in the NDVI in summer was consistent with that in the growth season， and the fluctuation in the NDVI in summer was consistent with that in the growth season， which was controlled mainly by precipitation， because summer contributes the most to annual productivity. The effect of temperature on the NDVI was marked in spring and autumn. Residual analysis showed that human activities has a major impact on changes in the NDVI， especially in areas with high population density （western alpine areas and central grassland areas of Mongolia）， the decline in the NDVI is obviously caused by human activities. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Desert grassland dynamics in the last 20 years and its response to climate change in Xinjiang Chen CHEN, Chang-qing JING, Wen-yuan XING, Xiao-jin DENG, Hao-yu FU, Wen-zhang GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (3): 1-14.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020143 Abstract （667）   HTML （46）    PDF （4374KB）（606）       Knowledge map    Save Desert grassland is a key type of land ecosystem in arid and semi-arid areas. Desert grassland has an important ecological role and is sensitive to human activities and global change. In this paper， we studied the dynamic changes in desert grassland in Xinjiang and the responses to different driving factors on different time scales and spatial scales for the period 1999-2018. We first extracted the coverage of desert grassland in Xinjiang and determined the desert grassland threshold values for normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）. Then， we used a unitary linear regression model， correlation analysis and other methods to combine NDVI， net primary productivity （NPP）， meteorological factors and other data to study the changes in area of desert grassland and their driving mechanisms. The results showed that： 1） There were differences in the distribution of desert grasslands in the North and South of Xinjiang during the study period. Over all the area of desert grassland decreased significantly， while the average NDVI was relatively stable， and the NPP showed an upward trend. 2） Meteorological factors over the study period showed different trends at different times of the year. In July and August there were significant differences between North and South Xinjiang. Temperature and precipitation in most regions of Xinjiang increased between 1999 and 2018. 3） In terms of interannual changes， precipitation， high evaporation events， and average wind speed are the important factors affecting NDVI of desert grasslands in Xinjiang. The effect of water conditions on NDVI in the growing season is more obvious. There is a significant negative correlation between annual evaporation and desert grassland NPP， and average wind speed and precipitation have a correlation with desert grassland NPP. 4） In terms of spatial correlation， the area where temperature and precipitation are positively correlated with the NDVI and NPP of desert grassland is larger than that dominated by other factors， and the area where the precipitation effect dominates is larger than that driven by temperature. It was concluded that the dynamic changes of desert grassland in Xinjiang were the result of the combined effects of multiple meteorological factors. Temperature and precipitation were the main factors of influence， and of these the impact of precipitation was more obvious. Water status is the decisive factor driving dynamic vegetation change in desert grassland. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the physiological response of plants to low temperature and the amelioration effcectiveness of exogenous ABA Hong-tao XIANG, Dian-feng ZHENG, Ning HE, Wan LI, Man-li WANG, Shi-ya WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (1): 208-219.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020091 Abstract （697）   HTML （42）    PDF （1223KB）（615）       Knowledge map    Save Global climate change is producing abnormal， extreme weather and agricultural meteorological disasters linked to climate change now occur frequently. Sudden low temperature stress has become one of the most common abiotic stresses in agricultural production， and low temperature stress more generally has become one of the most common abiotic stresses in agricultural production in recent years. Low temperature stress interferes with plant growth and development， and can directly or indirectly affect physiological functions， cell membrane components and structure of the plant， thus reducing yield and quality， and seriously restricting agricultural production. Application of exogenous ABA at appropriate rates can alleviate the effects of low temperature stress on physicochemical processes. Here we systematically expound the effects of low temperature stress on the physicochemical processes of plants and clarify the mechanisms of plant responses to low temperature stress， including aspects of photosynthetic physiology， stress physiology， cell membrane components and cell structure， hormone levels， and gene expression. Furthermore， the positive effects of exogenous ABA in alleviating low temperature stress are analyzed. This paper discusses the research status and development trends with respect to the use of plant growth regulators for alleviation of low temperature stress. This topic is of great significance for stable production and preservation of agriculture， and also provides a theoretical basis for future research on plant cold resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and perspectives in forage oat breeding Xue-ling YE, Zhen GAN, Yan WAN, Da-bing XIANG, Xiao-yong WU, Qi WU, Chang-ying LIU, Yu FAN, Liang ZOU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (2): 160-177.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022263 Abstract （576）   HTML （50）    PDF （857KB）（666）       Knowledge map    Save Oat （Avena sativa） is an annual crop belonging to the Poaceae family with resistance to salinity， drought， cold stress， and adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions including lower soil fertility. Oats are widely grown in temperate regions north of 40° N latitude in Europe， North America， and Asia. Oats also have a high forage yield， high nutritional value， good palatability， high digestibility， and the crop is suitable for silage and hay production. Therefore， oat is a versatile grain crop useful for food and forage purposes. Oat cultivars can be classified as naked or hulled oats depending on whether the grains readily separate from the husk or lemma at threshing. Hulled oats retain their husk. Naked oats without husks are mostly grown in China and are commonly used for food， while hulled oats which retain their husks are mainly grown in other countries， and are often used for feeding livestock. With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China in recent years， the available forage oat varieties are currently in need of improvement. Our country has formulated and implemented a series of policies that include “grass-based livestock husbandry”， “grain to forage” and “planting grass in fields”， which have promoted the rapid development of the forage oat industry. Under the strong support and guidance of these national policies and industry need， the planting area of forage oats has continued to expand， and the demand for new varieties has become increasingly urgent， which also points to higher requirements for the breeding of forage oats. In this study， we reviewed： 1） Collection， sorting， identification， and evaluation of germplasm resources of forage oats at home and abroad； 2） Four development stages of conventional breeding； and 3） The application of molecular technology in scientific research and breeding of oats. Based the above review， the current breeding objectives of forage oats are clarified， and the key points， difficulties， and immediate issues of forage oat breeding are discussed and analyzed， thus providing an important resource to underpin further developments in forage oat breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on remote sensing discrimination techniques for grassland botanical species Meng-ge HUANG, Xin-hong WANG, Ling-ling MA, Xue-hua YE, Xiao-hua ZHU, Wei-ping KONG, Ning WANG, Qi WANG, Guang-zhou OUYANG, Qing-chuan ZHENG, Xiao-xin HOU, Ling-li TANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 167-185.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022278 Abstract （281）   HTML （21）    PDF （1661KB）（333）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland is an important resource bank for regional economic development and a crucial ecological reservoir for the security of China’s land-based ecological environment. Remote sensing technology is rapid， efficient， and low-cost， and therefore provides the mainstream technical means for large-scale grassland monitoring. The use of remote sensing technology to discriminate grassland species is an important way to monitor the population dynamics and botanical community succession in grassland. Such information is conducive to the timely and accurate detection of changes in the grassland ecological environment and provides an important reference for the scientific management of grassland ecosystems and the construction of an ecologically aware civilization. This study focuses on the problem of remote sensing discrimination of grassland species， clarifies the technical process of grassland species discrimination and introduces the latest research progress. Technical difficulties are covered from three perspectives： The characteristics of the main remote sensing data sources for grassland species discrimination and their acquisition techniques， important grassland species discrimination features and their mining techniques and the current commonly used grassland species discrimination methods and models. This study concludes that hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing and their fusion technologies have application prospects in the remote sensing discrimination of grassland species， and that the deep mining of multidimensional features and the effective combination of complementary features can improve the accuracy of grassland species discrimination. This study identifies the main problems of the current remote sensing discrimination technology for grassland species， and opens the prospect of the future precise discrimination of grassland species through remote sensing technology and thereby provides a theoretical reference for a thorough understanding of the field of remote sensing identification of grassland species and in-depth research on grassland species discrimination. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in research and practice of restoration of degraded grassland around the world Li GAO, Yong DING Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (10): 189-205.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022077 Abstract （596）   HTML （53）    PDF （683KB）（479）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland is one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on earth， and brings humankind a series of ecosystem services， including food production， climate regulation， air purification， water conservation， wind prevention and sand fixation. Nearly half of the grasslands in the world are affected by climate change and human factors， and thus display different degrees of degradation. This degradation has become one of the world’s ecological and environmental problems. Much research on restoration of degraded grasslands has been carried out around the world with findings often leading to change in practice， and great progress has been made. However， at the beginning of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration （2021-2030）， a new generation of restoration research and practice projects is needed to cope with global environmental challenges. This paper summarizes the research and practice of degraded grassland restoration around the world， in the hope of learning from the existing grassland restoration work. On this basis， it is anticipated that we can map out the main direction of future research on degraded grassland restoration， and formulate reasonable restoration plans for degraded grassland， so as to provide reference information for new grassland restoration research and practice in the context of global change. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status and suggestions for grassland carbon sequestration and emission reduction in China Zi-jing LI, Cui-ping GAO, Zhong-wu WANG, Guo-dong HAN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (2): 191-200.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022049 Abstract （391）   HTML （29）    PDF （715KB）（339）       Knowledge map    Save With rapid economic development， and continuing increase in the emission of greenhouse gases， coupled with intensification of human use of natural resources， the carbon sequestration capacity of the global ecosystem has weakened， and the concentration of greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere has reached a new high. This has become a major global issue of general concern to the international community. China’s grassland carbon sink resources are unique， and the development of the grassland carbon sink economy has become an important vehicle for fulfilling international commitments， creating a new carbon sequestration economy and building a beautiful China with regenerative food production systems. This study reviews the current status of grassland carbon sequestration and emission reduction in China and the factors influencing sequestration， including research into grassland carbon sink capacity and reduction of emissions linked to livestock production now that there is a background of climate change and establishment of sown artificial grassland construction. Our review proposes a plan for the development of grassland carbon sequestration and emission reduction in China and provides a theoretical basis for contribution to carbon neutrality， and carbon sequestration and emission reduction in China’s grasslands. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in research on the interactions among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi， rhizobia， and plants Hai-xia DUAN, Qian SHI, Sheng-ping KANG, Hai-qing GOU, Chong-liang LUO, You-cai XIONG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (5): 166-182.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023225 Abstract （185）   HTML （13）    PDF （1282KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） and rhizobia play crucial roles in plant productivity， microbial community structure， and soil quality. As such， they are key organisms for achieving sustainable ecosystem development. Over time， a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship develops between AMF and rhizobia， and this relationship is essential for effective biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption. Such effective symbioses reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers， thereby facilitating sustainable agricultural practices. However， studies have shown that various environmental factors can hinder the formation of symbiotic relationships between AMF and rhizobia. Therefore， it is necessary to systematically explore the mechanism of the AMF-rhizobia interaction and the factors that affect it. On the basis of a literature review and qualitative comparative analysis， we described the process and mechanism by which plant roots released exudates to stimulate rhizobia and AMF to produce nodulation factors and mycorrhizal factors， thereby activating signaling pathways involved in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between rhizobia-AMF and plants. This review summarized the results of research on the synergism and interaction between AMF-rhizobia and plants， and the biological and abiotic factors affecting the AMF-rhizobia symbiosis and interactions. We highlighted the current gaps in knowledge related to the mechanisms of the symbiotic relationships among AMF， rhizobia， and plants， and discussed the reasons for the slow development of microbial fertilizers. Finally， we discussed future research directions at the theoretical， technical， and application levels. Further research will provide novel ideas and methods for using AMF and rhizobia to promote sustainable agricultural development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different grazing times on soil particle composition and fractal dimension in the desert steppe Hai-xin JIANG, Yao ZHOU, Ke HU, Zhan-sheng DING, Hong-bin MA Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (6): 17-28.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023243 Abstract （44）   HTML （5）    PDF （1935KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save Studying the impact of the timing of grazing on soil particle composition and fractal dimension in grasslands is crucial for understanding how grazing disturbances affect soil quality and the ecological conditions of grasslands. The overall aim of this research， therefore， was to provide a theoretical foundation for determining the most suitable timing of grazing in grassland ecosystems. This study was conducted on the desert steppe of Ningxia， and five grazing treatments were implemented： forbidden grazing （FY）， traditional time rotational grazing （FG）， delayed start rotational grazing （YG）， early end rotational grazing （TG）， and delayed start and early end rotational grazing （YT）. We collected soil samples from all of these treatments. Then， we determined how different grazing timing influenced changes in soil particle composition and fractal dimension on the desert steppe and identified the factors driving these changes. The results clearly demonstrate that across all treatments， the primary components of soil texture in desert steppe were silt， very fine sand， and fine sand particles. We observed significant variations in soil particle composition among treatments within the 0-40 cm soil depth range （P<0.05）. The soil particle fractal dimension ranged from 2.11 to 2.75， with a gradual increase with increasing soil depth. Notably， YG had the highest silt content and fractal dimension. The silt content and fractal dimension FY of 0-10 cm soil layer were the lowest， and the FG treatment was the lowest in the other soil layers. The soil fractal dimension was significantly positively correlated with silt content （P<0.01）， and significantly negatively correlated with very fine sand and fine sand contents （P<0.01， P<0.05）. The soil particle fractal dimension was positively correlated with organic carbon content and total porosity， and negatively correlated with bulk density， available potassium content， and capillary porosity. In conclusion， our results suggest that the fractal dimension can effectively serve as an indicator of changes in soil texture on the desert steppe. Delayed grazing practices positively influence soil particle composition and fractal dimension， ultimately improving soil quality. These findings offer valuable insights for determining the optimal timing of grazing on the desert steppe. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors inducing plant apomixis and its potential application in Kentucky bluegrass breeding Jin-qing ZHANG, Kui-ju NIU, Yu-zhu LI, Hui-ling MA Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (4): 205-217.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020176 Abstract （409）   HTML （15）    PDF （1166KB）（542）       Knowledge map    Save The main factors affecting the development of apomictic embryogenesis in plants are summarized from five perspectives： genetic control， environmental impact， ploidy implications， hormone levels and mineral regulation， and the timing and location of the aposporous initiation cell. The purpose of this review is to develop a systematic understanding of the mechanism of apomixis in plants. In particular， research on apomixis in Poa pratensis is reviewed， factors limiting its occurrence are identified， theoretical advantages of its application are evaluated， and prospects for the use of apomixis in P. pratensis breeding and new germplasm creation are explored. This study provides a theoretical basis for the breeding and development of new varieties of P. pratensis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Climate responses of carbon fluxes in two adjacent alpine grasslands in northern Tibet Ling-ling XU, Ben NIU, Xian-zhou ZHANG, Yong-tao HE, Pei-li SHI, Ning ZONG, Jian-shuang WU, Xiang-tao WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (6): 1-16.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023250 Abstract （95）   HTML （19）    PDF （4525KB）（69）       Knowledge map    Save The sensitivity of ecosystem carbon cycle to climate change is an important issue in the context of future carbon neutrality across the globe. Because of the vast area， rich carbon storage， and vulnerability of the alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau， many site-specific studies have focused on the responses of carbon and water fluxes of alpine grassland to climate change in recent years. In such studies， various observation and simulation techniques， especially eddy correlation （EC） techniques， have been used. However， the sensitivity of different alpine grassland types to changes in climatic factors under the same climatic background remains unclear. Based on the estimates of carbon and water fluxes made using EC techniques from 2009 to 2011 under different water conditions， this study analyzed and compared the climate sensitivity of the carbon cycle between two adjacent （<5 km） alpine grassland ecosystems， alpine meadow and alpine wetland， in northern Tibet. The results showed that the carbon exchange capacity of alpine meadow was significantly lower than that of alpine wetland. The alpine meadow was carbon neutral with an annual net CO2 exchange （NEE） of 18.09±40.66 g C·m-2， while the alpine wetland was a stable carbon sink with an annual NEE of 155.09±32.85 g C·m-2. The moisture conditions weakly affected the maximum photosynthetic rate of the light response curves in both alpine meadow and alpine wetland， but was significantly positively correlated with gross primary productivity under saturated light intensity. The effect of moisture conditions to regulate the exponential response relationship between ecosystem respiration （Re） and temperature was mainly reflected by the basic respiration value （a）. The mean a value of alpine wetland was 3.76-times larger than that of alpine meadow， but the effect of moisture conditions to regulate the temperature sensitivity of Re （Q10） in the two alpine grasslands was not significant. The mean value of annual Q10 （1.84） and the trend of Q10 to decrease with temperature were basically the same in the alpine meadow and alpine wetland. We concluded that the response of CO2 exchange in the alpine grassland ecosystem in northern Tibet to environmental factors depends on joint restricting effects of multiple factors. Therefore， a regional network and collaborative observations are helpful to better understand the mechanism of the carbon exchange response of the alpine ecosystem to climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in studies of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) in plants WU Zhi-gang, WU Shu-jia, WANG Ying-chun, ZHENG Lin-lin Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2018, 27 (1): 204-214.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2017211 Abstract （2417）   HTML （69）    PDF （1226KB）（1278）       Knowledge map    Save Ca 2+ is an important secondary messenger in signal transduction in plant cells. When plants are exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions Ca 2+ signals are perceived and decoded by Ca 2+ sensors (CaMs, CaMLs, CBLs and CDPKs) to elicit the expression level of related genes. Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) is a Ca 2+ sensor playing a pivotal role in plant development, pollen tube elongation and responses to abiotic and biotic stimuli. It has the unique ability to directly transmit cytolic Ca 2+ signals to downstream phosphorylation events in diverse substrates which can mediate interaction with 14-3-3 proteins to modulate protein functions. Most CDPKs have significant subcellular distribution, allowing them to “feel” local Ca 2+ concentration and to act specifically with their target cells. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved in eukaryotic cells, which in most cases need to bind to different targets and be phosphorylated to modulate their activity. Through protein-protein interactions, 14-3-3 proteins are involved in many significant physiological processes in plants. Recent studies have revealed that the role of CDPK in phosphorylating sites in mediating 14-3-3 protein binding to form CDPK/14-3-3 complex, and have also highlighted the role of the CDPK/14-3-3 complex in regulating primary metabolism, plant hormone synthesis and flowering. In this paper, CDPK structure, subcellular localization, target protein, biological functions, especially the cross regulation between CDPK and 14-3-3 and their synergistic effect in plant signaling pathway will be discussed in depth. Our study aims are to provide a reference and indicate new directions for future CDPK research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in studies of molecular mechanisms and applications of somatic cell regeneration during genetic transformation Yu-zhu LI, Jiang-di YU, Fei-fei DING, Jia-min MIAO, Xiao-ming BAI, Shang-li SHI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 198-211.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023147 Abstract （155）   HTML （11）    PDF （578KB）（272）       Knowledge map    Save Plant genetic transformation is the key of transgenic technology， genome editing， functional genomics research and molecular breeding. Species and genotype differences are often the main bottlenecks limiting the efficiency of genetic transformation and the wide application of gene editing technology. With the molecular mechanism of de novo shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis being gradually explored， the growth and developmental regulatory genes involved in the synthesis， response and signal transduction of auxin and cytokinin in callus formation， proliferation and regeneration are used to improve genetic transformation efficiency. In this study， we first review the different ways and means of achieving somatic cell regeneration after genetic transformation， and the molecular mechanisms of regeneration for the transformed cells through indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Then， the application of regeneration-promoting genes related to auxin and cytokinin in improving regeneration efficiency， shortening transformation time， and realizing genetic transformation of recalcitrant species and genotypes was discussed. Finally， the potential for application of regeneration-promoting genes when working with transgenic and gene-edited cells were summarized and current research directions were discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yield and nutrient concentration in common green manure crops and assessment of potential for nitrogen replacement in different regions of China YANG Ye-hua, ZHANG Song, WANG Shuai, LIU Zheng-lan, FANG Lin-fa, ZHANG Xue-liang, LIU Rui, ZHANG Jian-wei, ZHANG Yu-ting, SHI Xiao-jun Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2020, 29 (6): 39-55.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019397 Abstract （996）   HTML （42）    PDF （3430KB）（651）       Knowledge map    Save Green manure is considered a clean source of organic fertilizer. It plays an important role in enhancing soil fertility and the substitution of chemical fertilizer. Quantifying green manure yield and nutrient concentration at the regional level can provide a theoretical basis and supporting data for green manure application and fertilizer replacement. This study, by searching the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database and related books, collected 3431 data, including information on 17 different common green manure crops across China. The green manure yield and nutrient concentration data from across China were systematically analyzed and compared, and the nitrogen fertilizer replacement effect was evaluated for different regions of China. It was found that the average yield of fresh green manure in China was 38.0 t·ha -1 (moisture content was 81.0% on average), but a wide range (0.7-186.7 t·ha -1) was noted. The average yields of ryegrass, erect milkvetch, Stylosanthes, and red clover were higher than 43 t·ha -1, and significantly higher than other green manure species. The average nitrogen concentration of 17 kinds of common green manures was 28.0 g·kg -1 (in the hay). The nitrogen concentration of common vetch, vetch, alfalfa, burclover, and white clover were all above 30.0 g·kg -1, and this was significantly higher than other green manure types. The average phosphorus concentration of different common green manure crops was 7.0 g·kg -1, and vetch and February orchid contained greater phosphorus concentration (above 8.0 g·kg -1) than other green manures. The average potassium concentration of different common green manure crops was 25.3 g·kg -1, and the February orchid and milk vetch were highest with a potassium concentration of more than 32.0 g·kg -1. The average accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of green manure crops was 214.4 kg N·ha -1, 48.4 kg P 2O 5·ha -1 and 165.1 kg K 2O·ha -1. There were significant differences in the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different common green manures, among which the accumulation of nutrients was the highest in erect milkvetch, ryegrass, red clover, alfalfa, and Stylosanthes, above 250.0 kg N·ha -1, 50.0 kg P 2O 5·ha -1 and 191.7 kg K 2O·ha -1, respectively. Linking the nutrient accumulation data with regional climatic data, our further analysis found that: milk vetch is most suitable for planting in the southern hilly valley and interplanting zone; common vetch is suitable for planting in the northeast grain rotation area and the Yangtze River Basin; vetch is suitable for planting in the rice-cotton complex intercropping area of the Yangtze River Basin; alfalfa is most suitable for planting in the coastal multiple cropping area; white and red clover are most suitable for planting in the grain-grass intercropping area of the southwest mountainous hills and the northeast grain and grass rotation area; and ryegrass is most suitable for planting in rice-grass multiple cropping area. According to the nitrogen fixation potential assessment of the yield, nitrogen fixation amount and planting area of major leguminous green manure in different regions, the current planting area of green manure in China is about 4.49 million ha, equivalent to the production of 400-810 thousand tons of nitrogen fertilizer. If we estimate the potential area of green manure fertilizer in China at 46 million ha, this is equivalent to the production of 4.0-8.28 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer. Thus, leguminous green manure fertilizer has a high potential of fertilizer replacement. In formulating regional recommendations for green manure crop production, the green manure crop with strong adaptability and performance in each region should be identified and promoted. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and transcript profiling of the CAMTA gene family under abiotic stress in alfalfa Hai-ming KONG, Jia-xing SONG, Jing YANG, Qian LI, Pei-zhi YANG, Yu-man CAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (5): 143-154.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023240 Abstract （88）   HTML （9）    PDF （4900KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save Calmodulin-binding transcription activating factors （CAMTA） are calmodulin-binding proteins that play important roles in hormone signal transduction， developmental regulation， and environmental stress tolerance. In this study， bioinformatic methods were used to identify members of the CAMTA family in alfalfa （Medicago sativa） based on the reference genome of M. sativa “XinjiangDaye”. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted to evaluate relationships among the MsCAMTA genes. The physicochemical properties and conserved domains of the putative proteins were determined. The chromosomal positions of MsCAMTA genes were mapped， and cis-acting elements were identified in their promoter regions. The transcriptional profiles of MsCAMTA genes under various stress conditions were analyzed and validated. Seventeen MsCAMTA genes were identified， and the MsCAMTA family members grouped into three subfamilies in the phylogenetic analysis. Members of the same subfamily had relatively similar gene structures and positions of conserved motifs. The chromosomal localization results showed that members of the MsCAMTA family were unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes. A large number of cis-acting elements that respond to low temperature， salt stress， and plant hormone signals were identified in the promoter regions of these genes. We conducted RT-qPCR analyses to determine the transcript levels of MsCAMTA1， MsCAMTA3， MsCAMTA11， and MsCAMTA12 in alfalfa leaves under salt （300 mmol·L-1 NaCl）， simulated drought （400 mmol·L-1 mannitol）， low temperature （10 ℃）， and abscisic acid （100 μmol·L-1） treatments. All four MsCAMTA candidate genes responded to various stressors to varying degrees. All four were up-regulated under salt stress. The results suggested that MsCAMTA may participate in the responses of alfalfa to various abiotic stresses by integrating multiple stress signals. The results of this study provide a reference for further studies on the functions of MsCAMTA genes in plant response to stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Economic cost assessment of global invasive plants Guang-hua ZHAO, Ming-long GAO, Duo WANG, Shi-qi FAN, Jian TANG, Kuo SUN, Xuan-ye WEN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (5): 16-24.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023220 Abstract （182）   HTML （41）    PDF （2111KB）（262）       Knowledge map    Save Among invasive species， plants comprise the most diverse and numerous biological groups. Assessing the economic cost of invasive plants is an important part of risk management and is essential for the development of policies for control or eradication. In this study， based on the InvaCost database， we assessed the economic costs of global invasive plants from 1970 to 2017. The main results were as follows： 1） The conservative economic cost of invasive plants from 1970 to 2017 was 194.365 billion U.S. dollars （USD）， 4.049 billion USD per year on average， of which the direct economic loss amounted to 100.468 billion USD， accounting for 51.69% of the total. 2） Among 64 countries and regions， the United States has borne the highest economic costs， followed by Australia， and China ranks third with costs of 20.831 billion USD （equivalent to 140.707 billion RMB）. Notably， Eichhornia crassipes has been the most expensive invasive plant species globally， with the costs of its damage exceeding the combined costs of invasive plants ranking 5th to 10th. 3） Over the past five decades， the economic cost of invasive plants has shown an upward trend. Model estimates suggest that the possible cost of invasive plants in 2017 ranged from 3.438 billion to 10.452 billion USD， with the highest confidence value being 7.725 billion USD. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the severity of invasive plant threats and provide a scientific basis for more proactive invasive plant management in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An evaluation of a remote sensing method based on optimized triangular vegetation index （TVI） for aboveground shrub biomass estimation in shrub-encroached grassland Zheng-yong XU, Bin SUN, Wang-fei ZHANG, Yi-fu LI, Zi-yu YAN, Wei YUE, Si-han TENG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (10): 1-14.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022488 Abstract （379）   HTML （52）    PDF （2836KB）（547）       Knowledge map    Save Shrub-encroachment onto grassland is becoming an important ecological problem in grassland ecosystems， and accurate estimation of the shrub above-ground biomass （AGB） in shrub-encroached grassland vegetation plays a significant role in research into regional ecosystem carbon cycles. Due to the dual effects of soil background noise and differences in vegetation growth structure characteristics， the traditional vegetation indices are extremely unstable for model-building involving shrub-encroached grassland AGB estimation. To solve this problem， in this study we developed a novel way by optimizing the triangular vegetation index （TVI） using Sentinel-2 remote sensing data for shrub-encroached grassland AGB estimation. The results showed that： 1） In the area dominated by herbaceous vegetation， TVI calculated using a combination of green， red-edge and near-infrared （ R_{\mathrm{560}} ， R_{\mathrm{705}} and R_{\mathrm{865}} ） performed best with an R2 of 0.684； in the area dominated by shrub vegetation， the TVI again performed best with R2= 0.368. 2） When analyzing the sensitivity of the 12 commonly used vegetation indexes to soil noise， the enhanced vegetation index （EVI） was the most sensitive to soil noise in the area dominated by herbaceous vegetation； in the area dominated by shrub vegetation， the modified soil adjusted vegetation index （MSAVI） was the most sensitive. 3） In the area dominated by herbaceous vegetation， the optimized vegetation index grassland triangular vegetation index （GTVI） performed better than TVI with the value of R_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{2}} （coefficient of determination cross validation） increased by 0.153 and the value of R M S E_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}} decreased by 12.222 g·m-2； in the area dominated by shrub vegetation， GTVI performed better than TVI and the R_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{2}} value increased 0.029， while the R M S E_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}} （root mean square error cross validation） decreased 1.684 g·m-2. 4） The estimation results acquired by GTVI showed the highest accuracy when compared with the results estimated by the commonly used 12 vegetation indices. The results of this study are expected to provide a scientific basis and reference AGB estimation in shrub-encroached grassland using vegetation indices extracted from remote sensing data. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (6): 1-10.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20220601 Abstract （633）   HTML （65）    PDF （598KB）（579）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Promotional effects of nanoparticles on plants Yun-hua HAN, Su-juan MI, Xiao-qi SHI, Tian-hang ZHONG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (11): 204-213.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021449 Abstract （282）   HTML （7）    PDF （1424KB）（169）       Knowledge map    Save With global climate change and human population increase， the demand for sustainable development of plant production is more urgent. Nanotechnology is one of the most developed sciences in the 21st century and a promising tool for sustainable agricultural development. In recent years， the applications of nanomaterials for enhancement of plant production have developed rapidly， and potential of this technology in traditional plant production has been proven. In this review， we elucidate the promotional effect of nanomaterials on plant growth and their mechanisms. We discuss developments of nanomaterial research in plant growth， including uptake and transport of nanoparticles， fertilizers and plant growth regulators effects of nano particles， nano enzyme enhancement of stress resistance and nano particle regulation of photosynthesis. Further， the challenges of nanomaterial applications in plant production and research priorities are discussed， emphasizing the need for a systematic approach to the use of nanotechnology in agriculture. We hope this paper will provide new ideas for future research on nanoparticle regulation of plant functions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of seasonal transformation of flower morphology on reproduction of Viola philippica Hui-fang SUN, Yan WEI, Zi-yan YAN, Cheng YAN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2020, 29 (12): 198-204.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020044 Abstract （390）   HTML （5）    PDF （1234KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save Viola philippica is a garden plant with excellent ornamental characteristics， and there are large germplasm resources for this species. V. philippica forms different types of flowers during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine how this variable florescence phenology affects the breeding system. V. philippica produces two kinds of flowers. In spring， it forms chasmogamous flowers with five petals and five calyxes. These flowers are produced in a mass-flowering pattern in a short period from mid- to late April. The flowers produced in summer and autumn are cleistogamous. They have no petals， and the sepals wrap the female parts and stamens. The cleistogamous flowers are produced in an extended flowering pattern from early May to the beginning of September. The average number of pollen grains per chasmogamous flower was 7053， and the pollen/ovule ratio （P/O） was 173.32-204.49. There were 179.2 pollen grains per cleistogamous flower， and the P/O value was 4.46-5.95. The results show that the breeding system of open flowers is heterozygous， partially compatible， and pollinated， while the closed flowers are fertilized. The style of chasmogamous flowers has a curved structure， and nectaries at the base of the dorsal part of the lower two stamens extend to the base of the petals. Bee pollinators press the stigma by colliding with the style， pushing the stamen arm in a lever motion to pollinate， thus promoting the separation of the appendages. The cleistogamous flowers show strict closed fertilization and do not require pollination. The seed setting rate and seed setting rate per individual plant are significantly higher for plants with cleistogamous flowers than for plants with chasmogamous flowers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on effects of nitrogen deposition on soil nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems Jiao-yun LU, He-shan ZHANG, Hong TIAN, Jun-bo XIONG, Yang LIU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (6): 221-234.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021156 Abstract （509）   HTML （37）    PDF （780KB）（366）       Knowledge map    Save The intensification of human activities and the use of fossil fuels has increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition， which has a significant impact on the nitrogen cycling processes of terrestrial ecosystems， thus affecting ecosystem productivity and stability. Grasslands， are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems， and in many cases are subject to resource loss and nutrient imbalance due to human overuse and lack of awareness of protection needs， in which case the development of animal husbandry enterprises can be severely limited. It is highly relevant to explore the influence of nitrogen deposition on nitrogen cycles of grassland ecosystems for rational development of policy and practice with respect to utilization of grassland resources. This paper tracks published research results at home and abroad and a key finding is that most nitrogen addition inhibits biological nitrogen fixation processes， promotes nitrification， denitrification and mineralization in soils， inhibits the activity of nitrogen fixing microorganisms， and increases the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of nitrifying microorganisms and expression of functional genes of denitrifying microorganisms， such as nirK， nirS， nirG and nosZ. However， the responses of the soil nitrogen cycle to nitrogen deposition in a few studies differed from the above due to differences in nitrogen nutrition and nitrogen application measures in a grassland environment. Through summarizing the existing studies， we found that： 1） The effects of nitrogen deposition on the nitrogen cycle differ between studies due to different soil background nutrient levels and nitrogen absorption thresholds； 2） Microorganisms are important participants in the soil nitrogen cycle， and the responses of microorganisms to nitrogen addition differ with different nitrogen application time， frequency and quantity. 3） The various steps of the nitrogen cycle in soils are closely coupled and influence each other， but most of the existing studies only focus on a particular step， and therefore the results do not provide comprehensive insight. Therefore， in future studies， it will be necessary to pay more attention to the study of soil nitrogen cycle microbial changes under particular nitrogen supply conditions in grasslands with different nutrient levels， and consider the multi-step coupling relationship， which is very important to the improvement of grassland ecosystem function and reduction of the threat caused by nitrogen loss from the environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of drought stress and rehydration on the growth and physiological characteristics of annual herbaceous plants from a desert-oasis ecotone Lu-jing ZENG, Guo-hua WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (5): 41-57.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023302 Abstract （117）   HTML （21）    PDF （9686KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save In desert-oasis ecotones， many annual herbaceous plant populations form permanent plant synusiae， which play important roles as windbreaks and in sand fixation， thereby protecting the stability of the oasis ecosystem. In this study， we selected Chloris virgata， Setaria viridis， Halogeton arachnoideus， Agriophyllum squarrosum， and Bassia dasyphylla as five typical annual herbaceous plants under artificial forests in a typical desert-oasis ecotone in the Hexi Corridor， and conducted pot experiments with simulated drought and rehydration treatments. We measured the changes in root and leaf growth traits （i.e.， plant height， root volume， average root diameter， total root surface area， total root length， and root dry weight） and physiological characteristics （i.e.， root activity， contents of photosynthetic pigments， malondialdehyde， osmotic adjustment substances， and antioxidant enzyme activity） of seedlings of the five plants to analyze their adaptive strategies to drought stress. The results showed that light drought stress （i.e.， soil moisture decreased by 2% compared with the control） had no significant negative effect on the growth of the five annual herbaceous plants， but promoted their growth to some extent. Plant growth was significantly inhibited under moderate （soil moisture decreased by 4%） and severe （soil moisture decreased by 6%） drought stress. The contents of malondialdehyde and osmoregulatory substances and the activity of peroxidase in the roots and leaves increased with increasing severity of drought stress； but the root activity decreased significantly. The activity of superoxide dismutase in the roots of the annual Gramineae C. virgata and S. viridis increased with increasing severity of drought stress； however， its activity in the roots of A. squarrosum and B. dasyphylla （Chenopodiaceae） initially increased and then decreased with increasing severity of drought stress. Upon rehydration treatments， the growth and physiology of all five plant species were compensated to different degrees. Roots recovered better than did leaves， and shallow-rooted plants were better able to recover than deep-rooted ones. The drought tolerance of the five annual herbs differed significantly， and they were ranked from most to least drought tolerant as follows： S. viridis>H. arachnoideus>B. dasyphylla>C. virgata>A. squarrosum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedlings growth of salt-tolerant line and salt-sensitive line of maize PENG Yun-ling, LI Wei-li,WANG Kun-ze, WANG Han-ning Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2012, 21 (4): 62-71.   Abstract （194）      PDF （1482KB）（461）       Knowledge map    Save Salt stress affects plant growth and development and reduces productivity of crop. Maize ( Zea mays) is moderate sensitive to salt. Screening and studying maize germplasm resistant to salt have certain directive function on improving salt-tolerant germplasm resources and breeding salt-tolerant variety, and have certain theoretical meaning of genetic mechanism of salt tolerance in maize. The study will focus on the comprehensive comparison of salt-tolerant properties change of salt-tolerant lines 8723, 81162 and salt-sensitive line P138 at germination and seedling stages under salt stress, in order to probe into salt-tolerant mechanism in maize, to provide the materials for breeding resistant-salt variety and discovering genes related to salt tolerance and to lay the foundation for salt-tolerant genetic mechanism in maize.Seed germination and seedling growth of salt-tolerant lines 8723, 81162 and salt-sensitive line P138 of maize under different concentrations of NaCl stress were determined in this experiment. The experimental results indicated that, with the increase of salt concentration, there were higher germination rate, germination potential, germination index, activity index, plumule length, and lower salt injury index, of salt-tolerant line with a small change at seed germination stage, compared with salt-sensitive line. A study of salt-tolerant lines and salt-sensitive line under different concentrations of NaCl stress in seedling stage showed that the height of seedlings, root length, fresh weight of the three inbred lines all decreased with increasing concentrations of NaCl. The decrease rate of these indices for the salt-tolerant lines was all less than those for the salt-sensitive inbred line. The results of physiological changes under different concentrations of salt stress indicated that there were higher relative water content and lower relative conductivity of organization of external seepage of salt-tolerant lines with a small change, compared with salt-sensitive line. To analyze all experimental results, salt-tolerant line 8723 had stronger tolerant than 81162. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(51)

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Research progress in water uptake models by plant roots WANG Yu-Yang, CHEN Ya-Peng Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2017, 26 (3): 214-225.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2016146 Abstract （719）   HTML （22）    PDF （634KB）（1274）       Knowledge map    Save The uptake of water by roots is the beginning of water transport within a plant, with such uptake directly controlling the amount of water available for transporting and, as a result, strongly affecting the life of the plant. Research on this uptake is thus not only a key to understanding the process of water transfer in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, but also an important topic for interdisciplinary research in such areas as hydrology, climate, soil, agriculture and ecology. Models for root uptake of water provide a numerical tool for quantitatively understanding this plant process. The establishment of a suitable model will provide not only a basic tool for estimating the amount of water absorbed but will also help to discover the water sources and requirements of plants. It can thus assist the development of effective agricultural water management programs, with far-reaching significance for restoring vegetation in extremely arid regions. In this paper, we review the development of models for root uptake of water, sum up the mechanisms identified and classify the models into different types at macroscopic and microscopic scales. We analyze the macroscopic models in detail, including Ohm’s law model, Feddes model, Transpiration segment model, Hybrid model, Compensatory root uptake water model and the Matric flux potential model, which are widely used in practical experiments. We illustrate the application range and discuss the limitations of existing models. We conclude with three suggestions for future research: 1) the establishment of dynamic models for root uptake of water, 2) the combination of microscopic and macroscopic models, and 3) the development of models for trees and herbages. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of vegetative propagation characteristics of modules between Leymus chinensis and Carex duriuscula clonal populations in a restoration succession series in northeast degraded grassland Li-li LIU, Yue-lin WANG, Hai-yan LI, Ji FENG, Li-shuang CHU, Yun-fei YANG, Li-shi LAN, Jian GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (7): 15-24.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023299 Abstract （22）   HTML （4）    PDF （1595KB）（47）       Knowledge map    Save Populations of clonal herbaceous plants mainly regenerate by vegetative propagation. The age structure of modules of rhizomatous herbaceous plants generated by vegetative propagation is an important factor in population status analysis， and in the prediction of vegetation and restoration succession dynamics. In this study， we analyzed and compared the age structures of tillers and rhizomes， the productivity of tillers， the storage capacity of rhizomes， and the vegetative propagation capacity of both tillers and rhizomes at different ages between two major clonal herbaceous species， Leymus chinensis and Carex duriuscula， at five stages of restoration in the succession of degraded grassland in northeast China. The tillers of L. chinensis and C. duriuscula showed an expanding age structure， and the rhizomes exhibited a stable or expanding age structure at each stage of restoration succession. The tiller productivity and rhizome storage capacity of L. chinensis were greater than those of C. duriuscula at different stages of restoration succession. With the process of grassland restoration succession， the storage capacity of rhizomes of L. chinensis in the first age class showed a significant increasing trend， and the productivity of tillers of C. duriuscula in the second age class showed a significant decreasing trend. At the stages of restoration succession when L. chinensis and C. duriuscula coexisted， the vegetative propagation capacity of L. chinensis rhizomes was higher than that of C. duriuscula. Overall， the age structure characteristics of the modules of L. chinensis and C. duriuscula were similar at various stages of restoration succession. However， with the process of grassland restoration succession， the vegetative propagation strategy of the L. chinensis population to enhance the vegetative propagation capacity of young and prime tillers was more conducive to the maintenance and expansion of the population than that of the C. duriuscula population to only increase the vegetative propagation capacity of young tillers. Therefore， L. chinensis gradually replaced C. duriuscula as the dominant species in the community during succession. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of methodology and factors influencing plant root respiration DING Jie-Ping, LUO Yong-Qing, ZHOU Xin, YUE Xiang-Fei, LIAN Jie Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2015, 24 (5): 206-216.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20150524 Abstract （2142）   HTML （7）    PDF （545KB）（1327）       Knowledge map    Save Plant root respiration is the dominant component of total soil respiration, which in turn is closely related to the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems and a significant factor in global climate change. Research focused on plant root respiration is critical for understanding ecosystem carbon budgets and the biosphere’s carbon balance. Root respiration is affected by both environmental and biotic factors. Root respiration rates and their contribution to soil respiration varies greatly in different ecosystems. The main methodologies in research on root respiration include direct measurement (such as isolated methods/ in vitro root methods, isotopic methods and cuvette methods) and indirect methods (such as the root exclusion method and calculation method). Plant root respiration is affected by soil temperature and humidity, nutrition condition and root size, root order, root biomass and root mycorrhiza. This paper reviews the various methodologies and factors held to influence plant root respiration in order to provide the basic theory needed for subsequent research. Future research directions are also suggested. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on “desert ginseng”- Cistanche deserticola and Cynomeorium songaricum HAO Yuan-yuan, YUE Li-jun, KANG Jian-jun, WANG Suo-min Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2012, 21 (2): 286-293.   Abstract （247）      PDF （539KB）（1017）       Knowledge map    Save Cistanche deserticola and Cynomeorium songaricum are parasitic higher-plants distributed in desert regions of China. They are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as famous tonics. Currently, their new pharmacological roles have been developed and corresponding pharmacological components isolated. Exploitation of C. deserticola and C. songaricum requires preliminary industrialization and their products include drug, health foods and food additives. However, wild C. deserticola and C. songaricum have been classed as world endangered species because of frequent human activity and deteriorating environmental conditions in native regions. At present, artificial inoculation methods of C. deserticola and C. songaricum breeding have achieved preliminary success and interrelations between them and their hosts are clearer thus bringing an opportunity for the conservation and sustainable utilization of C. deserticola and C. songaricum. In this review, recent advances on their morphological characteristics, habitat and distribution, economic value, exploitation and utilization, and artificial breeding as well as effects on host plant growth are summarized. The future directions in this field are also discussed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in technologies to detect the seed vigor of grasses Hui-fang YAN, Yu-ting NIE, Li-li CONG, Zhao ZHANG, Kai-lun CUI, Yan-zhen LYU, Mao-feng CHAI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (11): 199-211.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023043 Abstract （177）   HTML （7）    PDF （613KB）（242）       Knowledge map    Save Grass seeds are the fundamental materials for creating artificial grassland， improving the ecological environment of degraded grassland， and ensuring the production potential of grassland for grazing animals. Seed vigor directly affects the production and development of the grassland industry. In China and abroad， seed vigor detection technology has always been an important focus of seed science and technology. However， few studies have focused on the application of seed vigor detection technologies to grass seeds. At present， seed vigor detection technology in grasses includes destructive and non-destructive detection. In this review， we describe recent advances in seed vigor detection in grasses. We introduce destructive detection technologies based on seed germination behavior and physiological and biochemical characteristics， and non-destructive detection technologies based on optical characteristics and appearance characteristics. Additionally， we discuss trends in the development and potential applications of non-destructive technologies to assess seed vigor in grasses. The results of such analyses can provide a reference for the accurate determination of grass seed vigor. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on regulation mechanism of rhizome development in herbaceous plants of the Poaceae Jia-lin LI, Sheng-lin JIANG, Yun-xia LI, Xiao-yan QUAN, Wen-bo WANG, Qiu-li SHAN, Chun-juan XIE, Ning YIN, Yu-xiang QIN, Li-hua ZHANG, Hong-mei LI, Wen-xing HE Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (8): 211-220.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021274 Abstract （340）   HTML （32）    PDF （540KB）（247）       Knowledge map    Save Rhizomes are creeping underground stems that serve as vegetative organs for clonal growth of perennial grasses and other monocots. The continuous differentiation and lateral extension of rhizomes endow rhizomatous grasses with strong abilities of horizontal expansion， migration and resistance to disturbance， which play important roles in both the formation of natural grassland species associations and the improvement of fragile ecosystems such as degraded grasslands， deserts， sand dunes. The differentiation and development of rhizomes is a complicated process co-regulated by internal factors and external stimuli. In this review， the recent research literature on the rhizomatous growth and development of grasses was systematically summarized. The regulation and response factors of rhizomatous growth and development were identified from the perspectives of habitat heterogeneity， plant hormone factors and related genes. This provides a theoretical framework for further research on the development of rhizomes and thus guides thinking on spatial expansion of rhizomatous grasses and the logic of ecological adaptation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Germination response to temperature of ten desert plant species BAI Meng-jie, TAO Qi-bo, HAN Yun-hua, WANG Yan-rong Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2019, 28 (12): 53-62.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019101 Abstract （292）   HTML （5）    PDF （1240KB）（539）       Knowledge map    Save Temperature is considered one of the most important environmental factors governing seed germination and seedling emergence. Therefore, knowledge of the seed germination response to temperature has is an important criterion when determining the appropriate planting time and predicting the seedling emergence of species in the field. Seeds of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Artemisia sphaerocephala, Astragalus adsurgens, Caragana intermedia, Caragana korshinskii, Cleistogenes songorica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Hedysarum fruticosum, Hedysarum scoparium and Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, were used in this study. The dynamics of seed germination were determined over a range of constant temperatures from 5 to 40 ℃ at 5 ℃ intervals. The temperature thresholds (Tb, To, Tc, θT) of ten desert plant species were calculated according to the thermal time model. The results showed that: in the test species, the optimum temperature (To) was 33.7 ℃ for C. songorica, 28.3 ℃ for A. mongolicus and for other species ranged from 17.4 to 24.9 ℃. The base temperature was 0.3 ℃ for A. adsurgens, followed by H. ammodendron at 1.9 ℃, with other species ranging between 6.7 and 15.0 ℃. The ceiling temperature was 45.3 ℃ for H. ammodendron, with C. songorica being 43.9 ℃, A. adsurgens 43.3 ℃, A. mongolicus 39.7 ℃, and the other species ranging from 25.0 to 34.2℃. The largest germination temperature ranges were 1.9 to 45.3 ℃ for H. ammodendron and 15.0 to 30.0 ℃ for Z. xanthoxylum. The thermal time requirement for germination, from lowest to highest, was: A. mongolicus (79 ℃·d), H. ammodendron (94 ℃·d), A. sphaerocephala (114 ℃·d), H. fruticosum (127 ℃·d), Z. xanthoxylum (132 ℃·d), H. scoparium (177℃·d), A. adsurgens (184 ℃·d), C. intermedia (217 ℃·d), C. korshinskii (302 ℃·d), C. songorica (334 ℃·d). Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Precision grazing management of grassland： Concept， theory， technology and paradigm De-li WANG, Ling WANG, Guo-dong HAN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (12): 191-199.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022047 Abstract （401）   HTML （18）    PDF （1865KB）（338）       Knowledge map    Save With the development of human understanding of the multi-functionality of grassland， coupled with the increasing demand for grassland ecological services， animal production and pastoral living， it is necessary to update the concept of grassland management， develop higher level livestock grazing and feeding technology based on multidisciplinary theories， and establish a more effective grassland grazing management paradigm. This study considers both the background and characteristics of the grassland resources and modern multi-dimensional social demands， and develops the concept of precise grassland grazing management which encompasses the versatility and stability of the grassland ecosystem and sustainability as the goal and the use of grassland science， animal science， ecology and other multi-disciplinary theories， based on the habitat conditions， especially the vegetation characteristics， livestock classes and their requirements， and livestock-vegetation interactions. Through multi-dimensional， effective and directional regulation of the livestock grazing process， the grassland management and utilization paradigm of synergistic balance between production and ecological functions can be finally realized. Also， the concepts and connotations of precise grazing and its relevant theoretical bases are systematically explained， including the plant compensatory growth mechanism， the intermediate disturbance hypothesis， the theory of diversifying grazing livestock， mechanisms of plant-animal interactions， nutrition regulation principles and versatility synergy. These concepts form a scientific basis for the regulation of grazing pressure and livestock assembly. In conjunction with this coverage， the key points in precision grazing are reviewed， such as dynamic optimal stocking rate （threshold）， mixed grazing （species and proportion）， remote sensing information options （satellite， unmanned aerial vehicle monitoring， large scale data processing） and other related supporting technologies. Finally， the authors sum up the concept of grassland multifunctionality as a goal of “combining productive function and ecological service in a win-win manner”， so providing a precise grazing management paradigm. This approach provides a principle for the integration of natural grassland grazing， grassland grazing with supplementary feeding， and drylot feeding， reflecting region-wide whole industry regulation of livestock grazing pressure/assembly and provision for animal nutrition， while aiming for grassland grazing systems to achieve an overall “livestock-vegetation balance”. Such a system will generate high quality animal products and sustainable ecological services. Precise grazing management of grassland is advanced， practical and extensive， and therefore is a desirable choice for future grassland management with great potential and prospect. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Classification of Stellera chamaejasme communities and their relationships with environmental factors in degraded alpine meadow in the central Qilian Mountains， Qinghai Province Yong-mei LIU, Xing-zhi DONG, Yong-qing LONG, Zhi-mei ZHU, Lei WANG, Xing-hua GE, Fan ZHAO, Jing-zhong LI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (4): 1-11.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021310 Abstract （503）   HTML （40）    PDF （1700KB）（603）       Knowledge map    Save The invasion of Stellera chamaejasme has exerted an increasing impact on the alpine meadow ecosystem and animal husbandry on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In this study， we explored the relationships between S. chamaejasme communities and environmental factors on a local scale， using data for plant communities， soil characteristics， and topography collected from a typical degraded meadow in the central Qilian Mountains. The data were analyzed using two-way indicator species analysis （TWINSPAN）， detrended correspondence analysis （DCA）， and redundancy analysis （RDA）. The main findings were as follows： 1） TWINSPAN divided the 45 plots into three association types： Association Ⅰ-S. chamaejasme+Stipa purpurea+Kobresia capillifolia+Thermopsis lanceolata； Association Ⅱ- S. chamaejasme+S. purpurea+Potentilla chinensis+Saussurea pulchra； and Association Ⅲ-S. purpurea+Anemone rivularis+S. chamaejasme+Poa annua. 2）The RDA analysis indicated that the distribution of S. chamaejasme was significantly affected by soil total phosphorus and soil total potassium content， followed by aspect. Soil nutrient contents played an important role in the spatial patterning of the three association types， and S. chamaejasme associations with high coverage were more susceptible to low-phosphorus and low-potassium conditions. 3）Species dominance in Associations Ⅲ， Ⅱ， and Ⅰ changed with the spread of S. chamaejasme， the importance values of the Poaceae forages P. annua and S. purpurea decreased （4.10， 3.12， 2.10）， those of the Fabaceae species Gueldenstaedtia diversifolia and Medicago ruthenica initially increased and then decreased （0.28， 0.57， 0.25）， those of the Cyperaceae species K. capillifolia and Kobresia humilis increased （0.23， 1.18， 2.19）， and those of forbs and poisonous plants （S. chamaejasme， A. rivularis， T. lanceolata， Anaphalis lactea， and Morina kokonorica） markedly increased （6.10， 5.14， 10.08）. Over time， S. chamaejasme replaced S. purpurea and became the dominant species in Associations Ⅰ and Ⅱ， and the S. chamaejasme coverage increased （5.5%， 11.0%， 29.7%）. The results of this study reveal changes in the characteristics of plant communities in a degraded alpine meadow during S. chamaejasme invasion. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of strategies to manage， restore， and develop the degraded alpine meadow and to effectively control S. chamaejasme. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaption to the Plateau climate in Qinghai of 39 silage maize varieties cultivated in different ecological regions of China Li-li ZHU, Ye-meng ZHANG, Wan-cai LI, Ya-li ZHAO, Xiang LI, Zhi-guo CHEN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (4): 68-78.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022148 Abstract （396）   HTML （15）    PDF （1332KB）（178）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this research was to identify silage maize varieties adapted to the Plateau climate in Qinghai from among 39 maize varieties cultivated in different ecological regions in China. We planted these varieties in experimental field plots. Principal component analysis and grey correlation analysis were used to provide a multivariate ranking based on agronomic traits， yields and nutritional analysis of the 39 maize varieties. The 39 varieties were sourced from 10 ecological regions recognized in the national maize variety system. It was found that the agronomic characters， biological yields and nutritional ingredients of eight varieties， including Jindan No.73， Jingjiu silage 16 and Keda 101 of the middle and late mature spring maize type region in North East China； Yu silage 23 of the middle-mature spring maize type region in North East China， Qinyu 58 and Qingqing 300 of the tropical and subtropical maize type region， Tunyu 168 of the northwest spring maize type region， and Zhongyu 335 of the southwest spring maize type region， ranked in the top 10 based on the two analysis methods， indicating that the overall performance of these varieties was better than the others. Hence these 8 varieties can be recommended as suitable for planting in Qinghai. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics