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The role of MAPK in plant response to abiotic stress Xin-miao ZHANG, Guo-qiang WU, Ming WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (1): 182-197.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023090 Abstract （650）   HTML （42）    PDF （1316KB）（628）       Knowledge map    Save Mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） is a highly conserved serine/threonine （Ser/Thr） protein kinase， occurring widely in eukaryotic intermediate reaction pathways. Plant MAPK has 11 relatively conserved sub-domains， which are all essential elements for Ser/Thr protein kinase to play its catalytic role， and its expression is regulated by reactive oxygen species， nitric oxide and hormones. MAPK phosphorylates a variety of substrates including transcription factors， protein kinases and cytoskeleton related proteins， and plays an important role in regulating plant response to abiotic stresses （salt， drought， extreme temperature， and heavy metals）. In this review， we summarize the results of research on the discovery of plant MAPK family members， their structure and classification， regulatory mechanisms， and their roles in response to various abiotic stresses. We also propose directions for future research. The information in this review provides a theoretical basis and identifies genetic resources for the genetic improvement of crops to produce new， stress-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Enzyme activity and microbial metabolic diversity in typical shrub rhizosphere soil in Ningxia desert steppe Jia-ni YAO, Shuang LIU, Jun-jie ZHANG, Ming-zhu HU, Jin-xia DAI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (9): 1-14.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023380 Abstract （91）   HTML （22）    PDF （3654KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save This research investigated the enzyme activity and microbial metabolic diversity of desert shrub rhizosphere soil for ecological restoration of desert soil. Four selected legume shrub species （Caragana spp.， Ammopiptanthus mongolicus， Caragana tibetica and Oxytropis aciphylla） within the Baijitan desert steppe in Ningxia were investigated using visible wavelength spectrophotometry and Biolog microplates， to determine if rhizosphere soil enzyme activity differed in different seasonal development periods （early season ‘nutritional’， flowering， and fruiting periods） and to determine the functional diversity of microbial metabolism. Significant differences in the enzyme activity of rhizosphere soil in the different seasonal phases of shrub growth were detected. In terms of different development periods， the rhizosphere soil urease activity of A. mongolicus was significantly higher than the other three shrubs， and the rhizosphere soil alkaline phosphatase activity of C. tibetica was significantly lower than the other shrubs. For the different development periods， during the nutritional period， rhizosphere soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activity of A. mongolicus were significantly higher than those of other periods， and rhizosphere soil urease and sucrase activity of the unidentified Caragana spp. were significantly lower than those of other periods. During the flowering period， rhizosphere soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of the Caragana spp.， soil sucrase activity of A. mongolicus， and soil urease and dehydrogenase activities of O. aciphylla were significantly higher than at other periods. In the fruiting period， rhizosphere soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were highest in A. mongolicus and soil sucrase and dehydrogenase activities were highest in Caragana spp. Enzyme activities were generally low in the rhizosphere soils of C. tibetica during the flowering and fruiting periods. There were significant differences in the metabolic diversity of rhizosphere soil microbial communities in the different seasonal periods. Average well color development of the rhizosphere soil of the four shrub species increased gradually with the duration of incubation time， and the carbon sources utilization were mainly carbohydrates， amino acids and carboxylic acids. The microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of the Caragana spp. had uniform distribution， strong metabolic activity and vigorous growth during the nutritional period. Principal component analysis showed that in the nutritional period， the carbon source utilization patterns of rhizosphere soil microorganisms were similar in A. mongolicus， C. tibetica and O. aciphylla； in the flowering period the patterns were similar in the Caragana spp.， A. mongolicus and O. aciphylla； in the fruiting period the patterns were similar in the Caragana spp. and A. mongolicus， and the patterns were similar in the C. tibetica and O. aciphylla. The soil microbial carbon source utilization pattern changed to different degrees through the three seasonal development periods. Redundancy analysis showed that enzyme activity and microbial metabolism were closely related to soil physicochemical properties. Urease was positively correlated with rhizosphere ammonium nitrogen （NH4+-N） level. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly positively correlated with soil water content. Sucrase was positively correlated with total nitrogen （TN）， NH4+-N， soil organic matter and total phosphorus （TP） （TN were also significantly positively correlated）. Also， TN， available phosphorus （AP）， TP， available potassium， and nitrite nitrogen （NO2--N） significantly affected dehydrogenase activity. NH4+-N， NO2--N， TP， AP and nitrate nitrogen were the main physicochemical factors affecting microbial metabolic diversity. The results of this study provide insight to and understanding of the rhizosphere soil microenvironment and the rhizosphere microbial community response characteristics to the soil environment in Ningxia desert steppe. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variety effects on fermentation quality and nutritive value of whole-plant maize silage LIU Yue, WANG Guo-gen, WU Hao, MENG Qing-xiang, SONG En-liang, CHENG Hai-jian, ZHOU Zhen-ming Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2019, 28 (6): 148-156.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2018809 Abstract （389）   HTML （5）    PDF （1064KB）（643）       Knowledge map    Save This experiment was conducted to investigate the fermentation quality and nutritive value of whole-plant maize silage made from different silage-specific varieties. Zheng Silage No.1, Jinling Silage No.17 and Jingke Silage No.516 were harvested at one-half to three-fourths milk line and ensiled in plastic bags (50 cm×80 cm) for 60 days, then sensory evaluation was performed and fermentation quality analyzed. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility were carried out after air-drying of samples. All varieties performed well in the sensory evaluations, while the grain content and total score showed significantly differences among varieties ( P<0.01), color and odor also differed ( P<0.05). There were significantly differences in fermentation parameters among varieties ( P<0.01), and when Flieg score (FS) was ≥ 110.00 points, fermentation quality was excellent. There were significantly differences among varieties in dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), starch, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), ash contents and relative feed value (RFV) ( P<0.01), and RFV was >121.00 in all cases. There were also significantly differences in silage yield and energy values among varieties ( P<0.01). The milk per ton index (MT), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy values of Zheng Silage No.1 were significantly higher ( P<0.01), while DM yield and milk per acre index (MA) were significantly lower than other two varieties ( P<0.01). The dry matter (DM) yield of Jinling Silage No.17 was significantly higher ( P<0.01), MT, TDN and energy values were significantly higher than Jingke Silage No.516 ( P<0.01), and milk per acre index (MA) was the highest. Carbohydrate fractions analysis, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) showed significantly differences among varieties ( P<0.01). The IVDMD and IVNDFD of Jinling Silage No.17 were significantly higher than other tested varieties ( P<0.01). The IVDMD of Jingke Silage No.516 was significantly higher than Zheng Silage No.1 ( P<0.01), while the IVNDFD of Zheng Silage No.1 was significantly higher than Jingke Silage No.516 ( P<0.01). In conclusion, Jinling Silage No.17 performed better than the other two varieties in this experiment, and the second ranked performer was Jingke Silage No.516. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in research on the interactions among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi， rhizobia， and plants Hai-xia DUAN, Qian SHI, Sheng-ping KANG, Hai-qing GOU, Chong-liang LUO, You-cai XIONG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (5): 166-182.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023225 Abstract （331）   HTML （40）    PDF （1282KB）（332）       Knowledge map    Save Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） and rhizobia play crucial roles in plant productivity， microbial community structure， and soil quality. As such， they are key organisms for achieving sustainable ecosystem development. Over time， a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship develops between AMF and rhizobia， and this relationship is essential for effective biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient absorption. Such effective symbioses reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers， thereby facilitating sustainable agricultural practices. However， studies have shown that various environmental factors can hinder the formation of symbiotic relationships between AMF and rhizobia. Therefore， it is necessary to systematically explore the mechanism of the AMF-rhizobia interaction and the factors that affect it. On the basis of a literature review and qualitative comparative analysis， we described the process and mechanism by which plant roots released exudates to stimulate rhizobia and AMF to produce nodulation factors and mycorrhizal factors， thereby activating signaling pathways involved in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between rhizobia-AMF and plants. This review summarized the results of research on the synergism and interaction between AMF-rhizobia and plants， and the biological and abiotic factors affecting the AMF-rhizobia symbiosis and interactions. We highlighted the current gaps in knowledge related to the mechanisms of the symbiotic relationships among AMF， rhizobia， and plants， and discussed the reasons for the slow development of microbial fertilizers. Finally， we discussed future research directions at the theoretical， technical， and application levels. Further research will provide novel ideas and methods for using AMF and rhizobia to promote sustainable agricultural development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variations in vegetation cover and its relationship with climate change and human activities in Mongolia during the period 1982-2015 Jia-meng DU, Gang BAO, Si-qin TONG, Xiao-jun HUANG, Wendurina, Meili, Yu-hai BAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (2): 1-13.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020311 Abstract （990）   HTML （85）    PDF （4783KB）（1176）       Knowledge map    Save Dynamics of vegetation change on different spatial and temporal scales in Mongolia were analysed for the period from 1982 to 2015， based on GIMMS NDVI3g data （global inventory monitoring and modeling system normalized difference vegetation index-3rd generation）， climate data， and data on vegetation type from 1982 to 2015. Spatial patterns， trends of change in those patterns， and the main reasons for differences in vegetation type were examined using trend analysis， partial correlation analysis and residual analysis. The average NDVI in Mongolia in the growing season increased gradually from the south to the north across Mongolia over the 34-year period， showed significant latitudinal differences， and decreased as the altitude increased. In the growing season， the NDVI displayed characteristic features in particular time periods， notably a significant increase between 1982 and 1994 and between 2007 and 2015， and a significant decrease between 1994 and 2007. Across the whole of Mongolia， linear regression model indicated an increasing trend in the values of the NDVI during the growing season at the rate of 0.0005 NDVI per year， and changes in the index were closely related to increasing precipitation， with a partial correlation coefficient of 0.74. In the case of spatial distribution， areas with significant increase in vegetation were distributed mainly in the Great Lakes Region in the west， the Hangayn Mountains， the Gobi Altai Mountains， and the northern forest areas. The responses of vegetation to climatic factors varied with the season and the region. On the whole， the NDVI increased in three seasons， and the fluctuation in the NDVI in summer was consistent with that in the growth season， and the fluctuation in the NDVI in summer was consistent with that in the growth season， which was controlled mainly by precipitation， because summer contributes the most to annual productivity. The effect of temperature on the NDVI was marked in spring and autumn. Residual analysis showed that human activities has a major impact on changes in the NDVI， especially in areas with high population density （western alpine areas and central grassland areas of Mongolia）， the decline in the NDVI is obviously caused by human activities. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on plant coumarin biosynthesis pathway and the genes encoding the key enzymes Zhen DUAN, Fan WU, Qi YAN, Ji-yu ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (1): 217-228.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020485 Abstract （1814）   HTML （111）    PDF （967KB）（1389）       Knowledge map    Save Coumarins， the important secondary metabolites of plants， derive from phenylpropanoids metabolism pathway， have a variety of biological activities and play an important role in plant growth and development and stress response. Here， the research progress of coumarin biosynthesis pathway and the genes encoding the key enzymes involved in coumarin biosynthesis were reviewed， and the phylogenetic evolution of the UDP-glucosyltransferase （UGT） gene family were analyzed. Moreover， the current research issues on coumarin biosynthesis were summarized and the future research directions were prospected in order to provide references for studying the coumarin biosynthesis and follow-up research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and identification of two potassium solubilizer strains and their effects on the yield and quality of alfalfa Yan-jia WANG, Bo-ang HU, Jia-xin CHEN, Li-ting XU, Lin YAO, Li-rong FENG, Chang-hong GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (12): 139-149.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023036 Abstract （186）   HTML （12）    PDF （2822KB）（826）       Knowledge map    Save The study aimed to isolate and screen high-efficiency potassium solubilizing bacteria （KSB）， and to quantify the effects of KSB application on plant yield and quality. The KSB strains were screened by silicate bacteria media from the rhizosphere soil of alfalfa （Medicago sativa）， and subsequently the strains were identified by morphological， 16S rDNA sequence， and physiological and biochemical analysis. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of inoculation with KSB strains on the yield and quality of alfalfa. Two high-efficiency KSB strains XLT-4 and XLT-7 were obtained with potassium solubilization rates of 10.53% and 9.75%>CK， and identified as Priestia megaterium and Peribacillus frigoritolerans， respectively. These two KSB strains had the metabolic capacity for phosphorus solubilization， siderophore-production and indole acetic acid secretion. Inoculation with XLT-4 and XLT-7 significantly increased plant height， root length， dry and fresh weight above ground and below ground， root activity， the contents of P， K and crude protein in leaves， while the contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were significantly lower than in CK plants. In addition， the inoculation of the two KSB also improved the enzyme activity and available potassium content in alfalfa rhizosphere soil. In this study， the two KSB strains made a major contribution to improving the yield and quality of alfalfa， and these two organisms are high quality strain resources for the development of microbial preparations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the physiological response of plants to low temperature and the amelioration effcectiveness of exogenous ABA Hong-tao XIANG, Dian-feng ZHENG, Ning HE, Wan LI, Man-li WANG, Shi-ya WANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (1): 208-219.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020091 Abstract （848）   HTML （55）    PDF （1223KB）（804）       Knowledge map    Save Global climate change is producing abnormal， extreme weather and agricultural meteorological disasters linked to climate change now occur frequently. Sudden low temperature stress has become one of the most common abiotic stresses in agricultural production， and low temperature stress more generally has become one of the most common abiotic stresses in agricultural production in recent years. Low temperature stress interferes with plant growth and development， and can directly or indirectly affect physiological functions， cell membrane components and structure of the plant， thus reducing yield and quality， and seriously restricting agricultural production. Application of exogenous ABA at appropriate rates can alleviate the effects of low temperature stress on physicochemical processes. Here we systematically expound the effects of low temperature stress on the physicochemical processes of plants and clarify the mechanisms of plant responses to low temperature stress， including aspects of photosynthetic physiology， stress physiology， cell membrane components and cell structure， hormone levels， and gene expression. Furthermore， the positive effects of exogenous ABA in alleviating low temperature stress are analyzed. This paper discusses the research status and development trends with respect to the use of plant growth regulators for alleviation of low temperature stress. This topic is of great significance for stable production and preservation of agriculture， and also provides a theoretical basis for future research on plant cold resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide analysis and expression of the OSCA family genes from Medicago truncatula in response to low temperature stresses Hong-li CUI, Ming-zhe SUN, Bo-wei JIA, Xiao-li SUN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (9): 111-125.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023393 Abstract （58）   HTML （6）    PDF （6781KB）（60）       Knowledge map    Save Hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel （OSCA） is a class of hyperosmotic sensors. A total of 13 MtOSCAs genes were identified by searching the alfalfa （Medicago truncatula） genome， and named MtOSCA1.1-MtOSCA4.1 according to their homology with AtOSCAs （Mt here denotes M. truncatula， and At denotes Arabidopsis thaliana）. Chromosomal location analysis showed that the 13 MtOSCA genes were unevenly distributed on the 8 chromosomes. Furthermore， the MtOSCA family was phylogenetically divided into four subfamilies， and members from each subfamily were conserved in terms of intron-exon organization. Conserved functional domains and conserved motifs further indicated high conservatism of the MtOSCA family during evolution. Collinearity analysis suggested that MtOSCAs were closely related to GmOSCAs （Gm denotes Glycine max）， but far from AtOSCAs. Gene expression pattern analysis revealed that MtOSCAs from different subfamilies exhibited tissue specificity. The expression of MtOSCA2.5/2.6/3.1 was found to be dramatically up-regulated by low temperature stress through transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis. In addition， the promoter sequences of MtOSCAs contained numbers of light-， hormone-， and stress-responsive cis-elements. In conclusion， results presented in this study lay a solid foundation for functional characterization of MtOSCA genes in regulating alfalfa tolerance to environmental stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification of the Beta vulgaris ABF （ BvABF） gene family and analysis of the expression pattern in sugar beet under ABA treatment Ya-jing MENG, Guo-qiang WU, Ming WEI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (9): 94-110.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023379 Abstract （45）   HTML （3）    PDF （4189KB）（58）       Knowledge map    Save Abscisic acid （ABA）-responsive （ABRE） binding factor proteins （ABF） are a unique subfamily of bZIP transcription factor proteins in plants， and play important roles in ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways. To explore and identify the biological functions and expression patterns of the BvABF gene family in sugar beet （Beta vulgaris）， in the present study， the physicochemical properties， phylogeny， chromosomal localization， gene structure， conserved motifs， cis-acting elements， secondary structure and protein interaction network of BvABFs were predicted by bioinformatics methods， and their expression patterns in roots and leaves of sugar beet under 100 μmol·L-1 ABA treatments were analyzed by qRT-PCR. A total of six BvABF genes were identified in sugar beet， and divided into groups A， B， and C， all of which contained a bZIP region. The BvABF genes are located on chromosomes 1， 3， 6， 7， and 9， and they contain 3-4 exons. The identified BvABF proteins possess 4 conserved regions， C1， C2， C3， and C4， each containing potential phosphorylation sites （R-X-X-S/T）. The C-terminal region contains a basic region and four repeating heptapeptide repeats consisting of leucine residues. The promoter region of BvABFs contained multiple hormone and light responsive elements， with 4 genes containing an ABRE element. In addition， a myeloblastosis （MYB） binding site involved in drought-inducibility （MBS）， a low-temperature-responsive element and an anaerobic responsive element were also found among the BvABF genes. Furthermore， BvABF may interact with phosphorylation-related proteins （PP2CCNBD-X2， SRK2I， SRK2E-X1， and PP2C50） and ABA receptors （PYL2， PYL4， and PYR1）. The expression patterns of BvABF were further analyzed in different tissues of sugar beet under ABA treatment， and it was found that all the BvABF genes were induced and regulated by ABA both in the roots and leaves， while different gene members exhibited different expression patterns under ABA treatment. These results suggest that BvABFs play important roles in the response of the sugar beet crop to ABA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Root distribution characteristics of typical herbaceous plants and their effects on soil physicochemical properties on the Loess Plateau Fang LIU, Pei-pei WANG, Yu-ying CAO, Jun-e LIU, Zheng-chao ZHOU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (10): 1-13.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023446 Abstract （42）   HTML （6）    PDF （3693KB）（48）       Knowledge map    Save Extensive vegetation restoration has been implemented to control serious soil erosion on the Loess Plateau， China， and the ecological environment has improved. Understanding the beneficial effects of plant roots on soil properties will be helpful for further systematic research aimed at optimizing vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau， and will provide a scientific reference for subsequent ecological restoration in this area. In this study， we focused on Stipa bungeana and Artemisia gmelinii growing naturally on the Loess Plateau. Land that had been abandoned for 1 year served as the control. The root characteristics of the two plant species and soil physicochemical properties were determined， the distribution of roots in different size classes and its relationship with the soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that： 1） There were significant differences in root characteristics between S. bungeana and A. gmelinii. Compared with A. gmelinii， S. bungeana had higher root length density （RLD） and root surface area density （RSAD）. In addition， the proportion of very fine roots （diameter， D<0.5 mm） was higher in S. bungeana （94.73%） than in A. gmelinii （90.20%）. Compared with S. bungeana， A. gmelinii had an obvious taproot advantage， with a higher root mass density， mean diameter， and root volume density. The proportions of coarse roots RLD （16.28%） and RSAD （32.85%） were significantly higher in A. gmelinii than in S. bungeana. 2） Compared with bare land， the plots with S. bungeana and A. gmelinii showed significantly better soil structure and stability. The roots of S. bungeana and A. gmelinii were concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil horizon， which had the greatest influence on the physicochemical properties of the topsoil. The soil aggregate stability and soil water retention were highest in the plots containing A. gmelinii， and the mean weight diameter （MWD） （2.04 mm）， capillary water capacity （24.69%）， and saturated water content （34.93%） of soil in those plots were 4.33-times， 1.36-times， and 1.31-times higher than their respective values in soil in bare land. The soil organic matter （SOM） content （7.23 g·kg-1） was highest in the plots containing S. bungeana. 3） The plant root characteristics significantly affected soil properties. The RLD and RSAD of fine roots had the most significant effect on soil physicochemical properties， and were significantly negatively correlated （P<0.05） with soil bulk density and positively correlated with soil porosity （P<0.05）. The proportion of very fine roots （D<0.5 mm） was significantly positively correlated （P<0.01） with SOM content. The results of principal component analysis showed that the MWD， SOM content， and soil water content were the soil properties showing the largest differences between plots containing S. bungeana and those containing A. gmelinii. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between vegetation biomass and soil fractal characteristics and soil moisture at different elevations in the Helan Mountains Ye-yun HUANG, Kai-yang QIU, Ya-chao ZHU, Ying-zhong XIE, Wang-suo LIU, Yi YANG, Si-yao WANG, Lu-yao CUI, Ping-an BAO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (12): 24-35.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023050 Abstract （187）   HTML （19）    PDF （3953KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save This research investigated the vertical variation of vegetation biomass， soil fractal characteristics and soil moisture content in arid and semi-arid mountain ecosystems， and investigated the correlation between vegetation biomass， fractal characteristics and soil moisture， in typical vegetation zones at different elevations in the Helan Mountains. Vegetation biomass， soil fractal characteristics and soil moisture content and the vertical variability of these parameters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis. It was found that： 1） The herb biomass and shrub biomass did not show a linear trend with elevation； The maximum value for shrub vegetation biomass occurred at a shallow mountain scrub sampling site designated QSGC and the maximum value for herbaceous vegetation biomass occurred at a subalpine scrub sampling site designated YGSGC， with better vegetation conditions and higher vegetation productivity. 2） The soils in Helan Mountains were comprised mainly of powder-sized and very fine sand particles， and the soil texture became finer as the elevation increased. 3） Soil moisture content increased significantly with elevation， but was slightly lower at a sampling site designated QHYS and characterized by presence of Qinghai spruce. 4） Correlation analysis showed that annual precipitation and soil clay content were the factors most strongly associated with vegetation biomass. Overall， vegetation biomass， soil fractal characteristics， and soil moisture content in the vegetated Helan Mountains were found to be affected by the combined effects and influences of several environmental factors， showing obvious spatial heterogeneity. This study provides important information about the spatial variation patterns of vegetation biomass in Helan Mountains and apparent causative factors. Such information will assist planning of the restoration of degraded vegetation in the Helan Mountains and will provide reference data for planning the rational use of vegetation and soil resources in the Helan Mountain ecosystem. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the Hsp70 gene family in wheat and its ancestral species Yi WU, Ya-lan FENG, Tian-ning WANG, Ji-hao JU, Hui-shu XIAO, Chao MA, Jun ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (7): 53-67.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023334 Abstract （104）   HTML （11）    PDF （5694KB）（184）       Knowledge map    Save Heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） exerts a crucial influence on plant development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to explore the evolutionary relationships， functions and expression patterns of the Hsp70 gene family in wheat （Triticum aestivum）， this study conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the Hsp70 gene family in Triticum urartu， Aegilops speltoides， Triticum turgidum， Aegilops tauschii and common wheat， and the expression patterns of some Hsp70 genes under different exogenous hormones and environmental stress were analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that， respectively， from the five species， 30， 41， 60， 28 and 94 Hsp70 genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the members of the Hsp70 family in the five species were divided into 5 subfamily groups， and the number of members in each group was not equal. Most of the members are distributed in Group I， and most of the Hsp70 members in the same subfamily have similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Further comprehensive analysis of chromosome localization and repetition events of the Hsp70 gene in the five species revealed that the Hsp70 gene was unevenly distributed on each of the chromosomes， and a total of 12 tandem repeat events and 110 fragment replication events were found from the five species， indicating that fragment replication events promoted the expansion of the Hsp70 gene family in wheat. The analysis of cis-acting elements showed that there were various light response elements， stress response elements， hormone response elements and growth as well as development regulatory elements in the promoter region of Hsp70 gene in the five wheat species. In addition， RT-qPCR results indicated that particular Hsp70 genes in the five wheat species had varying degrees of response under different hormone treatments and stress. The expression of eight Hsp70 genes was up-regulated under high temperature and drought stress. The identification of the Hsp70 gene in wheat and its ancestral species and elucidation of its evolution provides a theoretical basis for further research on the function of the Hsp70 gene in wheat growth and development， as well as its response mechanism under stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in water uptake models by plant roots WANG Yu-Yang, CHEN Ya-Peng Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2017, 26 (3): 214-225.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2016146 Abstract （759）   HTML （24）    PDF （634KB）（1394）       Knowledge map    Save The uptake of water by roots is the beginning of water transport within a plant, with such uptake directly controlling the amount of water available for transporting and, as a result, strongly affecting the life of the plant. Research on this uptake is thus not only a key to understanding the process of water transfer in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, but also an important topic for interdisciplinary research in such areas as hydrology, climate, soil, agriculture and ecology. Models for root uptake of water provide a numerical tool for quantitatively understanding this plant process. The establishment of a suitable model will provide not only a basic tool for estimating the amount of water absorbed but will also help to discover the water sources and requirements of plants. It can thus assist the development of effective agricultural water management programs, with far-reaching significance for restoring vegetation in extremely arid regions. In this paper, we review the development of models for root uptake of water, sum up the mechanisms identified and classify the models into different types at macroscopic and microscopic scales. We analyze the macroscopic models in detail, including Ohm’s law model, Feddes model, Transpiration segment model, Hybrid model, Compensatory root uptake water model and the Matric flux potential model, which are widely used in practical experiments. We illustrate the application range and discuss the limitations of existing models. We conclude with three suggestions for future research: 1) the establishment of dynamic models for root uptake of water, 2) the combination of microscopic and macroscopic models, and 3) the development of models for trees and herbages. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in understanding molecular mechanisms of K + uptake and transport in higher plants DUAN Hui-rong, ZHOU Xue-hui, HU Jing, DUAN Xiao-rong, TIAN Fu-ping, CUI Guang-xin, WANG Chun-mei, YANG Hong-shan Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2019, 28 (9): 174-191.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019123 Abstract （561）   HTML （21）    PDF （1059KB）（705）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the major nutrients, potassium (K +) is essential for plant growth and development. Large amounts of K + need to be taken up from the soil and transported throughout the plant. The K + transporters and the K + channels mainly mediate K + transport across the plasma membrane and the tonoplast membrane in plants. The HAK/KUP/KT family and the HKT family are two main groups of proteins which have been widely associated with K + uptake and transport, and they fulfill diverse roles in plant growth processes, salt tolerance and osmotic potential regulation. K +-permeable members of HKT family seem to be present in monocots only. The Shaker family, comprising voltage-gated channels, dominate the plasma membrane conductance of K + in most environmental conditions. This review summarizes recent research and progress in understanding of the structure, localization, expression, function and regulation of three main K + transport families. We also propose research hotspots and directions for future K + research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on “desert ginseng”- Cistanche deserticola and Cynomeorium songaricum HAO Yuan-yuan, YUE Li-jun, KANG Jian-jun, WANG Suo-min Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2012, 21 (2): 286-293.   Abstract （286）      PDF （539KB）（1167）       Knowledge map    Save Cistanche deserticola and Cynomeorium songaricum are parasitic higher-plants distributed in desert regions of China. They are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as famous tonics. Currently, their new pharmacological roles have been developed and corresponding pharmacological components isolated. Exploitation of C. deserticola and C. songaricum requires preliminary industrialization and their products include drug, health foods and food additives. However, wild C. deserticola and C. songaricum have been classed as world endangered species because of frequent human activity and deteriorating environmental conditions in native regions. At present, artificial inoculation methods of C. deserticola and C. songaricum breeding have achieved preliminary success and interrelations between them and their hosts are clearer thus bringing an opportunity for the conservation and sustainable utilization of C. deserticola and C. songaricum. In this review, recent advances on their morphological characteristics, habitat and distribution, economic value, exploitation and utilization, and artificial breeding as well as effects on host plant growth are summarized. The future directions in this field are also discussed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Germination response to temperature of ten desert plant species BAI Meng-jie, TAO Qi-bo, HAN Yun-hua, WANG Yan-rong Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2019, 28 (12): 53-62.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019101 Abstract （319）   HTML （5）    PDF （1240KB）（675）       Knowledge map    Save Temperature is considered one of the most important environmental factors governing seed germination and seedling emergence. Therefore, knowledge of the seed germination response to temperature has is an important criterion when determining the appropriate planting time and predicting the seedling emergence of species in the field. Seeds of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Artemisia sphaerocephala, Astragalus adsurgens, Caragana intermedia, Caragana korshinskii, Cleistogenes songorica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Hedysarum fruticosum, Hedysarum scoparium and Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, were used in this study. The dynamics of seed germination were determined over a range of constant temperatures from 5 to 40 ℃ at 5 ℃ intervals. The temperature thresholds (Tb, To, Tc, θT) of ten desert plant species were calculated according to the thermal time model. The results showed that: in the test species, the optimum temperature (To) was 33.7 ℃ for C. songorica, 28.3 ℃ for A. mongolicus and for other species ranged from 17.4 to 24.9 ℃. The base temperature was 0.3 ℃ for A. adsurgens, followed by H. ammodendron at 1.9 ℃, with other species ranging between 6.7 and 15.0 ℃. The ceiling temperature was 45.3 ℃ for H. ammodendron, with C. songorica being 43.9 ℃, A. adsurgens 43.3 ℃, A. mongolicus 39.7 ℃, and the other species ranging from 25.0 to 34.2℃. The largest germination temperature ranges were 1.9 to 45.3 ℃ for H. ammodendron and 15.0 to 30.0 ℃ for Z. xanthoxylum. The thermal time requirement for germination, from lowest to highest, was: A. mongolicus (79 ℃·d), H. ammodendron (94 ℃·d), A. sphaerocephala (114 ℃·d), H. fruticosum (127 ℃·d), Z. xanthoxylum (132 ℃·d), H. scoparium (177℃·d), A. adsurgens (184 ℃·d), C. intermedia (217 ℃·d), C. korshinskii (302 ℃·d), C. songorica (334 ℃·d). Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The stoichiometric characteristics of Alternanthera philoxeroides with different invasive degrees and their comparison with the coexisting species Gomphrena celosioides Ju-hong WANG, Ze-xuan XU, Wen CHEN, Hui ZHU, Long-jun HUANG, Jia-wei LI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (2): 115-123.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020286 Abstract （299）   HTML （6）    PDF （1369KB）（396）       Knowledge map    Save Invasion by alien species affects the diversity level and the stability of ecosystems. This study explored the nutritional strategy and successful invasion mechanism of Alternanthera philoxeroides with different degrees of invasion （mild， moderate， and heavy invasion） by measuring carbon （C）， nitrogen （N）， phosphorus （P） contents and their stoichiometry of soils， plant organs and comparing these with a coexisting species， Gomphrena celosioides. It was found that： 1） The element contents in soils increased with alien species invasion. The available phosphorus （AP） content in soil with heavy invasion is higher than the other habitats； 2） N and P contents of A. philoxeroides organs in the three invasive degrees were the leaf>roots and stems， indicating that the elements N and P were more allocated to the leaves； 3） N content in organs， and P content in leaves of A. philoxeroides were significantly higher than that of G. celosioides， showing that alien species have strong absorption and utilization of the elements N and P； 4） The C∶P and N∶P ratios of A. philoxeroides leaves were significantly lower than those of G. celosioides， indicating that the growth rate of the invasive species， A. philoxeroides， was higher than that of the companion. The N∶P ratio in roots and stems of A. philoxeroides was greater than G. celosioides. It indicates that invasive plant A. philoxeroides by absorption and utilization of resources， and rapid growth of aboveground parts increases competitiveness， and further expansion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of the degree of alpine meadow degradation on the rhizosphere soil fungal community and the ecological network of dominant species Yuan MA, Xiao-li WANG, Yu-shou MA, De-gang ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 125-137.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023106 Abstract （112）   HTML （8）    PDF （4758KB）（256）       Knowledge map    Save Changes in the diversity and stability of the rhizosphere fungi community can reveal the adaptive mechanisms of microorganisms to degraded ecosystems. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of changes in dominant species on the diversity and stability of rhizosphere fungal communities. Samples were collected from alpine meadows on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with four different degrees of degradation （non-degraded grassland， lightly degraded grassland， moderately degraded grassland， and severely degraded grassland）. A combination of ITS rRNA gene sequencing technology， FUNGuild prediction， and molecular ecological network modeling methods was used to analyze the effects of alpine meadow degradation on rhizosphere fungal structure， functional groups， and molecular ecological networks. The results showed that the degree of grassland degradation significantly affected the Beta diversity， but not the Alpha diversity of rhizosphere soil fungi. The degree of degradation only affected the relative abundance of taxa， and had no effect on the dominant fungal communities. The dominant fungal populations in the rhizosphere soils of grasslands with different degrees of degradation were Basidiomycota， Mortierella， and Ascomycota. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size （LEfSe） identified 29 biomarkers， most of which corresponded to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. There was a major shift of rhizosphere fungal communities from symbiotic to saprophytic nutrient types with increasing severity of grassland degradation. The network analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between the number of operational taxonomic units （OTUs） of the rhizosphere fungal community and the degree of degradation of the grassland. Combined with data of the network topology parameters， these findings indicate that increasing severity of grassland degradation leads to a looser and more unstable rhizosphere fungal structure. In conclusion， alpine meadow degradation significantly changed the composition， structure， and functional types of rhizosphere fungal communities， especially those of dominant species， and reduced the stability and complexity of fungal communities. These results provide a scientific basis for further research on the adaptive responses of rhizosphere microbe communities to degradation of alpine meadows. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A bibliometric evaluation of the status of the water conservation function of grassland ecosystems Xiao-ning ZHANG, Xiao-dan LI, Li-li NIAN, Ying-bo YANG, Xue-lu LIU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (6): 35-49.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021160 Abstract （357）   HTML （32）    PDF （4129KB）（464）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland ecosystems are the largest ecosystem category of the terrestrial surface. Changes in grassland water conservation function are an important indicator of ecosystem condition， and respond to regional water cycles and global climate change. Using the Web of Science core collection and the China Knowledge Network database， the knowledge structure of water conservation research in grassland ecosystems was mapped using the visualization software packages VOSviewer and CiteSpace and bibliometric summaries of the relevant literature were compiled. It was found that there was a growing awareness of the field globally， with a fluctuating upward trend in the number of publications. The countries producing the highest numbers of studies were China and the United States， and the top three research institutions were all Chinese institutions； namely the Chinese Academy of Sciences， the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences， and Beijing Normal University. Core author groups for this literature exhibited a pattern of “large dispersion and small aggregation” with the core authors as the nodes of research and little cooperation among research groups. Major publications included Science of The Total Environment， Catena， Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment， Journal of Ecology and Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. The keywords ecosystem services， land use change， soil moisture， soil physical and chemical properties， and InVEST model were the most frequently mentioned topics of research in this field， both in China and abroad， in recent years. Soil moisture-soil physicochemical properties， combined with remote sensing technology to construct spatial and temporal scale evaluation models have become the frontier of research in this field. This study seeks to understand the current international research frontiers， clarify the developing trends in this field and summarize the research themes in order to promote further development of water conservation research in grassland ecosystems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of research on hormone regulation of branching or tillering in plants Fen-qi CHEN, Jin-qing ZHANG, Hui-ling MA Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 212-225.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023118 Abstract （336）   HTML （27）    PDF （1243KB）（701）       Knowledge map    Save Branching （or tillering in grasses and related taxa） is an important trait of plant architecture and the result of axillary bud initiation and growth， which plays a crucial role in determining the seed yield of crops and forage yield. Multiple hormones and their interactions play key regulatory roles in the occurrence， growth and development of plant branching or tillering. In addition， environmental factors also regulate branching or tillering by changing the hormone contents and their balances within the plant. This study reviews multiple aspects of the mechanisms by which plant branching or tillering is regulated various hormones， including auxin， cytokinin， strigolactones， brassinosteroids， abscisic acid and gibberellins， ethylene， jasmonic acid， and complex regulatory networks formed by the interaction of different hormone signals. The aim is to establish a foundation for using hormone regulation mechanisms to cultivate new high-yielding crop plant growth forms with ideal plant architecture. The current issues with hormone regulation mechanisms controlling plant branching or tillering are also analyzed， and future research directions for hormone regulation mechanisms controlling plant branching or tillering are discussed， with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for using hormones to cultivate good varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of the metabolites in rhizosphere soil on microbial communities of crop intercropping system Dai-xiang XU, Jian-feng YANG, Hang SU, Jian-rong ZHAI, Cai QI, Long-gang ZHAO, Yan-jun GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (11): 65-80.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023005 Abstract （277）   HTML （26）    PDF （4788KB）（290）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the reasons why interspecific interactions affects crop yield， we comprehensively analyzed the crop yield， the soil physicochemical properties， the rhizosphere soil microbial communities and the root exudates in maize （Zea mays）-soybean （Glycine max） and sorghum （Sorghum bicolor）-soybean intercropping systems in different years， combining the Eco-Biolog microplate method and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （LC-MS）. Crop yield was significantly increased in the intercropping systems， and the increase of yield in 2020 was more significant than it in 2019. Compared with monoculture， intercropping increased the accumulation and absorption of available nutrients. The contents of available nutrients in the crop rhizosphere soil of the intercropping system were significantly increased. Compared with monoculture， microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents in maize， sorghum and soybean in intercropping systems were increased significantly； microorganism activities were also higher， and microbial community composition was more diverse in the rhizosphere soil of intercropped crops. Based on the metabolomic analysis， five key differential metabolites that might cause changes in microbial communities in maize rhizosphere soil were tentatively identified. Four of these appear to enrich the microorganism populations in maize rhizosphere soil， and one appears to be inhibitory. Three metabolites in sorghum rhizosphere soil were identified， two of which appear to enrich presence of microorganisms in sorghum rhizosphere soil， while the third appears to be inhibitory. Two bioactive metabolites in soybean rhizosphere soil were identified， one apparently faciliatory and one inhibitory towards microorganisms. Multivariate analysis showed that maize-soybean and sorghum-soybean intercropping systems changed the soil micro-environment and reshaped the soil microbial community structure through interspecific root interactions in rhizosphere soil， which accelerated the deposition of available nutrients， promoted the absorption of crop nutrients， and ultimately increased crop yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of living mulch on soil physical and chemical properties in orchards: a review CAO Quan, SHEN Yu-Ying, WANG Zi-Kui, ZHANG Xiao-Ming, YANG Xuan Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2016, 25 (8): 180-188.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2015500 Abstract （1037）   HTML （11）    PDF （428KB）（1086）       Knowledge map    Save A review has been undertaken to provide a basis for further research on and the application of living mulch practices in orchards. The effects of living mulch on soils’ physical and chemical properties make an important contribution to intensive, efficient, ecological and sustainable production. Forage cultivation can reduce soil bulk density by 4.7%-13.0% and improve the content of soil aggregates, thus enhancing hydraulic properties and water retention capacity. Forage cultivation can also help to raise rainfall interception and improve water use efficiency. Forage grass will compete for water with fruit trees in drought seasons, though adverse effects can be reduced by selecting appropriate grass varieties and strengthening field management. Forage grass cover can improve soil organic carbon (SOC) content. SOC can be improved by 19.6%-27.8% after planting forage grass for 6 years. The accumulation of SOC increases as the duration of forage planting increases. Living mulch can help to adjust soil temperature, which enhances microbial diversity and enzymatic activity. Living mulch will directly deplete soil nutrients, but the increase in the number of microorganisms can promote the decomposition of organic matter that increases nutrients. Moreover, legumes add nutrients through nitrogen fixation. Living mulch usually has a positive effect on soil nutrient accumulation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in studies of molecular mechanisms and applications of somatic cell regeneration during genetic transformation Yu-zhu LI, Jiang-di YU, Fei-fei DING, Jia-min MIAO, Xiao-ming BAI, Shang-li SHI Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (2): 198-211.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023147 Abstract （253）   HTML （14）    PDF （578KB）（422）       Knowledge map    Save Plant genetic transformation is the key of transgenic technology， genome editing， functional genomics research and molecular breeding. Species and genotype differences are often the main bottlenecks limiting the efficiency of genetic transformation and the wide application of gene editing technology. With the molecular mechanism of de novo shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis being gradually explored， the growth and developmental regulatory genes involved in the synthesis， response and signal transduction of auxin and cytokinin in callus formation， proliferation and regeneration are used to improve genetic transformation efficiency. In this study， we first review the different ways and means of achieving somatic cell regeneration after genetic transformation， and the molecular mechanisms of regeneration for the transformed cells through indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Then， the application of regeneration-promoting genes related to auxin and cytokinin in improving regeneration efficiency， shortening transformation time， and realizing genetic transformation of recalcitrant species and genotypes was discussed. Finally， the potential for application of regeneration-promoting genes when working with transgenic and gene-edited cells were summarized and current research directions were discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yield and nutrient concentration in common green manure crops and assessment of potential for nitrogen replacement in different regions of China YANG Ye-hua, ZHANG Song, WANG Shuai, LIU Zheng-lan, FANG Lin-fa, ZHANG Xue-liang, LIU Rui, ZHANG Jian-wei, ZHANG Yu-ting, SHI Xiao-jun Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2020, 29 (6): 39-55.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2019397 Abstract （1116）   HTML （50）    PDF （3430KB）（764）       Knowledge map    Save Green manure is considered a clean source of organic fertilizer. It plays an important role in enhancing soil fertility and the substitution of chemical fertilizer. Quantifying green manure yield and nutrient concentration at the regional level can provide a theoretical basis and supporting data for green manure application and fertilizer replacement. This study, by searching the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database and related books, collected 3431 data, including information on 17 different common green manure crops across China. The green manure yield and nutrient concentration data from across China were systematically analyzed and compared, and the nitrogen fertilizer replacement effect was evaluated for different regions of China. It was found that the average yield of fresh green manure in China was 38.0 t·ha -1 (moisture content was 81.0% on average), but a wide range (0.7-186.7 t·ha -1) was noted. The average yields of ryegrass, erect milkvetch, Stylosanthes, and red clover were higher than 43 t·ha -1, and significantly higher than other green manure species. The average nitrogen concentration of 17 kinds of common green manures was 28.0 g·kg -1 (in the hay). The nitrogen concentration of common vetch, vetch, alfalfa, burclover, and white clover were all above 30.0 g·kg -1, and this was significantly higher than other green manure types. The average phosphorus concentration of different common green manure crops was 7.0 g·kg -1, and vetch and February orchid contained greater phosphorus concentration (above 8.0 g·kg -1) than other green manures. The average potassium concentration of different common green manure crops was 25.3 g·kg -1, and the February orchid and milk vetch were highest with a potassium concentration of more than 32.0 g·kg -1. The average accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of green manure crops was 214.4 kg N·ha -1, 48.4 kg P 2O 5·ha -1 and 165.1 kg K 2O·ha -1. There were significant differences in the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different common green manures, among which the accumulation of nutrients was the highest in erect milkvetch, ryegrass, red clover, alfalfa, and Stylosanthes, above 250.0 kg N·ha -1, 50.0 kg P 2O 5·ha -1 and 191.7 kg K 2O·ha -1, respectively. Linking the nutrient accumulation data with regional climatic data, our further analysis found that: milk vetch is most suitable for planting in the southern hilly valley and interplanting zone; common vetch is suitable for planting in the northeast grain rotation area and the Yangtze River Basin; vetch is suitable for planting in the rice-cotton complex intercropping area of the Yangtze River Basin; alfalfa is most suitable for planting in the coastal multiple cropping area; white and red clover are most suitable for planting in the grain-grass intercropping area of the southwest mountainous hills and the northeast grain and grass rotation area; and ryegrass is most suitable for planting in rice-grass multiple cropping area. According to the nitrogen fixation potential assessment of the yield, nitrogen fixation amount and planting area of major leguminous green manure in different regions, the current planting area of green manure in China is about 4.49 million ha, equivalent to the production of 400-810 thousand tons of nitrogen fertilizer. If we estimate the potential area of green manure fertilizer in China at 46 million ha, this is equivalent to the production of 4.0-8.28 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer. Thus, leguminous green manure fertilizer has a high potential of fertilizer replacement. In formulating regional recommendations for green manure crop production, the green manure crop with strong adaptability and performance in each region should be identified and promoted. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of grass hedgerow roots on shear strength and scouring resistance of root-soil complexes in the purple soil region Xiao-hong LIU, Yun CHEN, Zhe-hao YAN, Han TANG, Jiao-jiao QIANG, Yue QI, Yi-zhi DU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (11): 98-107.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020420 Abstract （184）   HTML （2）    PDF （1319KB）（289）       Knowledge map    Save Vegetated contour strips have significant effects on soil and water conservation on slopes， and the plant roots play a very important role. To explore the soil conservation properties of their root systems， we planted strips of two legumes （Dolichos lablab and Medicago sativa） at the Southwest University， Chongqing and the shear strength and scouring resistance of root-soil complexes were tested. To identify factors affecting mechanical properties， we imaged roots in grayscale， tested root chemical composition and mechanical properties and subjected data to correlation analysis. It was found that： 1） More than 90% of the root-soil complexes of M. sativa and D. lablab had a root diameter of less than 1.0 mm. The cellulose content of M. sativa complexes was significantly higher than that of D. lablab. The root length density， root surface area density and root volume density， and shear strength of complexes of D. lablab were more than those of M. sativa. 2） For the same diameter， the average maximum tension and tensile strength of D. lablab root complexes （19.76 N and 32.70 MPa， respectively） were more than those of M. sativa （14.32 N， 26.66 MPa）. The root diameter was positively correlated with ultimate maximum tension by a power function， and negatively correlated with tensile strength by power function. 3） The root systems of the two legume vegetation strips significantly （P<0.05） improved the cohesion and resistance， especially D. lablab vegetation strips. The average cohesion of D. lablab complexes was 22.88 kPa， which was 71.06% higher than that of the CK. And the scouring coefficient of D. lablab complexes was 19.00 L·g-1， 2.60 times of that of the CK. 4） Principal component analysis showed that the root system traits that most affected the shear strength and scouring resistance of root-soil complexes were root length density， hemicellulose content and maximum tension. The comprehensive score of root-soil complexes of D. lablab vegetation strips was higher than that of M. sativa. In summary， the shear strength and scouring resistance of root soil complexes of D. lablab vegetation strips were better than those of M. sativa strips Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nitrogen deposition on critical fractions of soil organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems CAO Cong-cong, QI Yu-chun, DONG Yun-she, PENG Qin, LIU Xin-chao, SUN Liang-jie, JIA Jun-qiang, GUO Shu-fang, YAN Zhong-qing Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2014, 23 (2): 323-332.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140238 Abstract （383）      PDF （1062KB）（791）       Knowledge map    Save Soil organic carbon can provide the nutrient for plant growth and maintain soil physical structure well, and soil organic carbon (C) pool is so large to lead to big changes in CO 2 concentration in atmosphere even its changes are small, thus soil organic C pool has a direct effect on the global C balance. Nitrogen (N) is recognized as the primary limiting nutrient for plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems. Atmospheric N deposition and anthropogenic N input are important N sources to terrestrial ecosystems, whose alteration will profoundly change plant growth and net primary production in terrestrial ecosystems, accordingly impacts global C cycles and other ecosystem processes. Ecological scholars in European countries and the United States have carried on a series of extensive and in-depth studies on the effects of N input on various types of ecosystem C pools during the past 20 years. Chinese scholars, in recent years, also turned their attention to the study of N input’s impacts on the terrestrial C cycle processes, and have made a lot of research advances. Nevertheless, the effect of N deposition and anthropogenic N input and its intensity on C cycles are still a weakest part among the studies on the four main C sink mechanisms. In view of this, this article reviews and analyses the influences of atmospheric N deposition on the total organic C (TOC), dissolved organic C (DOC) and microbial biomass C (MBC) in the soil pool of terrestrial ecosystem, and puts forward some prospects on the problems existed in present researches, which had the potential to be a reference for the further study carried out in the future in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(11)

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Effect of microplastics on the growth and physiological characteristics of alfalfa （ Medicago sativa） Chao-nan LI, Lei WANG, Ji-qiang ZHOU, Chang-xing ZHAO, Xiao-rong XIE, Jin-rong LIU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (5): 138-146.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022237 Abstract （269）   HTML （22）    PDF （2550KB）（174）       Knowledge map    Save A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions to comprehensively understand the toxic effects and ecological risks of microplastics on the grassland agro-ecosystem. Two types of microplastics， low density polyethylene （mLDPE） and polylactic acid （mPLA）， were added to soil at five different doses （0.1%， 0.5%， 1%， 5%， 10%， w/w， dry soil weight）. The growth and physiological characteristics of alfalfa （Medicago sativa） plants growing in these treatments were evaluated and compared with those of plants in the control （no microplastics）. The results showed that a high concentration （10%） mPLA reduced the biomass， total chlorophyll content， and net photosynthetic rate of alfalfa plants， while mLDPE significantly decreased the aboveground biomass and net photosynthetic rate of alfalfa plants. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content and the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， peroxidase （POD）， and catalase （CAT） increased as the dose of MPs increased. Compared with the control， the 10% mPLA treatment group showed a 67.30% higher MDA content and 56.68% and 85.63% higher activities of SOD and CAT， respectively. Among the mLDPE treatments， only the 10% dose significantly affected SOD and POD activities. The results of this study show that the toxic effect of microplastics on alfalfa is related to both the type and concentration of the microplastics. High concentrations of mPLA strongly affected alfalfa plants by damaging the photosynthetic system， decreasing plant photosynthesis， and causing oxidative damage， resulting in growth inhibition， which had a stronger influence than mLDPE. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and perspectives in forage oat breeding Xue-ling YE, Zhen GAN, Yan WAN, Da-bing XIANG, Xiao-yong WU, Qi WU, Chang-ying LIU, Yu FAN, Liang ZOU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (2): 160-177.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022263 Abstract （720）   HTML （62）    PDF （857KB）（824）       Knowledge map    Save Oat （Avena sativa） is an annual crop belonging to the Poaceae family with resistance to salinity， drought， cold stress， and adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions including lower soil fertility. Oats are widely grown in temperate regions north of 40° N latitude in Europe， North America， and Asia. Oats also have a high forage yield， high nutritional value， good palatability， high digestibility， and the crop is suitable for silage and hay production. Therefore， oat is a versatile grain crop useful for food and forage purposes. Oat cultivars can be classified as naked or hulled oats depending on whether the grains readily separate from the husk or lemma at threshing. Hulled oats retain their husk. Naked oats without husks are mostly grown in China and are commonly used for food， while hulled oats which retain their husks are mainly grown in other countries， and are often used for feeding livestock. With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China in recent years， the available forage oat varieties are currently in need of improvement. Our country has formulated and implemented a series of policies that include “grass-based livestock husbandry”， “grain to forage” and “planting grass in fields”， which have promoted the rapid development of the forage oat industry. Under the strong support and guidance of these national policies and industry need， the planting area of forage oats has continued to expand， and the demand for new varieties has become increasingly urgent， which also points to higher requirements for the breeding of forage oats. In this study， we reviewed： 1） Collection， sorting， identification， and evaluation of germplasm resources of forage oats at home and abroad； 2） Four development stages of conventional breeding； and 3） The application of molecular technology in scientific research and breeding of oats. Based the above review， the current breeding objectives of forage oats are clarified， and the key points， difficulties， and immediate issues of forage oat breeding are discussed and analyzed， thus providing an important resource to underpin further developments in forage oat breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the seed-shattering mechanism of Poaceae plants Wen-gang XIE, Yi-yang WAN, Zong-yu ZHANG, Jun-chao ZHANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (8): 186-198.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020579 Abstract （535）   HTML （40）    PDF （3464KB）（649）       Knowledge map    Save Seed shattering is an adaptive characteristic of wild plants for effective reproduction and population expansion， but it adversely affects seed production. The formation， development， and degradation of the abscission zone are the direct causes of seed shattering in plants. Plant hormones produce signals that promote or inhibit seed shattering. Cell wall hydrolases can cause the degradation of cells in the abscission zone. The occurrence of these processes is regulated by polygenes and the regulatory network is complex. Research on seed shattering has been carried out in rice， wheat， and other crops， but comparatively few studies have focused on forage grasses. In this paper， we review the latest advances in research on seed shattering in poaceous plants to provide a theoretical reference for in-depth exploration of seed-shattering mechanisms and species selection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different nutrition levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Wuzhumuqin lamb DU Shuai, YOU Si-han, BAO Jian, Gegentu, JIA Yu-shan Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2019, 28 (6): 196-203.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2018317 Abstract （291）   HTML （2）    PDF （1038KB）（622）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study was to investigate the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid composition of Mongolian lamb fed pellet and complete pellet. Twenty healthy Mongolian lambs of the same age (six months) and similar body weight (28.83±0.19) kg were randomly divided into two groups, and a control group of ten sheep were fed solely grass pellet, while a second trial group were fed grass pellet with concentrate. It was found that feeding grass pellet with concentrate significantly increased the average daily gain from 56.33 g·d -1 (control) to 60.00 g·d -1 (trial group). A very large number of parameters determined showed no difference between control and trial groups, including: body weight before slaughter, carcass weight, dressing percentage, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), organic matter (OM), dry matter (DM), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), pH 1, pH 24, marbling score, Lightness (L *), cooking yield, shear force, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C17:1n7, C18:2n6c, C20:1, C20:2, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, C22:2n6, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ∑n-6, ∑n-3, Val, Met, Leu, Phe, Lys, EAA (essential amino acid), Asp, Ser, Gly, Ala, Cys, His, Pro, NEAA (nonessential amino acid), EAA/NEAA of control group and trial group ( P>0.05). Parameters higher ( P<0.05) in the trial group than in the control group were: net meat mass, net meat percentage, loin muscle area, GR (carcass fat content) value, redness (a *), yellowness (b *), cholesterol, water loss rate, C13:0, C14:0, C17:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:0, Ile, Tyr, Arg. Conversely, parameters higher ( P<0.05) in the control group than in the trial group were: C4:0, C12:0, C14:1n5, C15:0, C15:1n5, C16:0, C16:1n7, C18:0, C18:1n9c, n-6/n-3, Thr and Glu. These results indicate that feeding Wuzhumuqin lamb is more beneficial to growth performance and meat quality than feeding grass pellet with concentrate. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on remote sensing discrimination techniques for grassland botanical species Meng-ge HUANG, Xin-hong WANG, Ling-ling MA, Xue-hua YE, Xiao-hua ZHU, Wei-ping KONG, Ning WANG, Qi WANG, Guang-zhou OUYANG, Qing-chuan ZHENG, Xiao-xin HOU, Ling-li TANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (6): 167-185.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022278 Abstract （326）   HTML （21）    PDF （1661KB）（503）       Knowledge map    Save Grassland is an important resource bank for regional economic development and a crucial ecological reservoir for the security of China’s land-based ecological environment. Remote sensing technology is rapid， efficient， and low-cost， and therefore provides the mainstream technical means for large-scale grassland monitoring. The use of remote sensing technology to discriminate grassland species is an important way to monitor the population dynamics and botanical community succession in grassland. Such information is conducive to the timely and accurate detection of changes in the grassland ecological environment and provides an important reference for the scientific management of grassland ecosystems and the construction of an ecologically aware civilization. This study focuses on the problem of remote sensing discrimination of grassland species， clarifies the technical process of grassland species discrimination and introduces the latest research progress. Technical difficulties are covered from three perspectives： The characteristics of the main remote sensing data sources for grassland species discrimination and their acquisition techniques， important grassland species discrimination features and their mining techniques and the current commonly used grassland species discrimination methods and models. This study concludes that hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing and their fusion technologies have application prospects in the remote sensing discrimination of grassland species， and that the deep mining of multidimensional features and the effective combination of complementary features can improve the accuracy of grassland species discrimination. This study identifies the main problems of the current remote sensing discrimination technology for grassland species， and opens the prospect of the future precise discrimination of grassland species through remote sensing technology and thereby provides a theoretical reference for a thorough understanding of the field of remote sensing identification of grassland species and in-depth research on grassland species discrimination. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different dietary energy levels on apparent digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and growth performance of Tibetan sheep under low nitrogen conditions KANG Jing-peng, WANG Wen-ji, GUO Ya-min, JING Xiao-ping, ZHONG Chong-liang, GUO Wei, LONG Rui-jun, ZHOU Jian-wei Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2018, 27 (9): 166-174.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2017443 Abstract （333）   HTML （2）    PDF （3477KB）（473）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on the apparent digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and growth performance of Tibetan sheep under low nitrogen conditions, and thus to provide useful references for the supplementary feeding of alpine ruminants during the cold season. Twenty-four healthy, 1.5-year-old castrated Tibetan sheep with similar body weights (48.5±1.89 kg)were selected and then divided into four treatment groups: LE (low energy), MLE (medium low energy), MHE (medium high energy) and HE (high energy). Each group included 6 replicates. Diets were formulated to have similar crude protein (CP) content (6.97%±0.05%) but four different digestible energy levels: 8.23, 9.31, 10.45 and 11.57 MJ·kg -1 respectively. The animals were fed these diets for 49 days, with total collection of feces and urine for analysis. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Dry matter (DM), CP and gross energy (GE) intakes were similar among the four groups, whereas DM and GE apparent digestibilities all increased linearly with rising dietary energy levels ( P<0.05). 2) Serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration decreased linearly as dietary energy increased ( P<0.05) while urea nitrogen (BUN) increased ( P<0.05). 3) As dietary energy levels increased, urinary nitrogen excretion decreased linearly ( P<0.05); however, the nitrogen balance and nitrogen deposition rates both increased ( P<0.05). There was a strong linear regression between nitrogen deposition rates (NDR, %) and dietary energy levels (DE, MJ·kg -1): NDR=5.2143DE-39.006 ( R 2=0.9616, n=24). 4) With the exception of the low energy group, all the average daily gain (ADG) values were positive and increased linearly with dietary energy ( P<0.05).These results indicate that while the energy and protein requirements of Tibetan sheep are relatively low their apparent digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and growth performance could be improved with supplements of dietary energy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A taxonomic inventory of national key protected wild plants in Qinghai Province， based on the national checklist of key protected wild plants （2021） Jin-yuan CHEN, Wei-bo DU, Xu SU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (9): 1-12.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021502 Abstract （1051）   HTML （37）    PDF （1244KB）（697）       Knowledge map    Save Following the new national checklist of key protected wild plants， we made a taxonomic inventory of key nationally protected wild plants in the Qinghai Province. Data was drawn from consulting relevant literature and inspection of herbarium specimens. Our aim was to better understand their plant types， family and genus distribution， endemism， conservation status， and geographical distribution. It was found that： 1） Compared with species checklists in 1999， 44 key nationally protected wild species are newly added into the species list for Qinghai Province. 2） In Qinghai Province there are 53 species and one variety， 30 genera， 22 families and three categories of key nationally protected wild plants listed. Among them， Nostoc flagelliforme is a level-one key protected wild plant， and 52 species and one variety are level-two key protected wild plants. 3） The family with the largest number of plants listed is the Orchidaceae with 10 species， and the most commonly listed genus is Cypripedium containing eight species. 4） There is one genus endemic to China， there are three genera endemic to China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （QTP）， nine species endemic to China， nine species endemic to the QTP， 13 species endemic to China and the QTP and one species， Meconopsis barbiseta， endemic to Qinghai Province. 5） With respect to conservation status， there are 18 species listed as vulnerable （VU） level， and 12 species listed as endangered （EN） among the 54 key nationally protected wild species from Qinghai Province， which accounted for 55.55% of the total species. 6） Most of the key nationally protected wild species are distributed mainly in the alpine grassland and forest vegetation of Yushu and Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Haidong city， which is consistent with the plant diversity distribution pattern in Qinghai Province. There are 53 species and one variety of key nationally protected wild plants in Qinghai Province， most of which are level-two key protected wild plants. Among these， 32 species are endemic species， accounting for 59.25% of the total， and 30 species are among the threatened species. Most of the key nationally protected wild plants are distributed in the southeast of Qinghai Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Remote sensing retrieval of nature grassland biomass in Menyuan County， Qinghai Province experimental area based on Sentinel-2 data Rui GUO, Shuai FU, Meng-jing HOU, Jie LIU, Chun-li MIAO, Xin-yue MENG, Qi-sheng FENG, Jin-sheng HE, Da-wen QIAN, Tian-gang LIANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (4): 15-29.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022147 Abstract （497）   HTML （24）    PDF （3464KB）（365）       Knowledge map    Save Above-ground biomass （AGB） is an important indicator for evaluating grassland productivity. Accurate inversion of AGB of natural grassland is of great significance for monitoring grassland growth and evaluating the feed balance of forage-livestock. As commonly used remote sensing data （such as Landsat and MODIS） suffer from by many problems caused by low temporal and spatial resolution， it is extremely important to explore Sentinel-2 satellite data with higher temporal and spatial resolution and more spectral bands in monitoring grassland vegetation at county scale. In this study， we used Sentinel-2 satellite remote sensing imagery and the AGB data of Menyuan County， Qinghai Province to construct a grassland biological monitoring system based on random forest （RF）， support vector machine （SVM） and artificial neural network （ANN） methods， to study the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of natural grassland biomass in Menyuan County from 2019 to 2021. It was found that： 1） The three original bands（B2，B6，B11）and two vegetation indices， inverted red edge chlorophyll index（IRECI），and pigment specific simple ratio chlorophyll index（PSSRa），were the important variables for AGB quantification in natural grassland. Among these，red-edge bands（B5，B6，B7）play an important role in remote sensing inversion of natural grassland AGB. 2） The AGB estimation model based on the RF algorithm was the optimal model（validation set R2 0.72， RMSE 622.616 kg·ha-1）for natural grassland biomass estimation in Menyuan County， which was superior to the SVM model（validation set R2 0.66，RMSE 698.271 kg·ha-1）and the ANN model（validation set R2 0.63，RMSE 730.676 kg·ha-1）. 3） The average value of AGB of natural grassland in Menyuan County from 2019 to 2021 ranged from 3360.26-3544.00 kg·ha-1. In general， the AGB of grassland in Menyuan County from 2019 to 2021 showed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing， with a spatial distribution pattern of gradual decrease from the periphery to the middle. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The use of the tRNA-sgRNA/Cas9 system for gene editing in perennial ryegrass protoplasts Jia-ming YAO, Huan-huan HAO, Jing ZHANG, Bin XU Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2023, 32 (4): 129-141.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022180 Abstract （561）   HTML （35）    PDF （3944KB）（436）       Knowledge map    Save Transfer RNA （tRNA） can link multiple sgRNAs （single-guide RNAs） to form a polycistronic gene， which then combines with a CRISPR/Cas9 （clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated gene 9） expression vector to form a polycistronic tRNA-sgRNA/Cas9 （PTG/Cas9） system for multiple gene editing. The PTG/Cas9 system has been used to alter sgRNAs transcript levels and improve multi-target editing efficiency in rice （Oryza sativa）. To efficiently edit target genes in perennial ryegrass （Lolium perenne）， we generated two CRISPR intermediate vectors with tRNAs to provide a fast and flexible PTG/Cas9 vector construction method. To verify whether the PTG/Cas9 system effectively edits genes in the perennial ryegrass genome， we introduced the PTG/Cas9 plasmid into perennial ryegrass protoplasts by PEG 4000-mediated transformation. Then， we extracted DNA from protoplasts and amplified the target sequences to determine whether they had been edited successfully. The gene editing efficiency was about 6.7%. These results show that the PTG/Cas9 system can be used for gene editing in the ryegrass genome， and provide the basis for further genetic research on， and breeding of perennial ryegrass. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study of UAV remote sensing technology for classifying the level of plateau pika damage to alpine rangeland Rui HUA, Rui ZHOU, Daerhan BAO, Ke-chi DONG, Zhuang-sheng TANG, Li-min HUA Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2022, 31 (4): 165-176.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2021057 Abstract （372）   HTML （9）    PDF （3736KB）（330）       Knowledge map    Save The plateau pika is a unique small mammal and a key species among the fauna of the alpine rangeland ecosystem on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. Therefore， there is a need to monitor and evaluate the level of damage to alpine rangeland caused by the plateau pika. In this study， unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） technology validated by field observation was used to monitor and evaluate the level of plateau pika damage to rangeland in Maqu county of Gansu Province. Several variables， including the number of pika holes， aboveground biomass， vegetation cover， and proportion of edible forage in the aboveground biomass， among others， were extracted from UAV images by self-designed software. Then a multi-factor index system， comprising the number of pika holes， aboveground biomass， vegetation cover and proportion of edible forage was developed to categorize the degree of damage by plateau pika. Finally， a low altitude remote sensing monitoring methodology suitable for collecting data on plateau pika damage was devised. The system is ready for implementation as a technical tool for efficient and accurate monitoring of plateau pika damage. The main results were： 1） The accuracy of photo interpretation for the pika hole number and vegetation cover was 95% and 93%， respectively， based on field verification. 2） The visible-band difference vegetation index （VDVI） was selected as the best vegetation index for estimating aboveground biomass； for the estimation model constructed， the accuracy was 86.54%. 3） A damage scale was formulated to classify plateau pika damage in the study area （damage to rangeland index， DRI） into five levels as follows： Level I， no damage； Level Ⅱ， light damage； Level Ⅲ， moderate damage； Level Ⅳ， severe damage and Level V， extreme damage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Desert grassland dynamics in the last 20 years and its response to climate change in Xinjiang Chen CHEN, Chang-qing JING, Wen-yuan XING, Xiao-jin DENG, Hao-yu FU, Wen-zhang GUO Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (3): 1-14.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020143 Abstract （751）   HTML （70）    PDF （4374KB）（732）       Knowledge map    Save Desert grassland is a key type of land ecosystem in arid and semi-arid areas. Desert grassland has an important ecological role and is sensitive to human activities and global change. In this paper， we studied the dynamic changes in desert grassland in Xinjiang and the responses to different driving factors on different time scales and spatial scales for the period 1999-2018. We first extracted the coverage of desert grassland in Xinjiang and determined the desert grassland threshold values for normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）. Then， we used a unitary linear regression model， correlation analysis and other methods to combine NDVI， net primary productivity （NPP）， meteorological factors and other data to study the changes in area of desert grassland and their driving mechanisms. The results showed that： 1） There were differences in the distribution of desert grasslands in the North and South of Xinjiang during the study period. Over all the area of desert grassland decreased significantly， while the average NDVI was relatively stable， and the NPP showed an upward trend. 2） Meteorological factors over the study period showed different trends at different times of the year. In July and August there were significant differences between North and South Xinjiang. Temperature and precipitation in most regions of Xinjiang increased between 1999 and 2018. 3） In terms of interannual changes， precipitation， high evaporation events， and average wind speed are the important factors affecting NDVI of desert grasslands in Xinjiang. The effect of water conditions on NDVI in the growing season is more obvious. There is a significant negative correlation between annual evaporation and desert grassland NPP， and average wind speed and precipitation have a correlation with desert grassland NPP. 4） In terms of spatial correlation， the area where temperature and precipitation are positively correlated with the NDVI and NPP of desert grassland is larger than that dominated by other factors， and the area where the precipitation effect dominates is larger than that driven by temperature. It was concluded that the dynamic changes of desert grassland in Xinjiang were the result of the combined effects of multiple meteorological factors. Temperature and precipitation were the main factors of influence， and of these the impact of precipitation was more obvious. Water status is the decisive factor driving dynamic vegetation change in desert grassland. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of the alfalfa SAUR gene family and its expression pattern under abiotic stress Hao LIU, Xian-yang LI, Fei HE, Xue WANG, Ming-na LI, Rui-cai LONG, Jun-mei KANG, Qing-chuan YANG, Lin CHEN Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2024, 33 (4): 135-153.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023235 Abstract （150）   HTML （10）    PDF （16238KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save SAUR （small auxin up-regulated RNA） is a category of auxin gene in plant early response， involved in a series of biological processes such as plant growth and development and abiotic stress response. The SAUR gene family has been systematically identified and analyzed in Arabidopsis thaliana， rice （Oryza sativa）， cotton （Gossypium spp.） and other species， but the research on the SAUR gene family in alfalfa（Medicago sativa）， the most important leguminous forage in the world， has not been carried out. In this study， a total of 433 MsSAUR gene family members were identified in the reference genome of alfalfa using bioinformatics methods， and their genome location， gene structure， promoter cis-acting elements and expression patterns in different tissues were analyzed. Meanwhile， using transcriptome data of alfalfa under different abiotic stresses， it was found that five MsSAUR gene family members responded to drought stress， 11 responded to salt， 19 responded to cold and 12 responded to alkali stress. MsSAUR14/94/254 could respond to drought and salt stress simultaneously， and MsSAUR297 could respond to drought， salt and alkali stress simultaneously. MsSAUR306 can respond to drought， salt and cold stress simultaneously. The results of this study can provide important candidate genes for the creation， using genetic engineering， of new germplasm with high yield and resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Environmental factors affecting seed germination of prairie grass （ Bromus willdenowii） in Yunnan Province Min ZHANG, Kanjana NIPAPAN, Ru LI, Yang FU, Dong-sheng TANG Acta Prataculturae Sinica    2021, 30 (12): 143-151.   DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020451 Abstract （257）   HTML （5）    PDF （1642KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save Prairie grass （Bromus willdenowii） is a serious invasive weed escaped from sown pastures to wild grassland. To investigate factors contributing to invasiveness and ecological adaptability of prairie grass， the effects of temperature， humidity， seed burial depth， pH， salinity and osmotic potential on seed germination and emergence were examined in the laboratory. Among temperature treatments tested， it was found that the seed germination percentage was highest （92.1%） in an alternating temperature regime of 30/20 °C （day/night）. Seed germination percentage gradually decreased with decline in daily average temperature declined. There was nearly no germination when daily average temperature was close to or below 10 °C. Germination rates of seeds incubated in the pH range from 5 to 10 were all above 90%. Germination results of seeds incubated in weakly acidic or weakly alkaline conditions were significantly higher than those incubated in neutral pH. Germination rates of seeds incubated in ≤20 mmol·L-1 NaCl were similar to those of control. Germination was above 85% for seed incubated in 160 mmol·L-1 NaCl. The optimum osmotic potential for seed germination was -0.1 MPa. Germination rates of seeds incubated at osmotic potentials lower than -0.2 MPa were not significantly less than those of controls. Germination at an osmotic potential of -0.4 MPa was above 80%. The optimum soil relative humidity for seed germination rate and germination potential was 60%. Germination of seeds placed on the soil surface was higher than for any other burial depth. Seeds sown deeper than 10 cm did not germinate. These results indicate that seed germination of prairie grass occurs freely over a wide range of conditions， conferring a high ecological fitness. Thus， prairie grass has a high potential to invade large areas of Yunnan where the prevailing climate is warm and dry periods of below average rainfall can occur. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics